Patriarch Hermogenes - Patriarch Philaret - Patriarch Nikon

The seventeenth century in Russian history was a time of intense religious life. In every era, the Church has not given such a great influence on the politics of the state, and no religious diet has promoted such a marriage as in a hundred years.

In the first decade of the century, the Russian people were influenced by the religious inclination that engulfed them, in order to tidy up the turmoil that was ruining the state, and to emerge from the rule of foreigners, the middle of the century was significant ena superechka about Nikon's reforms, which ended in a great schism. And the 17th century itself, even though it was meager of gifted politicians, produced a whole galaxy of miraculously bright church leaders, among whom the three Moscow patriarchs had a special role to play: Hermogenes, Philaret and Nikon.

PATRIARCH HERMOGENES

At the TI hour, if the National Schishtiy was little snaken in the Serpers of Rosіyan, the Orthodox Vira served not just the Sinonim of the Vsogo “National” - Vaughni in the Sobsi Tsi dignity. Therefore, in the hour of important national turmoil, the Russian people, having committed suicide, look at their Orthodox saints. They were watched from above, from their sermons they drew energy and inspiration, from their firmness they gained courage, and for their sake they were perceived as ceremonialism before action. Russian history provides a wealth of applications for this “Orthodox patriotism.” The Church has a number of yearly preachers who can rightfully be called the Spiritual leaders of their era. At the important stage of the Troubles, which swept the Russian state at the beginning of the 17th century, this difficult, but glorious role fell on the shoulders of Patriarch Hermogenes.

The early life of Hermogenes is unknown, so just like his journey to the place of people. Its historical activity began in 1589. at the hour of confirmation of the patriarchate in Russia, which was installed by the Kazan Metropolitan. While visiting his rank, Hermogenes declared to himself his zeal for Orthodoxy. There were baptisms of foreigners near the Kazan land, so that only Christians respected them; they fought with the Russians, lived with their fellow tribesmen, the Tatars, Chuvashs, and Cheremis, lived like pagans, did not baptize the impossibles and did not breed the Merz, and at the hour of bedtime they celebrated merry rituals for their guests. . Hermogenes began to call such false Christians to himself, unless they were restored, and, starting in 1593, the Metropolitan went to other goals: he began to select new Christians from the Kazan district, populating them in a special settlement, ruling the church And carefully watching out for this, the new Christians Orthodox rites and fasts were maintained. The defiant people were imprisoned to the point of imprisonment, they were trimmed in lantsyugs and beaten.

Hermogenes fully confirmed his reputation as an unyielding zealot of the faith at the rocks of the Troubles. For the similarities 1605 rub. the throne of “Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich” (False Dmitry I) in the capital was ruled by the Senate, where the noble clergy were to sit. Hermogenes was a member of the Senate. Suvory, an opponent of any kind of alliance with foreigners, Hermogea would be deprived of good relations with the new tsar for a long time, who started European names at the Moscow court no earlier. The reason for their separation was the love affair of False Dmitry with the Polish noblewoman Marina Mnishek, with whom, having tied himself to Poland, the Tsar himself did not attach importance to the differences between Catholicism and Orthodoxy. There is only one thing: so that this coming day the squad does not clearly express its ignorance of the Greek faith and maintains Catholic rituals. Most of the boyars did not see great troubles in the future queen of Catholicism and wanted to avoid any external decency. But it was not possible to satisfy Hermogenes with this pleasure, who bluntly declared that without converting the betrothed to Orthodoxy and falling in love with the Tsar, it would be illegal. To dissuade the unruly metropolitan, Dmitro ordered him to be removed from his diocese and taken to the monastery there.

But this firmness was immediately credited to Hermogenes: in 1606, after the killing of the Pretender, the noble boyar Prince Vasil Shuisky established himself on the Moscow throne. He called Hermogenes to Moscow, and immediately after that he was appointed to the patriarchy. However, since Shuisky was determined to earn the favor of Hermogenes, he made a big mistake. Hermogenes served not people, but the people who died, and did not lie down until those who bathed in affection. He was extremely stubborn, cruel, rude, inhospitable and extremely savage, but at the same time he was shocked by his directness, honesty and innocence of glances. From the very beginning, he did not convey his dissatisfaction to Shuisky and behaved towards him in an unfriendly manner. Ale, being in constant conflict with the king, win, prote, not only without shaking hands with his numerous enemies, but also once again denouncing them as seditious and rebels. U lipnya 1610 rub. The officials of Zakhar Lyapunov, against the will of Hermogenes, nevertheless removed Shuisky from the throne and forcibly tonsured him. The Patriarch, without recognizing his tonsure, called Prince Tyufyakin a Chen, who pretended to be the king of the black monks.

As soon as Hermogenes returned, after the fall of Shuisky, the reign of the Moscow state went even worse. As a result of the same fate, the Polish army came to the capital under Hetman Zholkiewski. They longed for the Muscovites to recognize Prince Vladislav, the son of the Polish king Sigismund, as king.

The Boyar Duma, to which supreme power has now passed, is no small cost, no daring to fight against these pressures. Ale henchmen of the Polish party fought in the person of the patriarch of a terrible and irreconcilable enemy. Hermogenes decided to invite a foreigner to the Polish throne and, at the very least, wanted Vladislav to be baptized into the Orthodox faith. Once the parties reached this point, Zholkevsky was eager to let his soldiers in from Moscow. Hermogenes again strongly resisted this and aroused the rebellion of the Muscovites, otherwise they would give in to the friendly onslaught of the boyars. At Veresna the Polish garrison occupied the Kremlin.

However, the Troubles no longer sensed this, but instead flared up with renewed vigor. King Sigismund clearly showed that he was not thinking of placing his son on the Moscow throne, but was thinking of reigning in the Muscovite state himself. Having distributed a sign in Russia, planted them, introducing their protégés to the Boyar Duma. He destroyed his army at the Russian borders, captured Smolensk and demanded that the Muscovite ambassadors, who arrived in his camp to ask for Vladislav's fall, would force the Smolensk people to surrender to the king. For breastfeeding 1610 rub. The boyars, together with Prince Miloslavsky, brought the patriarch’s letter, which they had written for the Russian ambassadors. It was put together in the sense that everyone should swear to the royal will. The patriarch said: “Forbid the king to give his son to the Muscovite state and take his people out of Moscow, and forbid the prince to accept the Greek faith. If you write such a sheet, then I will give my hand until the next time. And if you write in such a way that we all swear to the royal will, then I will not harm anyone and I will not punish anyone else to do so. If you don’t listen to me, I’ll put a curse on you. It is obvious that after such a leaf we will have the opportunity to kiss the cross of the Polish king. I’ll tell you straight: I’ll write in places - if the king’s son accepts the Greek faith and falls over us, I’ll give him blessings; If he panics, even if we don’t have the same faith and the royal people don’t leave the place, then I will bless all those who kiss my cross to go to Moscow and suffer to the death.” The boyars were no longer honored by the words of the patriarch.

The stench overwhelmed the youma. Word by word, the super chick got to the point where Mikhailo Saltikov swung a knife at Hermogenes. “I am not afraid of your knife,” said Hermogenes, “I will fight against the knife with the strength of the saint’s cross. May our humility be cursed in this century and in the future!” The next day, Hermogenes gathered the people from the cathedral church and urged them to stand for the Orthodox faith and announce their resolve to other places. After such a sermon, the Poles appointed Patriarch Wartov.

The patriarch’s firmness inspired patriots and encouraged them to take action against the death captors. One of the letters, sent from Yaroslavl to Kazan, said: “It was not agreed: the Most Holy Patriarch Hermogenes, standing for the Orthodox faith without fail and, not fearing death, called out to all Orthodox Christians for the Orthodox faith punishing everyone to stand and die, and exterminating heretics for all people , And if we didn’t see God’s messages, then such justice would not have been obtained, and then we would have begun to stand9 And in the place the patriarch punished, so that we stood for the Orthodox faith, and whoever died, there would be new passion-bearers: and sensing this from the patriarch Iarcha and bachachi “In the end, everything was sent to each other and went to Moscow.” True, a strong revolution began in the places: people gathered to cleanse the military power, people rejected the blessed form of the clergy and took their place under the harmony and ruin no firing. Having learned that the patriarch had blessed the uprising against the blasphemous Poles, they began to visit those places that had previously been deaf to the scourge of Fatherlandism. Regiments from Ryazan, from Murom, from Lower Land, from Vologda and Pomeranian places, from Galich, from Yaroslavl, from Kostroma were brought down on Moscow. The Tushinsky boyars, Prince Trubetskoy and Otaman Zarutsky, began to cry out loudly. Ryazan nobleman Prokop Lyapunov became involved in all enterprises.

Koli on the cob 1611 rub. It became clear that the corrals of the First Militia were collapsing before Moscow, the boyars appeared before Hermogenes and said: “You wrote in places; Bachish, go to Moscow. Write to them so they don’t go.” Patriarch of the Great Patriotic War:

“As soon as you, my dear friends, and all the royal people are with you to leave Moscow, I will sign so that the stinks will turn back. And if you don’t leave, then, humble one, I’ll write to them so that the stinks will start immediately. The true faith is disrespected by heretics and before you, the citizens, Moscow is coming to ruin, God’s holy churches are desolate nya; The church was ruled by the Latani under Boris's tutelage. I can’t sing a little Latin.” When Moscow was surrounded by militias, the boyars and Polish gentlemen again took up the cause of the patriarch. then you yourself will die an evil death” - “You blame evil death on me,” Hermogenes preached, “and I am determined to cut off the end through it and have long been willing to suffer for the truth. I won’t write - I’ve already told you, and you won’t hear another word from me. The obstinate patriarch was escorted to the Chudov Monastery, they did not allow him to cross the threshold of his cell, they disobeyed him and treated him disrespectfully.

Although the hopes that were placed on the Persha militia did not come true, Lyapunov, Trubetskoy and Zarutsky were unable to gather all the patriots around them. Then they began to talk about the nobles and townspeople, and they ran away from Moscow with their houses. The militia spread, and until the autumn of 1611. Near Moscow, only Cossack camps were lost, in which up to ten thousand Cossacks sat. The stench persisted in the obloga, but there was no lack of strength to take the place. Nezabar Zarutsky joined forces with the squad of the two first impostors Marina Mnishek and swore allegiance with his Cossacks to his son Ivanova (“the funnel”, as he was called among the people) Hermogenes knew about everything that he saw all along the walls of the capital, and scolding with all my soul.

Unrespectfully, at the speed of their minds, send a few letters from Moscow. In one of them, sent to Nizhny Novgorod, the patriarch implored the townspeople so that in all places they would not recognize “Marinka’s son” as the king. with the threat of a curse on the holy cathedral and on us " , According to the testimony of various chroniclers, it prompted the elder Kuzma Minin to launch the election of a new, different militia. Similar sheets were distributed in many other places, preparing the Russian people for the coming uprising. The Poles suddenly sensed that a militia was gathering in Nizhny on behalf of Menin and Pozharsky, and they again began to attack the Patriarch of Letters for the murder of Prince Vladislav. The old man sharply and firmly affirmed: “May God’s mercy and blessings be upon us from our humility! And let the wrath of God fall on the holidays and let them be cursed in this century and in the future.” For these words, Hermogenes began to starve. 17 fierce 1612 r. He died, as the people of the day say, of starvation. This day, when it was sown, has already given rise to clear consequences - its rotten leaves were spread throughout the entire Russian land, under the influx of which places rose and people flocked to the militia of the Minin and the Firefighter's Army.

PATRIARCH FILARET

Patriarch Filaret, in his world boyar Fedir Mikitovich Romanov, was the son of the 16th-century boyar Mikita Romanovich and the nephew of Tsarina Anastasia, the first and most loyal companion of Ivan the Terrible. The close power of Mikita's children with the royal hut and their good memory, having deprived Mikita of their own, placed the suspected Boris Godunov at the fortune-teller's office before his children.

You decided to destroy this row and all the blue Mikity Rozislav in 1601 r have a heavy visnovok. Alexander, Vasil and Mikhailo Mikitovich did not survive the royal fall. The chroniclers say that Alexander was strangled in exile on the shores of the White Sea. Vasil and Ivan were sent to Pely. Boris ordered them to be strictly controlled and not tormented. But Boris’s servants showed more diligence, and perhaps they were superior to them. Vasily died unexpectedly due to the nasty situation of the police officers. Mikhail Mikitovich was being trimmed at the earthen vine in the Nirobskaya volost on the outskirts of Cherdina.

Most of the brothers showed intelligence and gifted Fedir Mikitovich Vin, having been exposed to friendly beasts, having become drunk, having learned the Latin language. There is no one better than anyone to ride on horseback; No one in Moscow dressed as shoddily and shabbyly as Vin. The fellow Dutchman seems to have said to his deputy: now you are thorough, Fedir Mikitovich. This first Moscow Chepurun, a man of Garna, a sprit, the supreme kohan of the people, was forcibly tonsured in the Siysky monastery under the name of Filaret and assigned to the new bailiff Voeikov, who could take care of his skin, listen to the skin a new word and report everything to Godunov. . The filaret, as if wafting from its leaves, strongly sums up and sums up the family. Already in 1605, when Godunov’s struggle with the Pretender flared up, Filaret changed his rapt and began to cheerfully display in front of himself a chain of those young men who came to follow him. Voeikov denounced him in the following words: “Elder Philaret is alive, not in the monastic rank, no one knows why he laughs; everyone talks about hunting birds, and about dogs, as they lived in the world. The elders can be boiled and beaten as much as they want, and they say to them: Wait, how will I go forward.”

In truth, the reign of Tsarevich Dmitry spared the two Romanov brothers who were lost alive, as an important deportation, and made them famous people in the state. Ivan Romanov was elevated to the boyar rank, and Filaret was elevated to the rank of Metropolitan of Rostov. A number of fates have passed through their diocese in Rostov. Here they learned about the death of the first Pretender, about the reign of Vasily Shuisky and about the appearance of another False Dmitry, popularly nicknamed “Tushin’s villain.” This new contender for the Russian throne, having recruited a large army of Poles, approached Moscow and began the taxation.

When the Russian towns, with their hatred of Shuisky, became the only ones to recognize Tushinsky’s villainy, Filaret kept Rostov at the mercy of the Moscow order for many hours. The villain found out about this, ordering Filaret to bring him to his camp. 11 zhovtnya 1608 r. The Pereslavl people and the Tushans attacked Rostov. Philaret dressed himself in a bishop's robe and stood with the people at the church. Once the Pereslavl residents made it to the church, Filaret began to beg them not to take the legal oath.

But the Pereslavl people did not listen, they killed innocent people, mocked the holy things, took the Metropolitan’s holy robe, put it on him, covered his head with a Tatar cap and took him to Tushino, mockingly placing a woman with him. False Dmitry, however, accepted him in good faith and named him patriarch. Filaret Mav iz Tushino issued letters to his patriarchate, those were the regions that recognized the Pretender. “Filaret,” Avramia Palitsin wrote later, “was reasonable, neither right-handed nor left-handed.” He celebrated the service and remembered the Tushinsky villain Dmitry. Patriarch Hermogenes, suvory to other citizens, tried to vindicate Philaret and wrote to the people about the Rostov metropolitan, who not by his own will, but out of necessity, was in Tushino, and not persecuting him for this, but being grateful for him God. For example, 1609 rub. Tushino's camp began to fall apart, and the evil duck himself was in Kaluga. Filaret was lost with the Poles for a good hour, and after Shuisky’s skin the flight of 1610 crashed to Moscow. During the hour of negotiations with Zholkiewski, he encouraged the patriarch and almost praiselessly placed Prince Vladislav on the Russian throne, but his idea was not accepted. part of the Great Russian Embassy. Afterwards, go to Smolensk and talk to Sigismund about sending his son to the Moscow throne. From here Filaret and Mav achieved an important feat.

At first, the Poles received the Russian embassy very kindly, but then they began to demand that they punish the people of Smolensk to give their place to the queen. The super chicks lasted for the last hour. Filaret and his comrades argued that this was a poorly laid out agreement, and most of all, pointing out that the embassy has no right to do this without the benefit of the patriarch and all Russian land. The bitterness and threats of the Poles did not disturb the embassy and the will of the king; Filaret urged his comrades to be steadfast. Then the Poles stopped receiving ambassadors and, before their eyes, resumed their attacks to Smolensk. The fierce one has 1611 rubles. The gentlemen revoked a letter from the Moscow boyars, in which the ambassadors were punished to build Smolensk and swear allegiance to the king together with their son. Prote then decided to quit. “This letter was written without the patriarchal letter,” said Filaret, “if I wanted to accept death, without the patriarchal letter about horseradish kissing on the royal estate, I won’t get anything with my daily visits.” 26 Bereznya, Chancellor Lev Sapieha, having learned that the places of the Russian land, at the call of Prokopiy Lyapunov, were taking up arms against the Poles, ordering them to take them after war. They were sent to Poland, they were all robbed, and the servants were killed. For a decade, Filaret lived with Sapega’s budinka on his assigned duty. At the request of the Nizhny Novgorod elder Kuzma Minin, new militias began to form, on which Prince Dmitro Pozharsky became. Vlitku 1612 rub. The militia took Moscow. The Polish garrison capitulated at the Kremlin, without facing hunger. At the request of the leaders of the militia, the Zemsky Sobor was assembled in Moscow and began in 1613. having acquired from the Tsar Philaret’s sixteen-year-old son, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.

The news about Mikhail’s attack was not as reassuring as it was alarming to Filaret. He told the Russian ambassador to Warsaw, Zhelyabuzky: “You did a terrible job - they sent me to the state as an ambassador to ask Vladislav to become king, and they themselves chose my son as sovereign. You could have chosen someone else next to your son. For this reason, you are not right in front of me, that they made money like this without my knowledge.” Tilki lipni 1619 rub. After the Deulin truce was established, Filaret was allowed to reach Moscow. The Tsar stood behind the place with an unhealed multitude of people and bowed at his feet, and Philaret bowed at the feet of the Tsar, and offended lay on the ground, shedding tears. At that time, Patriarch Feofan of Jerusalem was visiting Moscow. On the Tsar's Day, on the 24th of July, Filaret was consecrated to the rank of Moscow Patriarch.

With Filaret's return to Moscow, the emergence of a new dynasty immediately increased. Until then, Tsar Mikhailo, a man of a very kind character and soft heart, was an autocrat in his name. The boyars, who had left him, allowed themselves all sorts of svavilles. All control of the state lay with them. Filaret immediately took all the power into his own hands. There has been a great influx not only in spiritual matters, but also in secular matters. Without his will, nothing was created and nothing came to pass. , not even grown up to the patriarch, Philaret was growing and growing in the middle, the Divine writing of the minds only often, even becoming fiery and disgusting, so much so that the king himself feared him. The boyars and all thoughtful people and people close to the king were in his subjugation, which was dangerous for those who dared to go against him, and immediately sent the eager ones to exile. In all of the patriarchal diocese, monasteries with all their markers were transferred to his administration. The tsar’s important decrees were written no differently from his father’s words. According to other reports, the relations between son and father at all times of their long-term government were characterized by great tenderness and the ever-small character of a shambolic adventure. Filaret accepted the fate of the much praised decision. As if any of them did not catch up in the past, they either sagged or straightened out. As the patriarch was born, Mikhailo always entertained his thoughts and constantly informed him of the latest information.

One of Filaret’s first campaigns was a cry to the Zemsky Sobor, which would reveal outside the image of the rose-colored state of the power and announce the approach “by which the Moscow power would rise, and control the Moscow power so that everything would come in good order” Those what was placed at the cathedral, Filaret died later With great firmness and perseverance, the most important sovereign right was the improvement of the financial system. Having taken the throne, Mikhailo decided that the treasury was empty, and no one would pay taxes. At first the Romanovs were helped by the Stroganovs, who gave them pennies to the Borg. Then tens of taxes began to be collected. Already long ago, the new king realized that the state needed pennies, and even the mass of the enormous burden of the population took up the place and wandered all over the country, and the other lands lay desolate. The first Romanovs had a chance to talk about the revival of agriculture and the change (in essence, created anew) of the class of service people. the thieves have risen." Everyone was given badges from the courtyards and black lands. With the renewal of cross-breeding farming, farming began to rapidly revive. Ale on the right was so relieved that her working hands were gone. They spent a lot of energy on securing the masses of the people who were walking, and on bringing down the burden on the population. Almost a hundred years passed, and an important foundation was laid for Filaret and Mikhail. It’s not uncommon for historians to respect that the state law has emerged as a sovereign institution at this very hour, and the reason for this is not some evil spirit, but the tax policy of the power. and suddenly the noble army grew . The Tsar's rule in such a manner denied the real importance of governing the state.

Until the end of Filaret’s life, the Muscovite state had already reached the point that neither external insecurities nor internal contradictions could detract from the ruins of the political life. The great merit of this important creative work belonged to the patriarch. Filaret died at the age of 1633.

PATRIARCH NIKON

Patriarch Nikon, one of the most famous and powerful figures in Russian history, was born in 1605. near the village of Velyemanovo near Nizhny Novgorod, her villager Mini had names when she was baptized by Mikita. His mother died shortly after the birth of Father Father, who suddenly became friends. The happy mother turned the boy’s life into a hell of a place: she starved him, beat him for free and tried to kill him several times.

If Mikita is infected, my father will give him a degree. Having learned to read, Mikita wanted to know all the wisdom of the Divine Scripture, which, in this way, was the most important subject. We visited the monastery of Macarius Zhovtovodsky, knew this ancient elder and diligently occupied ourselves with reading the holy books. Nezabar, one by one, your mother, father and woman died. Having lost the sole ruler of the house, Mikita made friends, but the church and the divine service immediately brought him to his place. Being a literate and well-read person, he began to joke about his place and soon received initiations from the parish priests. He was then no more than 20 years old. The family had three children, but they all died one by one in childhood. This situation greatly impressed the irritable Mikita. He mistook the death of children for a heavenly order, which punishes him to see the world, and went to the monastery. sea ​​and took monastic vows in Anzersky Monastery near Nikon. There were about 30 years of life in the Anzersk monastery. The brothers, who were no more than twelve people, lived in small huts scattered around the island, and only came to church on Saturday evenings. The divine service continued all day long; the brethren listened to the entire psalter, the liturgy was celebrated at the beginning of the day, then they all went to their huts. Above us there was an old man of the cob in the name of Eleazar. For an hour Nikon resignedly submitted to him, but then conflicts and misfortunes began between them. Then Nikon moved to the Kozheozersk desert, which was on the islands of Kozheozersk, and, out of poverty, gave away his remaining liturgical books from the monastery (they didn’t take it there without a contribution). Due to his character, Nikon did not like to live with his brothers and valued greater self-esteem. He settled on a special island and took up fishing there. Years later, the local brethren took him as their abbot. On the third river after its fasting, and in 1646 itself, it flew to Moscow and then appeared with a bow to the young Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich, as the abbots of all monasteries showed up at that hour with bows to the kings. The abbot of Kozheozersk honored Oleksiya with the tablet, which he was about to lose in Moscow, and, for the royal tribute, Patriarch Joseph consecrated him to the rank of archimandrite of the Novospassky monastery. The place was especially important, and the archimandrite monastery soon came closer to the sovereign: here was the family tomb of the Romanovs; The godly king often came there to pray for the repose of his ancestors and gave a shed of money to the monastery. During the course of such trips, Oleksiya had long reasoned with Nikon and felt, until now, more coolness. It is clear that Oleksiy Mikhailovich belongs to the category of such people who cannot live without broad friendship, and easily becomes attached to people. They ordered Nikon's pluckers to go to the palace before the new one. The conversations with the archimandrite sank into my soul. Nikon, complaining about the cunningness of the sovereign, began to ask him for the oppressed and for the crooked. 1 Oleksiy Mikhailovich gave him an entrustment to accept the curse from the ears of those who were looking for the Tsar’s mercy and to correct the unrighteousness of the judges. Nikon approached this assignment very seriously, with great diligence in tracking down all the scum and the inevitable rise of fame as a good man and a secret love in Moscow.

At 1648 r. Metropolitan Afanasy of Novgorod died. The Tsar, having won over his aggressor, gave precedence to all others over his lover, and once again in Moscow, the Patriarch of Jerusalem Paisiy, on the royal day of the day, ordained the Novospassky Archimandrite to the rank of Metropolitan of Novgorod. This rank had different meanings in the Russian hierarchy after the patriarch. Having become the ruler of Novgorod, Nikon first showed his power-hungry gift to his Suvor. Then, having completed the first few scraps, the service will be corrected. At that time, church services were carried out in Russia recklessly: fearing to miss something from the established ritual, in the church, for the sake of speed, they read and sang at once in two or three voices: the deacon read, the deacon spoke in a litany, and the priest spoke, so that the listeners heard nothing maybe bulo understand. Nikon ordered to enforce this, regardless of those that neither the clergy nor the laity deserved this order: from the establishment of the correct order of service, divine services were respected, and many Russians of that century, although they were respected for the need to go to church You didn’t like to stay there for too long. For the deanery of Nikon, he deposited the Kiev spiv. In the winter, they came to Moscow with their songs, which the tsar was in wide control of.

At 1650 rub. At the hour of the Novgorod riot, the townspeople showed strong dislike for their metropolitan: if the leaders persuaded the rebels, they began to beat him and throw stones at him, then they did not beat him to death.

Nikon, prote, asking the king not to be angry with the guilty ones. At 1652 r. After the death of Patriarch Joseph, a spiritual council for the Tsar appointed Nikon as Patriarch.

Nikon was earnestly convinced of his honor until the Tsar himself in the Assumption Cathedral, in full view of the boyars and people, without bowing at Nikon’s feet and accepting the patriarchal rank with his tears. At the same time, it’s important to discuss your needs in a special way. “Who will honor me as an archpastor and supreme father, and who will allow me to rule the Church?” - By powering Nikon. The Tsar, and behind him the spiritual power and the boyars swore allegiance to him. Only after this Nikon was ready to be ordained.

Nikon's rant was empty of formality. Having occupied the patriarchal throne, the Duma formed a system of views on the Church and the state and with the firm intention of giving Russian Orthodoxy a new, no different meaning. Contrary to the trends that clearly emerged from the middle of the 17th century, to the expansion of the prerogatives of sovereign power for the church (which is unlikely to lead to the destruction of the Church by the power), Nikon was an ardent preacher of the symphony of power. His manifested secular and spiritual spheres of life were not combined with each other, but instead, he had to save, at the same time, a new sense of independence. The patriarch in religious and church meals may become such an indispensable volunteer, like a tsar among the worldly.

For a front-line minister, 1655 rubles. Nikon wrote that God gave Russia “two great gifts” - the tsar and the patriarch, which the Church and the state will all have. At the same time, we marveled at secular power through a spiritual prism, taking it to another place. The bishops aligned themselves with the sun, and the kingdom with the month, and explained that the power of the church is to shine for souls, and the king’s power is for the body. The king, according to his understanding, cried out to God to destroy the kingdom from the impending Antichrist, and for whom it was necessary for him to obtain God’s grace. Nikon, as a patriarch, was obliged to become a teacher and mentor of the tsar, because, in his opinion, the state could not survive without greater church ideas to regulate its activities.

As a result of all these, Nikon died without the slightest gain, as he surely took over as Oleksiy Mikhailovich willingly gave him the first rocks of his patriarchate. The power and influx of Nikon at this hour was greater. Virushayuchi at 1654 r. for the war in Little Russia, Oleksiy Mikhailovich entrusted the patriarch with his family, the capital and entrusted him with the care of justice and the execution of legal orders. During the reign of Tsar Nikon, who had officially accepted the title of Great Sovereign, uniformly scrutinized all the sovereign rights, and the noble boyars, who had issued various sovereign orders, were obliged to come daily to the new with your own testimony. Quite often Nikon smote the boyars to wait for a long time for his arrival at the gank, wanting at this hour to be severely cold; receiving them, having listened to the evidence, standing, not sitting down to the evidence, and shaking them, working on my earthly slope. Everyone was afraid of the patriarch - nothing important was done without his blessing. Among the ecclesiastical authorities, Nikon was the same indiscriminate self-owner as among the sovereigns. This is due to its lofty declarations about the importance of the Church in the life of the congregation, making great efforts to improve the discipline of the clergy. We seriously want to create a religious home from Moscow, a true “third Rome” for all Orthodox peoples. Even if the Russian Church has confirmed its significance, it is of little consequence in the light of the age of illumination. Nikon tried very hard to advance the cultural level of the clergy: by entrusting the library with the works of Greek and Roman classics, with a laborious hand he established schools, he ruled the drukarny, he wrote down Kiev scholars for the translation of books, he Stating schools of artistic iconography and a number of additions about the beauty of the divine service. At the same time, we will again renew the benefits of the Russian church service from the Greek, knowing all the ritual peculiarities with which the first differed from the other. This was an old problem - discussions had been going on about it for decades, but they still couldn’t get it out. On the right, in reality, it was even more foldable. Since ancient times, the Russian Orthodox have been in perfect harmony, preserving Christian worship in complete and pristine purity, exactly as it was established by the fathers of the church. These same hierarchs, who often came to Moscow in the 17th century, began convincingly telling Russian church pastors about the impossibility of Russian worship, how they could discord the situation between them other Orthodox churches. In Russian liturgical books, the stench was marked by numerical differences in readings from walnuts. I was thinking about the mistakes that had crept into these books, and about the need to know and legitimize the new correct text.

At 1653 r. Nikon took away the spiritual council of Russian hierarchs, archimandrites, abbots and archpriests. The Tsar and his boyars were present at their meetings. Having returned to the presence, Nikon immediately sent letters of the ecumenical patriarchs to the founding of the Moscow patriarchate (as apparently, this happened for Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich at the end of the 16th century). The patriarchs indicated in these letters that they would follow the Russian liturgical services in accordance with the norms that had been established in Greece and other similar Orthodox countries. After which Nikon said: “We must correct as quickly as possible all innovations in church rites that diverge from ancient Slovenian books. I ask for a decision on how to do it: whether to follow the new Moscow hand-written books, which have different types of translations and rewrites, and have differences with the old Greek and Slovenian lists, and to put it bluntly, pardons, or keruvatisya ancient, Greek and Slovenian text. , because it’s offensive to represent that very rank and statute?” At the meeting, the council gave the following testimony: “It is appropriate and righteous to correct, starting from the old charitable and Greek lists.”

Nikon entrusted the correction of books to the Kiev scribe Epiphany Slavinetsky and the Greek Arseny. All monasteries were ordered to collect the old lists of charities and force them to Moscow. Arsen, without harming himself, brought from Athos up to five hundred manuscripts, which were attributed to the actions of a long time ago. Nezabar seized a new cathedral, on which it was praised that from now on three, and not two, fingers would be crossed, and on those who would cross two fingers, a curse was laid.

Then a new servant was seen with the corrected text, which was clearly in Greek. In kvitna 1656 rub. They called for a new cathedral, which confirmed all the changes made. Meanwhile, opponents of the reform appeared, against whom Nikon launched an irreconcilable struggle: they were relieved of their rank and exiled. Archpriest Avakum, the most bitter opponent of the innovation, was sent simultaneously from his squad and homeland to Dauria. It appeared that there were even the first signs of disobedience. When the new liturgical books reached the local priests at once, with the express order to cross three fingers, the revival rose immediately in the rich localities. True, in addition to the fact that the two fingers were replaced by three fingers, all liturgical rites became short, and many hymns and formulas were thrown out, which gave a special magical replacement. The entire liturgy was reorganized, the procession on the Christian passages was set against the sun, the name of Jesus was redirected to Jesus. If you choose to edit, move the text to the symbol. At that time, if the ritual side of religion was given great importance, such a change could not be easily accomplished. A lot of ordinary people and priests have changed their minds, so that they are trying to replace the other Orthodox faith. New books were expected to be accepted before the present day, and the old ones were served. The Solovetsky Monastery, including the poor elders, was one of the first to implement this innovation. This butt gave strength to Nikon’s opponents.

The patriarch brought down harsh repression on the disobedient people. From all sides to the king came the scorn of Swaville and the ferocity of the patriarch, whose pride and self-indulgence. At this time, for example, the order was given to collect 500 heads of horses from all churches of the Moscow State and calmly distribute them to their estates; In the beginning of the new salary of the Patriarchal Mit, it was raised to such a level that, according to the testimony of one campaigner, “the Tatar abbots have a richer life,” in addition to which Nikon received emergency contributions for the duration of the New Jerusalem and other monasteries. There were rumors about his pride and cruel treatment of the clergy who came to Moscow - it was impossible for him to put the priest in jail for allegedly causing minor problems with the victor of his bonds, to torment him v'yaznitsi or send somewhere on the evil life .

Bil Oleksiy Mikhailovich also had a lot of boyars - enemies of Nikon.

They were angry at the Patriarch for those who were constantly entrusted with worldly matters, and they insisted with one voice that the Tsar’s power was no longer in sight, that the patriarch’s envoys were more feared than the Tsar’s, that the great Patriarch was not satisfied with the roar I am in charge of the great sovereign king, If not to override them, all the royal orders come into force, in memory of the decree and the punishments they impose on themselves, to carry out all sorts of punishments without the order of the sovereign, they represent rich people. All the unkind people did not lose their temper: without quarreling openly with Nikon, Oleksiy Mikhailovich began to gradually move away from the patriarch. For a long time without paying any attention to direct explanation, behind the gentleness of his character, tension and coldness came from the place of great friendship.

Vlitku 1658 rub. there was already an obvious clash - the king never asked the patriarch to attend the saint’s court and was not himself present at his services. Then he sent Prince Romodanivsky to his new sleeping bag with an order so that Nikon would not be crowned the great sovereign.

Urezheniy tsim Nikon saw the patriarchal department, perhaps, rozrakhovuyuchi. that the good and godly king is angry and hastens to make peace with the high priest. Having served the liturgy in the Assumption Cathedral, he took up the mantle and marched to the platform of the Resurrection Monastery. Having stayed there for two days, it was possible that the king might be better off than him or want to get along with him, otherwise Oleksiy would save the transaction. Todd Nikon, having forgotten about the patriarchate, began to actively engage in stone spores at the Resurrection Monastery: digging stakes, raising fish, harvesting crops, growing gardens and clearing foxes, showing the butt of everything to robot workers and working on par with them.

With the departure of Nikon, turmoil came to the Russian Church. The replacement of the patriarch, who was on his way to his throne, followed the conversion of a new one. But Nikon’s behavior did not allow this. About an hour later, he repented at his hasty departure and again began to make claims to the patriarchate. “Having deprived the most holy throne from Moscow by my own will,” he said, “I am not called Muscovite and will not be called at all; “Unless I have lost the patriarchate, the grace of the Holy Spirit has not been seen before me.” These statements of Nikon greatly made the tsar angry and the guilty people became rich, but not Nikon’s enemies: now it was impossible to proceed to the election of the new patriarch without losing food: in what kind of wine will we go to the old one? To look into this problem 1660 RUR. The Council of the Russian Clergy was called. Most of the bishops were against Nikon and decided to relieve him of his rank, while the minority argued that the local council did not have such power over the patriarch. Tsar Oleksiy listened to the arguments of the minority, and Nikon retained his rank. Alec got so lost on the right that it could have been allowed only by the international council.

For a cob 1666 rub. A “great council” was assembled in Moscow, which was attended by two Greek patriarchs (Alexandria and Antioch) and 30 bishops, Russian and Greek, from all the main churches of the Orthodox congregation.

The trial of Nikon was three-fold. The cathedral was immediately recognized on the right for its importance. Then they called on Nikon himself to hear his explanation and truth. Nikon initially did not want to appear at the trial, not recognizing the authority of the Alexandrian and Antiochian patriarchs over himself, then, in 1666, still arriving to Moscow, but walking proudly and unacceptably: joining the superechka from the guilty and the king himself, what kind of tears and praises snarled at the cathedral on the rich province of the patriarch. The Council unanimously condemned Nikon, relieving him of his patriarchal rank and priesthood. Conversions from a simple Chen, and from the Ferapont monastery near White Lake.

Here many fates were dealt with with great severity, perhaps as a punishment, but in 1671. Oleksiy ordered to remove the war and allowed Nikon to live without food. Todi Nikon often reconciled with his lot, accepting gifts and gifts from the king, taking over the reign, reading books and caring for the sick. Through fate, he became progressively weaker in mind and body, and began to be occupied by other beasts: he got into trouble with the Chinese, constantly became dissatisfied, barked to no avail, and wrote reports to the Tsar. After death 1676 rub. Oleksiy Mikhailovich, Nikon’s camp was ruined - he was transferred to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery under the supervision of two elders, who could not live peacefully with him in his cells and would not let anyone in. Only in 1681, Nikon, already seriously ill and senile, was released due to illness. On the way to Moscow on the birch Kotorosl he died. His body was brought to the Resurrection Monastery and buried there. Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich was present at his place.

Nikon's re-creation brought in the marriage. The result was a great schism in the Russian Orthodox Church, which quickly spread throughout Russia. Before the schism, all dissatisfaction with secular and spiritual power was as common as before the ensign. For more than a decade, this harsh religious and social superchka has been deprived of the main motive of internal Russian history.

In previous notes about the Time of Troubles, I have already written about the decline of the role of the Cossacks in Russian history during this period.
I’ll add one more unsettling touch to this meal. We are worried about the peculiarities of the third and fourth Russian patriarchs, the first priests of the Russian Orthodox Church, Hermogenes and Philaret, at the dawn of the Time of Troubles. I’ll remind you of the outline that was formed during the 16th - early 17th centuries in Russia.
For the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible, a grandiose revolution arose in the Russian state. 2-3 September 1589 rub. The Church Council, with the participation of Patriarch Jeremiah of Constantinople, named the Moscow Patriarchal See of Metropolitan Job of Moscow, the first Russian Patriarch. On the 26th day of the same fate, the appointment of Metropolitan Job to the patriarchs of Moscow and all Russia took place.
Patriarch Iov played a prominent role in the establishment of the Moscow Patriarchate. However, he was elevated to the patriarchal chair after not recognizing the legality of the reign of False Dmitry I.
The patriarch of the former church was the Greek Ignatius, who was appointed to the throne immediately after the revolution in Moscow and the rise of Tsar Vasily Shuisky. That same time, having recommended to the Church Council the candidacy for the patriarchate of Filaret Romanov, but having suspected him of being in good faith, he changed the decision and the third Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia was elected, Metropolitan Hermogenes of Kazan
At its core, Hermogenes's patriarchal service is widely known. He called on the people to fight against the Tushino villain False Dmitry II and against the Polish-Lithuanian slaughterhouses. After that, since in Moscow, entirely officially, the Tsar had meetings with the Polish prince Vladislav, Hermogenes relied on this act. Strongly supporting the actions of another militia, Minin and Pozharsky. The Kazan icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary (from the great Kazan Metropolis) became the main shrine of the militia.
The patriarch himself did not live to see the victory of the militia at all. He was captured by the Poles (and Russian soldiers) at the Kremlin, and died a martyr of hunger and sprague.
After this, a period of interpatriarchy begins in the state. The Council of the Whole Earth (Zemsky Sobor) elects as the Tsar of the 16-River Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, son of Filaret Romanov (nephew of Anastasia Romanov, the Queen of Moscow, and also nephew of Ivan the Terrible). Ale Filaret himself is staying with Poland and the people. In Moscow, Filaret will be declared “named” patriarch. And just after this fate, the reign of Mikhail, after his release from full life, Philaret was officially appointed to the Persian Empire department. Patriarch Theophan IV of Jerusalem was enthroned.
I respect that Russian people were able to correctly and accurately name the heroes of their history. So the axis, popularly known today under the nickname of False Dmitry I and Philaret, who was with the crowd, is close. Dmitry was not called a slave, but “called” a king, and Filaret, at the moment of resigning from the patriarch’s obligations, was “named” a patriarch. It's close, isn't it?
This is what the canvas looks like. And now a bunch of words about being small at home.
Patriarch Hermogenes was known in the world as Yermolai and was a member of the Don Cossack family. Of course, this is an important touch for your biography.
During the Time of Troubles, the Cossacks played a very considerate, and even more important, role. That’s why it’s so important to him (the famous otaman of Korelia) that the first king named Dmitry sat on the Moscow throne, and it’s not a king, but an emperor.
Respecting those that Hermogenes, who was in the Kazan department, saved them for himself, under the name Dmitry sharply, against the new government, filled with a lot of Cossacks, without appearing.
Prote, having become patriarch for Tsar Vasily Shuisky, stood up in the highest rank against False Dmitry II and his Cossacks. It is not excluded that one of the leading Cossack leaders during this period was Otaman Zarutsky, a Polish subject.
Ale tse, naturally, right in front of the heat. On the right is completely different. What kind of patriarch would he be, if he did not support Tsar Vasily? Moreover, Shuisky’s rights to the throne, having always been a long-standing descendant of the family, were in no doubt. In addition, the Orthodox patriarch was already overwhelmed by the massive influx of Polish Catholics and Lithuanian Uniates into Rus'.
And let them judge for themselves what happened. Let’s just take a look at the sequence of the Russian Troubles and its history.
Metropolitan of Rostov Filaret Romanov (becoming metropolitan on the recommendation of the said Dmitry) is appointed by Tsar Vasily Shuisky to the Patriarchate of Moscow and All Russia. Ale Tsar Shvidko changes his decision. And following a new recommendation, the Church Council elects Hermogenes as Patriarch.
What about Filaret? It is clear that there are no distortions. It's not a big deal. Filaret, being a black man, could not himself be elected to the Moscow throne, except for the succession of the Romanovs, as the main contenders for Monomakh's cap, from whose throne everything is given far and wide. Even his brothers were not just boyars, but cousins ​​of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the remaining Rurikovich from the Kaliti family, who was ruled by the Moscow ruler. It’s true, Ivan has lost only one brother. And it’s not even ready for straightening, but rather for welding and welding. Other brothers and their human offspring were destroyed in exiles. And Filaret himself grew up as a son, who will become the first king from the Romanov family. Ale bye scho vin buv maliy. And the father was in charge of saving his life. And she marveled at the greatness of the trouble.
Is everything all right? And before Philaret comes to his senses, sooner or later, Tsar Vasily will come up with something, and he can spend his son. And here in Russia the new tsar is going wild. God knows who and the stars, who have seen everything, the people are not born, as it seems, from the bottom of the estate, aka Tsar, False Dmitry II. One of the main pillars, especially since the Poles had a lot of trouble, were the Cossacks. І Rostov Metropolitan Philaret becomes patriarch under this king, who appeared in a rapture.
This is the situation. The country has two kings: Vasily Shuisky and False Dmitry II. I two patriarchs: Hermogenes and Philaret.
The situation is spicy, to say the least. Naturally, after the restoration of the kingdom of Michael, the establishment of Philaret as the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, they tried to smooth out the complexity and supernaturalness of this situation. They announced that Filaret was installed by the “evil” patriarchs not by force. And Patriarch Hermogenes everywhere shouted in sympathy with Filaret, calling on him to put up with his wondrous role, to which he was persuaded by force. Ale sieges are still lost.
Of course, the villainous people, the Cossacks, in the army of False Dmitry II are not villainous, but they are Orthodox people. And it was necessary for them to conduct Orthodox services. Another river, Patriarch Filaret, with his great authority, one can say more, to the royal campaigners (nephew of Ivan the Terrible), becoming one of the main pillars of the legitimacy of the rogue king, whom, no less, but Filaret recognized, his cousin. The cousin of Tsar Fyodor was clearly in the same family as his brother Dmitry. And since Filaret recognized Dmitry as not hibnim, it means that the stinks became relatives, no matter how you say it.
True, in purely human terms, Filareta can be understood. Don’t go to the gate here, the gate, it’s not just a gate, but the greatest gate of Tsar Vasily Shuisky. Do not pose a major threat to your son's king. Well, how was it possible to fight the greatest enemy, how was it possible to prevent the Shuisky family from gaining a foothold in the kingdom, how to save the young son for the future atrocities? The way was essentially alone, although it smelled bad. Stand on the side of these enemies of Shuisky, as the military strength is small. So we supported False Dmitry II.
I did the same for a long time. Without blinking an eye, you can go against the False Dmitry, if a new military force appears in the country - the Polish army. And we become involved in the selection of a Polish prince to the Moscow throne as a henchman.
The food is coming, but what is the logic behind this? And there, as far as I’m concerned, is obviously simple. The meta, the fallen place of Vasil Shuisky, was within reach. In the country, two new contenders for the throne will vote. And it is not allowed for young people to sin. Who are the contenders? Pershy, Ivan Dmitrovich. Thus, False Dmitry II kills one of his close associates (Prince Urusov). Ale literally a month ago, Marina, and don’t forget, the Russian Empress, who has not yet given up her title, is the people of Ivan’s son. The beautiful child is becoming the number one contender for the throne of Moscow. Why poor? On the fourth day of his life they hanged him so that Mikhailo Romanov could reign in peace.
And the people of Ivan Filaret are still developing hundreds of years with his friends, but not with us. In the future, they will save good lives with the Cossacks, and they will remember their Tushinsky patriarch and will be with them forever. This is to place Philaret's son on the right on the throne.
Filaret himself understands that for new minds, Prince Vasil Golitsin is no less a serious candidate for the Tsar, Nizhny Ivan. Do not be surprised by those who came from the family of the great princes of Lithuania, the Gediminovichs, and became a prince through his wife's lineage, which is not the least of the Rurikovichs. And definitely not the only Russian candidate for the tsar. I was close to replacing Vasyl Shuisky on the throne several times. Here's Filaret's new solution. Only a foreign pretender to the kingdom, whom Russian minds will easily overcome in the Russian minds, can defeat him on the right. This is how the candidacy of the Polish prince Vladislav stands for the Muscovite kingdom. In history they often write about the peace of the Russian boyars, who called for the kingdom of a Pole, a Catholic. Forgetting what the initiative was all about. Forgetting about the role of Filaret Romanov in the role of the party that is being formed.
Filaret's boyars and nobles encourage him a lot. V. Golitsin. The resentment of the great post of Philaret and Prince Golitsin decided not to force the issue and to wait for the moment for crucial actions.
When the stalemate situation finally ended, Patriarch Hermogenes rushed in. In a sharp form, the fight against the Catholic request begins. І Philaret and Hermogenes are again jumping from the side of the barricades to the Russian throne.
At this time in Poland, the eminent crown hetman Zolniewski is appearing for the not-so-great King Sigismund III. It is understood that the position of the Patriarch can seriously complicate the annexation of Russia to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, without any inappropriate praise of the King, the King of Poland, King of Poland, signs the agreement by which the assembled Council is elected ich. And if the king were not too stubborn and short-sighted, Zolniewski could have done well. Ale tse, yakbi, yakbi, and for now it seems likely to remove from Moscow two of the main so-called friends, and in the future superniks Vladislav, V. Golitsin and F. Romanov. They should set up an embassy until the Polish king near Smolensk, who Sigismund III was in arms at that hour. Meta embassies will be ready to send the well-dressed Tsar Vladislav, the king’s son, to Moscow.
But the king believes differently. Once you give the Moscow crown to your son, you may become king yourself.
But it’s no longer part of Filaret’s plan. And he begins to make this decision in every possible way and achieves it completely.
I axis only from this moment the positions of Hermogenes and Philaret begin to converge.
Moreover, in the eyes of the people, they become martyrs, fighters for freedom and the independence of the Fatherland against the Polish-Lithuanian prisons.
Patriarch Hermogenes dies in Polish captivity (the Polish is bound in the Kremlin), and Philaret needs to be captivated in Poland itself.
This, as well as the love of the Cossacks before Filaret, who lost a single military force in Russia after the dissolution of the militia of Minin and Pozharsky, ensured the safety of the Council, which elected a new king, and gave advantage to Mikhail Romanov over other candidates. After nine fates, Filaret Romanov returns to Moscow and returns to the patriarchal throne. And he becomes not only a patriarch, but also a ruler of his son. The axis is the sound of his title “Great Sovereign, Holy Patriarch Filaret Mikitovich.”
The rule of Patriarch Filaret was officially confirmed at the time of the Time of Troubles. Well, this super-characteristic role in these roles has led to important results. The reign of the Romanov dynasty, which lasted a little over three hundred years.

From the Metropolitans of Novgorod. One of the most colorful and most tragic articles in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Having been chosen by the patriarch, Nikon repeatedly expressed this honor, until the tsar himself knelt before him with blessings as the archpastor of the Russian people. At this point, Nikon asked Oleksiy Mikhailovich and the officials to swear before the shrines of the Assumption Cathedral to adhere to faith and laws, “we are heard by everyone as a boss and a shepherd, and a father of the heart.” The king swore allegiance, and after him all the others. After this, Nikon became patriarch.

Having subjugated the king and secular power with his influx, the patriarch proceeded to reform the church. They were given a decree about the division of the two fingers - so that all three of them would cross their fingers. Nikon called the cathedral to “correct” a whole series of Russian traditions. The entire department was stunned by innovations. Work has begun on the “correction” of Russian liturgical books. Church reforms caused a split in the church, in which a part of the believers strengthened, who did not recognize the innovation (Old Believers).

The patriarch paid great respect to the expansion of church mines: land, industries, forests, and fishing grounds. The number of villagers attending the church increased during the new marriage. The largest monasteries were founded: Voskresensky on the river. Istra, Khresny on the White Sea, Iversky on Valdai. Dozens of smaller monasteries, churches, villages are attributed to them.

In Russia, Nikon appropriated the title of “great sovereign” and was written as “great lord and sovereign” when sent abroad. At the Zemsky Sobor 1653 r. against the adoption of citizenship of Ukraine and the war with Poland. The patriarch wanted the king to give special treatment to the army (1654), starting a war with Sweden (1656).

Nikon ordered a direct offensive, ensuring the army's progress. Nezabar Oleksiy Mikhailovich recognized the patriarch as the guardian angel of the royal family and the reliable ruler. Without proof to Nikon, the Boyar Duma did not prevail on the right.

The position of the patriarch has changed rapidly. May 6 1658 rub. The tsar did not ask Nikon to attend the ritual of the Georgian prince Teimuraz, but on the 10th of July, on the day of the Laying of the Lord's Robe, he did not show up in the morning. On what day did the Patriarch publicly voice in the Assumption Cathedral what he was depriving of the Patriarchate. Oleksiy Mikhailovich asked to say that he lost his wine, and Nikon Pishov at the Resurrection Monastery. You will have to sign up for the exact church certificate. So, at 1662 r. and voted anathema to the patriarchal minister Peter, appointed by the tsar.

Sichni RUR 1665 Nikon wrote to the Tsar about his words and readiness to install a new patriarch. 12 breast 1666 rub. at the Great Church Council, with the participation of two similar patriarchs, Nikon absolved the patriarchal rank and sent the Feraponts to the monastery under Wartu.

After the death of Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the new Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich wants to dismiss Nikon so that he can obtain a New Jerusalem, aka Patriarch Joakim (the third after Nikon) categorically agrees with his Tsar . Fortunately, Joakim Nikon was tortured for three serious crimes and placed without escape in the cell of the Kirilo-Belozersky monastery. Even at the news of Nikon’s illness, the tsar decided to punish him for his illness. Nikon, who accompanied crowds of people along every route, died and fled to the Resurrection Monastery. Vin died at age 17 sickle 1681 r. Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich especially carried Nikon’s body to New Jerusalem, hailing him as a patriarch and seeking permission from similar patriarchs to forever remember him in his rank.

Yov(with St. John) - Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia. Following the initiative of St. Job, a reorganization was carried out in the Russian Church, as a result of which the Moscow Patriarchate lost 4 metropolises: Novgorod, Kazan, Rostov and Krutitska; new dioceses were founded, over a dozen monasteries were founded.
Patriarch Job was the first to place the right of the rulers on a broad basis. From the blessing of St. Job, the following were first seen: the Song Triode, the Koliorov Triode, Oktoich, Menea Zagalna, the Hierarchical Official and the Service.
During the Time of Troubles, Saint Job was actually the first to stop the Russians from standing against the Polish-Lithuanian slaughterhouses. turn to the Holy See, blessing Metropolitan Hermogenes of Kazan. Patriarch Job died peacefully on November 19, 1607. In 1652, under Patriarch Josip, the incorruptible and spare relics of St. Job were transferred to Moscow and placed next to the tomb of Patriarch Joasaph (1634-1640). The sight of the relics of St. Job seemed like a senseless healing.
He is commemorated by the Russian Orthodox Church on the 5/18th quarter and 19th chernya/2 linya.

Hermogenes(in the world Ermolai) (1530-1612) - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. The Patriarchate of St. Hermogenes escaped during the difficult hour of the Time of Troubles. With particular pressure, the Holy Patriarch stood against the people and enemies of the Ancient Empire, who were about to force the Russian people to introduce unity and Catholicism, and the subversion of Orthodoxy in Russia.
Muscovites, under the leadership of Kozma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, rebelled, and the Poles set the place on fire, and they themselves took refuge at the Kremlin. The stench of the Russian monasteries forcibly brought the holy Patriarch Hermogenes from the Patriarchal Throne and laid him in the Miracle Monastery under war.” Patriarch Hermogenes blessed the Russians for their free deed.
For more than nine months, Saint Hermogenes suffered from a serious illness. On February 17, 1612, he died a martyr of hunger and sprague.
The body of the Hieromartyr Hermogenes was buried with due honor in the Miracle Monastery. The holiness of the Patriarchal feat, as well as his specialness in general, was sanctified later - with the relics of the saint’s relics in 1652. 40 years after his death, Patriarch Hermogenes lay as if alive.
From the blessing of St. Hermogenes from Greek to Russian language, the service to the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called was transferred and the celebration of his memory in the Assumption Cathedral was renewed. Under the supervision of the First Hierarch, a new typesetting was created for the preparation of liturgical books and a new duty was created, which suffered in the hour after 1611, when Moscow was burned by the Poles.
In 1913, the Russian Orthodox Church glorified Patriarch Hermogenes as a saint. This memory is on 12/25 May and 17 February/1 February.

Filaret(Romaniv Fedir Mikitovich) (1554-1633) - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, father of the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty. Under Tsar Theodora Ioannovich was a noble boyar, under Boris Godunov he fell into disgrace, being sent to the monastery and tonsured into the ranks. 1611 fate, interfering with the embassy from Poland, the captures are complete. In 1619, his family turned to Russia and until his death he became the de facto ruler of the region for his sick son - Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich.

Joasaph I- Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia. Tsar Mikhailo Fedorovich, informing several Ecumenical Patriarchs about the death of his father, also writing that “the assembly and installation of the Great Russian Church by the Patriarch. Blessed Patriarch Filaret, who himself declared himself an attacker.
He continued the long-standing work of his predecessors, having completed a great work in the brutal and correcting of liturgical books. During the recent reign of Patriarch Joasaph, 3 monasteries were founded and 5 more were renovated.

Josip- Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia. Suvore of the decree of church statutes and legalization became a characteristic feature of the ministry of Patriarch Josip. In 1646, before the beginning of Lent, Patriarch Joseph issued a circular order to all spiritual ranks and all Orthodox Christians to complete Lent in purity. This envoy from Patriarch Josip, as well as the Tsar’s decree of 1647 on the fence of the week and holy day and on the exchange of trade on this day of trade, brought about a great deal of faith among the people.
Patriarch Joseph paid great respect to the cause of spiritual illumination. For this blessing, in 1648, a religious school was founded in Moscow at the St. Andrew’s Monastery. For Patriarch Josip, as well as for his successors, liturgical services and church elementary books were sold throughout Russia. In just 10 years, 36 titles of books have been seen for Patriarch Josip, of which 14 have never been seen before in Russia. The fate of the Patriarchate of Josip has repeatedly involved the discovery of the relics of the holy saints of God and the glorification of miraculous icons.
The name of Patriarch Josip will once again be lost from the tablets of history because the archpastor himself was able to earn his first career before the unification of Ukraine (Little Russia) with Russia, although the unification itself became 1654 year after the death of Josip for Patriarch Mikon.

Nikon(in the light of Mikita Minich Menin) (1605-1681) - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia from 1652. The Patriarchate of Nikon created an entire era in the history of the Russian Church. Like Patriarch Philaret, he won the title of “Great Sovereign”, who took away from the first the roots of his Patriarchate through special favoritism to the new king. Having taken the fate of the highest authorities and not all of the foreign powers. Zokrem, due to the active union of Patriarch Nikon in 1654, the historical union of Ukraine with Russia took place. The lands of Kievan Rus, having been invaded by Polish-Lithuanian magnates, became part of the Muscovite Empire. This promptly led to the return of the traditionally Orthodox dioceses of the Ancient Russia to the bosom of the Mother – the Russian Church. Soon after, Belarus also emerged from Russia. Before the title of the Patriarch of Moscow “Great Sovereign” was added the name “Patriarch of all Great and Small Russia”.
Patriarch Nikon was especially zealous in identifying himself as a church reformer. In addition to the ordering of the liturgical services, replacing the duodenum with the triceps at the christmas banner, and correcting the liturgical books with Greek characters, in which he believes to be immortal, there is a great merit to the Russian Church. The protests of the church reforms of Patriarch Nikon gave rise to an Old Believer split, the legacy of which darkened the life of the Russian Church for several centuries.
The First Hierarch had a strong desire for church life, and he himself was one of the greatest architects of his time. The richest monasteries of Orthodox Russia were fought for Patriarch Nikon: Voskresensky near Moscow, which is called “New Jerusalem”, Iversky Svyatoozersk in Valdai and Khresny Kiyostrovsky in Onezka Bay. As the head of the earthly Church, Patriarch Nikon respected the height of the special life of the clergy and monks. Throughout his life, Patriarch Nikon never ceased to strive to know and what to learn. You have collected the largest library. Patriarch Nikon studied Greek, studied medicine, wrote icons, mastered the art of preparing kahlis... Patriarch Nikon desecrated Holy Rus' - the new Israel. Preserving a living, creative Orthodoxy, wanting to create a sanctified Orthodox culture and begin it at the Orthodox Gathering. All the actions carried out by Patriarch Nikon separated the interests of the boyars and washed the Patriarch before the Tsar. The resolutions of the Council included the release of the Patriarchate and the assignments from the beginning to Ferapontiv, and then, in 1676 - to the Kirilo-Belozersky monastery. In this case, however, the church reforms carried out by him were not only limited, but also withheld praise.
The results of Patriarch Nikon tried on the sent 15 rocks. Before his death, Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich asked Patriarch Nikon for liberation from his commandment. The new Tsar Theodore Oleksiyovich made a decision to convert Patriarch Nikon to his rank and asked him to return to the Resurrection Monastery founded by him. On the way to this monastery, Patriarch Nikon peacefully walked to the Lord, showing great love to the people and his teachers. Patriarch Nikon paid obeisances with due honors at the Resurrection Cathedral of the New Jerusalem Monastery. In the spring of 1682, letters from all four of the Similar Patriarchs were delivered to Moscow, who allowed Nikon from all defenses and confirmed them in the office of the Patriarch of All Russia.

Joasaph II- Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia. The Great Moscow Council of 1666-1667 rocks, which condemned and overthrew Patriarch Nikon and anathematized the Old Believers as heretics, electing a new Primate of the Russian Church. Archimandrite Joasaph of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra became the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.
Patriarch Joasaph has already given great respect to missionary activity, especially on the outskirts of the Russian state, as some began to settle down: on the Last Night and near Skhidny Siberia, especially in Transbaikalia And the basins of the Amur, at the border with China. Zokrema, with the blessing of Joasaph II, near the Chinese border, the Spassky Monastery was founded in 1671.
The great merit of Patriarch Yoasaph in Galusa is the improvement and activation of the pastoral activity of the Russian clergy, as follows from the recognition of the decisions they took, aimed at reinvigorating the tradition of preaching. for divine services, because at that hour in Russia the mayge had gone out.
The patriarchate of Joasaph II in the Russian Church experienced great literary activity. During the short period of time, the high priestly servant of Patriarch Joasaph was given not only a number of liturgical books, but also a wealth of religious services. Already in 1667, fate was inspired by the light of “Tales about the Conciliar Acts” and “The Rod of Rule,” written by Simeon of Polotsk for the vikrity of the Old Believer schism, then the “Great Catechism” and “Small Catechism” were published.

Pitirim- Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia. Patriarch Pitirim, having received the dignity of the First Hierarch, was already in his frail age and became a member of the Russian Church for nearly 10 months before his death in 1673. Having approached Patriarch Nikon and after his abdication, becoming one of the contenders for the Throne, however, he was only regained after the death of Patriarch Joasaph II.
On the 7th of June 1672, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, Metropolitan of Novgorod celebrated his elevation to the Patriarchal Throne, being already very ill, before the administration of justice, Metropolitan Joachim called.
After ten months, nothing special about the inconspicuous patriarchate died on the 19th quarter of 1673.

Joakim(Savelov-Pershy Ivan Petrovich) – Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Respecting the illness of Patriarch Pitirim, Metropolitan Joakim was transferred to the Patriarchal Administration, and on June 26, 1674 r. buv of establishments at the Pershosvyatitelsky department.
This zusillya was aimed at fighting against the foreign influx into marriage.
The First Hierarch became zealous to the point of becoming a victor of church canons. Having looked at the rites of the liturgy of St. Basil the Great and St. John of Zolotoust, we have identified certain inconsistencies in liturgical practice. In addition, Patriarch Joachim corrected and created the Typikon, which is still lived in the Russian Orthodox Church in an unchanged form.
At 1678 r. Patriarch Joakim expanded the number of almshouses open in Moscow, which were located on church funds.
With the blessings of Patriarch Joachim, a theological school was founded in Moscow, which founded the Slovenian-Greek-Latin Academy, in 1814. was reorganized into the Moscow Theological Academy.
In the sphere of sovereign governance, Patriarch Joachim also showed himself to be an energetic and consistent politician, actively supporting Peter I after the death of Tsar Feodor Oleksiyovich.

Adrian(in the world? Andriy) (1627-1700) - Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia since 1690. 24 sickles 1690 rub. Metropolitan Adrian was elevated to the All-Russian Patriarchal Throne. In his words, at the hour of enthronement, Patriarch Adrian called on the Orthodox to preserve the canons in their entirety, reach out to the world, and protect the Church from heresies. In the “District Envoy” and “Umovlyannaya” to the flock, which consists of 24 points, Patriarch Adrian imparted spiritually profound instructions to each person. It was not like him that the barber, the chicken, the knitting of the Russian national attire and other similar everyday innovations of Peter I had the chance. nothing to the fleet, military and socio-economic changes), Patriarch Adrian Rozumi and encouraging

Stefan Jaworski(Yavorsky Simeon Ivanovich) - Metropolitan of Ryazan and Murom, patriarchal minister of the Moscow throne.
Having begun with the famous Kiev-Mohyla College, it is the end of the immediate Russian illumination. I lived until 1684 rubles. To enter the school, Yavorsky, like his other participants, converted to Catholicism. At today's sunset, Russia was on the right hand side.
Stefan studied philosophy in Lvov and Lublin, and then became a theologian in Vilna and Poznan. In Polish schools, they learned a lot about Catholic theologians and gained knowledge of Protestantism.
In 1689, Stephen returned to Kiev, brought repentance to his faith in the Orthodox Church and was accepted again into its fold.
Whose fate was it that he accepted the monkhood and passed the monk's probation at the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.
At the Kiev College, he progressed from teacher to professor of theology.
Stefan became a famous preacher and in 1697 he was appointed hegumen of the St. Michael Empty Monastery, which was also located in Kiev.
After the sermon, said shortly after the death of the Tsar's commander A.S. Shein, who was appointed by Peter I, ordained as bishop and appointed Metropolitan of Ryazan and Murom.
On the 16th of April 1701, after the death of Patriarch Adrian, after the king's insignia, Stephen was appointed as intercessor to the patriarchal throne.
The church-administrative activity of Stephen was insignificant, the power of the mayor was equalized with the patriarch's, and was separated by Peter I. On the spiritual right, most of the descendants of Stephen were aligned with the council of bishops.
Petro kept him with him until his death, carrying out under him some tempting blessings that were unacceptable to Stefan. Metropolitan Stephen did not have the strength to openly openly confront the Tsar, and at the same time he could not come to terms with what was happening.
In 1718, at the hour of the trial of Tsarevich Oleksiy, Tsar Petro I gave orders to Metropolitan Stephen to come to St. Petersburg and not allowing him to live until his death, allowing him to return to the insignificant power that kovo korystuvavsya.
In 1721 the Synod was opened. The Tsar recognized Metropolitan Stephen as the President of the Synod, who was the least compliant with this establishment. Stefan was willing to sign the protocols to the Synod without attending its meetings and without going to the synodal documents. The tsar, obviously, trimmed him in order to, while selfishly confronting him, impose the necessary sanctions of the new establishment. During the entire hour of his stay in the Synod, Metropolitan Stefan was under investigation from the right-wing political authorities due to the constant slander against him.
Metropolitan Stefan died on November 27, 1722 near Moscow, on Lubyantsi, near the Ryazan Podvir. On the same day, his body was brought to Troitska at the Ryazan sub-church, where it stood until the 19th birthday, until the arrival of Emperor Peter I and the members of the Holy Synod to Moscow. On the 20th anniversary of the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which is called Grebnivska, Metropolitan Stephen was born.

Tikhin(Belavin Vasil Ivanovich) - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. In 1917 The All-Russian Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church reinstated the Patriarchate. The most important moment in the history of the Russian Church has come to pass: after two decades of persecuted headlessness, its Primate and First Hierarch has once again emerged.
Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna Tikhon (1865-1925) was elected to the Patriarchal Throne.
Patriarch Tikhin was the reigning heir of Orthodoxy. Despite all his gentleness, good-naturedness and good-naturedness, he became inconspicuously firm and invincible from the right of the church, as was necessary, and immediately from the defense of the Church from its enemies. The firmness of Patriarch Tikhon’s character at the time of the “renewal” schism was especially clearly revealed by the Orthodox Church. Vіn standing as an inescapable transition to the Bolsheviks' path before the plans for the disposition of the Church in the middle.
Holy Patriarch Tikhin, having worked the most important tasks until the normalization of flows from the state. The emissaries of Patriarch Tikhon say: “The Russian Orthodox Church... is guilty of being and will be the One Catholic Apostolic Church, and every attempt, no matter what, is to throw the Church into the political struggle of being guilty of thrown out of judgment" (from Proloshennya) linden 1923 r.)
Patriarch Tikhon exclaimed the hatred of the representatives of the new government, as they gradually followed him. He was either withered or imprisoned under “house arrest” at the Moscow Don Monastery. The life of his Holiness was under threat for the entire hour: three times he took a step forward, but fearlessly went to the various churches of Moscow and beyond for the current divine services. The entire Patriarchate of St. Tikhon was a great feat of martyrdom. If the government gave me a proposal to leave the cordon for a permanent place of residence, Patriarch Tikhin said: “I’m not going anywhere, to suffer here together with all the people and to leave my clothes until the end.” All the times, in fact, he lived and died in the struggle and sorrow. The Holy Patriarch Tikhin died on February 25, 1925, at the Holy Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos, and with obeisances at the Moscow Don Monastery.

Petro(Polyansky, in the world Petro Fedorovich Polyansky) - bishop, metropolitan of Krutitsy, patriarchal minister from 1925 until the death of his death (late 1936).
Following the commandment of Patriarch Tikhon, Metropolitans Kirilo, Agafangel and Petro became the master of Mali. The remnants of Metropolitan Kirilo and Agathangel stayed with the appointed mistress, becoming Metropolitan Petro Krutitsky. As a self-seeker, we have given great help to those who are imprisoned and sent, especially to the clergy. Vladiko Petro decisively opposed the renovation. Endless battles and concentrations began. At the end of the 1925 birthday, he declared that the Church could not praise the revolution: “The social revolution will be based on fraternity, which the Church cannot recognize.”
Seeing himself as having taken on the title of patriarchal leader, he did not care about the threat of continuing his infatuation. In 1931, the family was inspired by the proposal of the Chekist Tuchkov to sign a subscription about spying with the authorities as an informer.
At the end of 1936, the patriarchate received devastating reports about the death of the patriarchal minister Peter, after which on 27 April 1936, Metropolitan Sergius assumed the title of patriarchal minister. In 1937, the fate of Metropolitan Peter was destroyed by a new criminal law. On June 2, 1937, the troika of the NKVS of the Chelyabinsk region was sentenced to execution. On the 10th of the 4th anniversary of the day he was shot. The place of burial becomes devoid of the unknown. Glorification of the New Martyrs and Confessors of the Russian Bishops' Council in 1997.

Sergiy(in the world Ivan Mikolayovich Stragorodsky) (1867-1944) - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Vidomy theologian and spiritual writer. Bishop from 1901 rock. After the death of the holy Patriarch Tikhon, he became the patriarchal minister and the actual primate of the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1927, the birth was important for the Church, and for all people it was time to rise to the level of the clergy and the laity with the envoys, in which the Orthodox faithful loyally placed themselves in the ranks of the rulers. The message evoked mixed assessments from both Russia and the emigrant community. In 1943, at the turning point of the Great German War, a decision was made to renew the patriarchate, and at the Local Council of St. Sergius he was elected Patriarch. Taking an active patriotic position, calling on all Orthodox Christians to spontaneously pray for victory, organizing the collection of funds to help the army.

Oleksiy I(Simansky Sergey Volodymyrovich) (1877-1970) - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Born in Moscow, graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University and the Moscow Theological Academy. The bishop served in Leningrad since 1913, during the hour of the Great German War, and in 1945 at the Local Assembly of the Patriarch.

Pimen(Izvekov Sergey Mikhailovich) (1910-1990) - Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia since 1971. Participant in the Great German War. For the confession of the Orthodox faith, re-examination is recognized. The two girls (before the war and after the war) will get married. Bishop from 1957 rock. Praises at the crypt (underground chapel) of the Assumption Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius.

Oleksiy II(Ridger Oleksiy Mikhailovich) (1929-2008) - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Having graduated from the Leningrad Theological Academy. Bishop since 1961, since 1986 - Metropolitan of Leningrad and Novgorod, 1990 at the Pomesnoy Council of Assembly of the Patriarch. Honorary member of many foreign academies.

Kirilo(Gundyaev Volodymyr Mikhailovich) (born 1946) - Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia. Having graduated from the Leningrad Theological Academy. Born in 1974 formerly appointed rector of the Leningrad Theological Academy and Seminary. Bishop from 1976 rock. Born in 1991 establishments with the rank of metropolitan. In 2009, the Patriarch consecrated the doom at the Pomesny Council.

Zmіst statі

PATRIARCHES OF THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH. At 1453 rub. The great Orthodox empire, Byzantium, fell under the blows of the Turks. The Muscovite kingdom, however, having lost a single independent Orthodox power, became the authority of a stronghold of the Orthodox faith. Once its power, the Church of Constantinople soon lost its power and fell into ruin. The rest of her authority in Moscow was supported by the Greeks’ commitment to the union with the Roman Catholic Church at the Council of Florence. cm. UNIA). Distrust of the Greeks and doubts among Russian Orthodoxy led to the fact that the Russian bishops decided in 1480 not to accept Greeks into the episcopal sees. The Russian bishops no longer traveled to Constantinople to receive the blessed patriarch for his elevation to the metropolitan rank and went to Moscow. In fact, the Russian Church has acquired independence again, because, in accordance with the canons of the ancient church, the real independence of the church, which the patriarch respects, is only possible due to the presence of the institution of the kingdom, a subsidiary of the priesthood. When in 1547 the Byzantine rite of crowning of Ivan IV followed the Byzantine rite, the remaining formal transition was abolished.

This idea came to fruition during the reign of Ivan IV’s son, Fyodor Ivanovich. In 1586, Patriarch Joachim of Antioch came to Moscow for royal mercy. Having quickly set aside the circumstances of his visit, the tsar declared to the Duma that he wanted to take over from Moscow “the new patriarchal throne.” Patriarch Joachim agreed to bring the king’s message to the attention of the Greek Church, so that at the hour of the sleep of the new patriarchy, the canonical rules would be completed, which would convey the fate of all similar patriarchs. In 1588, Patriarch Jeremiah of Constantinople arrived in Russia. The tsar realized that he had brought with him praise to the ecumenical council about the establishment of the patriarchate in the Russian state, the protest at the first audience revealed that the main goal of the visit was the withdrawal of penny assistance. It was then decided to solicit the patriarch from Moscow and to bless the establishment of the Moscow patriarchal throne. Jeremiah was appointed Patriarch of Russia, believing that he lived not for the sovereign in Moscow, but in ancient Volodymyr, and with such a rank the Russian metropolitan would lose the actual head of the church. As it was reported, Jeremiah encouraged such a humiliating proposition. You would also consider installing one of the Russian metropolitans as patriarch. Then the Greek was made aware that he would not be allowed to leave Moscow unless he compromised. 26 Sep 1589 r. Jeremiah called for the patriarchal throne of Metropolitan Job, whose candidacy was proposed to the Tsar by Boris Godunov. After this, the Greeks were released from Moscow, having been given rich gifts.

Two years later, Moscow issued a charter signed by three patriarchs, 42 metropolitans and 20 bishops, confirming the patriarchate in Russia. As further investigations showed, most of the signatures were correct. Obviously, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, focused on the material support of the Russian Tsar, hastened to confirm the act of the Moscow Council, in connection with which the signatures of the acting Patriarchs were signed archives, they did not understand, for these or other reasons, to sign the letter especially. From now on, the Moscow Patriarch will take the fifth place (after the Patriarch of Jerusalem) and will be appointed by the Council of Russian bishops. Tsar Fedir Ivanovich lost all dissatisfaction with the remaining situation and sent a letter to Constantinople, announcing the duties of the third place after the Constantinople and Alexandrian patriarchates. However, whose nutritional ecumenical council was lost and in 1593 r. having confirmed his decision about the fifth place of the Moscow Patriarch. All the signatures of the hierarchs on the charter of this cathedral are correct.

The death of the patriarchate became an important milestone in the history of the Russian Church. The reorganization of the Moscow metropolitanate into a patriarchate cemented the fact of the independence of the Russian Church in the norms of canon law and significantly contributed to the influx of the Russian Church into the international arena. From now on, the ritual of consecrating the rank of Patriarch of Moscow took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Protection of the Patriarch.

The order of post-offensive attacks. In the name of the Tsar and the funeral of the Patriarchal Throne, letters were sent to all major church hierarchs and abbots of the most important monasteries with information about the death of the saint and with requests to Moscow for the election of a new patriarch. The appointments all day long asked to appear before the Kremlin in the Golden Chamber, where the Tsar opened the cathedral. The Patriarch looked for help for the foal. The king named six candidates. The papers with their names were doused with wax in the presence of the king, sealed with the royal seal and carried to the church, where the bishops' council met. The foals were placed on the panagia (breast icon of the Mother of God, a sign of the episcopal rank) of the deceased patriarch and taken out through the dots, until they were deprived of the rest. This foal was handed over unbroken to the Tsarina, who opened it and called the name of the new patriarch.

During the liturgical service, the important patriarch took away the hymns of importance. At the hour of the local exits, they carried in front of him not only a cross, but also candles. When we entered the church, we dressed ourselves in the liturgical service in the middle of the church, and while we were at the church, sitting on the church seat and receiving communion to the bishops in our own hands. Another thing was the high priestly election. As a metropolitan, he wore a white hood, and the headdress of the patriarch was decorated with a cross and cherubs. The Patriarchal miter has a small cross on top. The patriarch was required to wear a colored mantle over the holy crown.

The introduction of the patriarchate in Russia was accompanied by reforms of the church structure, which meant the need to bring it into line with what was established in similar patriarchates. The Church was divided into metropolitan districts, which included several dioceses. All hierarchs in their dioceses were subordinate to and subordinate to the patriarch, as before the metropolitan.

Job (room 1607)

Having vigorously set about the finalization of the cathedral’s appointments, I was able to carry out all my decisions in life. The hour of Job's patriarchate is marked by the sleeping of many new church saints in honor of the Russian saints (Basil the Blessed, Cornily of Komelsky, Roman Vugletsky, Josip Volotsky, etc.). The patriarch worked hard to preserve Orthodoxy among the newly baptized Tatars, in Georgia, which was in the conquered lands of Siberia and Karelia. It doesn’t matter to those that he was actually Boris Godunov’s protégé and had been thinking about his succession to the throne for a long time, having already replaced Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich and was on the verge of giving tribute to you. After the death of the sovereign, the patriarch praised his life, glorifying the venerable gift of the king’s mercy. When the first False Dmitry appeared on the historical scene, Patriarch Job firmly spoke out against him. He anathematized him in his envoys, arguing that False Dmitry is none other than the vanquished miraculous monk Gritsko Otrep’ev. Having taken the Russian throne, the impostor revoked Job from the patriarchate and sent him to Staritsa. The procedure for removing Iov from his rank was based on the elevation of Metropolitan Philip to the throne by Ivan the Terrible. Yov died at Staritsa on the 19th of November 1607.

At 1605 rub. False Dmitry, unimportant to those who formally lost the head of the Russian Church, independently electing a new patriarch. He became Archbishop of Ryazan Ignatius, a Greek by birth, who, before arriving in Russia, occupied the episcopal see in Cyprus. He recognized False Dmitry as a prince and became loyal to Latinism (Catholicism). After the fall of the False Dmitry Ignatius, he was relieved of his rank and orders at the Miracle Monastery.

Hermogenes (1606–1612)

Metropolitan Hermogenes of Kazan was chosen as the new patriarch, who, after the False Dmitry, was a member of the Senate founded by the Tsar and the most recent proponent of his pro-Catholic politics. Undeterred by the fact that the new patriarch’s relationship with the boyar Tsar Vasily Shuisky had suddenly become discordant, Hermogenes supported him in every possible way as a crowned Tsar. In 1609, when the boyars, dissatisfied with Shuisky, gathered Hermogenes and at the frontal place pressed for the king to replace him, the patriarch stood up for Vasyl Shuisky. At the rocks of the Troubles, the patriarch lost one of the few government figures who had preserved loyalty to Orthodoxy and the national idea. When trying to bring Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne, Hermogenes was determined to accept Vladislav's Orthodox faith and protested against the entry of the Polish army to Moscow. From the Kremlin, he issued letters to Russian cities, in which he blessed the herds of the people's militia that were being formed there. The Poles put the patriarch under guard and imprisoned him in the Chudov Monastery, where he suffered a painful death due to hunger. Patriarch Hermogenes of sainthood. Div. HERMOGENES, ST.

Filaret (1619–1634)

After the death of Hermogenes (1612), for seven years, the Russian Church was left without a patriarch. In 1619, Metropolitan Philaret, the father of the newly elected Tsar Mikhail Romanov, turned away from the Polish people. Mikhailo called his father to the rank of patriarch. Patriarch Theophan IV of Jerusalem, while still in the capital, elevated him to the rank of Patriarch of Moscow. The suppression of Mikhail Romanov and the enthronement of the patriarch marked the renewal of Russian power. The power of the patriarch under Mikhail Romanov reached unprecedented heights, and during this period the close relationship between the tsar and the patriarch, bound by blood ties, most fully reflected the ideal manifestations of the “symphony” I have the kingdom and the priesthood. As the father of the Tsar and his de facto co-ruler, Filaret was called the “great sovereign” and took an active part in the right of the sovereign. From the Polish full, Philaret Vinis firmly spoke about the unacceptability of the union for the Russian Church and during the rocks of his patriarchate, he exerted forces in order to protect Russia from the recent religious influxes. At the same time, Filaret respectfully followed the development of theological literature in neighboring countries and approved plans for the creation of a Greek-Latin school and drukarny in Moscow. Worried about those whose power is not demarcated by him, he may be separated from the patriarchal rank and thus complicate the mutual attackers of the throne and the high priestly throne, having chosen himself as the attackers of the Pskov Archbishop Joasaph, with the head honor of which he bore the king. Div. Filaret.

Joasaph (1634–1640)

without occupying the table of the high station, which belonged to Patriarch Philaret, the father’s king, and bearing the title of great sovereign.

Josip (1640–1652)

After Yoasaph, Yosip took over the patriarchal chair. For the new Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich saw Pokladannya, directly on the reduced role of the church hierarchy and the patriarch in the government. The Patriarch accepted the document out of humility.

Nikon (1652–1666)

The patriarchate once again achieved great power for Patriarch Nikon. Nikon (from the birth of Mikita Minov), who was born in a rural homeland, having earned a career from a rural priest to the head of the Russian Church and “khan” and “fellow friend” of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich. From the beginning, Nikon identified the position of the royal and patriarchal powers in the fundamental order of national life as a combination of two equal forces. Trusting the Patriarch, the Tsar pressed the recognition of bishops and archimandrites into renewed scrutiny. The will of the patriarch was the final authority for all church authorities. The monastic order, which had previously demarcated the patriarch’s court power, was not applied to Oleksiy Mikhailovich. At the hour of the Polish-Lithuanian campaigns, Nikon lost the king’s protector. Before this, the most important documents had to be signed, in which, after the reign of the Tsar, the Patriarch was called, like Philaret, the Great Sovereign. Step by step, the young Tsar and the Patriarch began to talk about the fact that Nikon tried to place the Patriarch over the Tsar's ruler. The divisions led to Nikon having voluntarily deprived himself of the patriarchal throne, and they were confident that they would ask him to turn around. However, nothing happened. After a long period of doubt and confusion in 1666 r. The Council of Bishops, at which the Patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem were present, overthrew Nikon, who voluntarily left the department, and abolished his bishopric and priesthood. Oleksiy Mikhailovich himself came forward to accuse us at the council. Unprecedented in Russian history, the “sharing” of the patriarch with the tsar for the first place in power led to the fact that the policy of the sovereigns was directly aimed at exchanging the power of the high priest. Even the Council of 1666–1667 gave special respect to the mutual sovereignty and spiritual power. The cathedral praised that the king holds first place in the worldly right. During recessions, the patriarch was given the spiritual life of the state. The resolution of the Council that the Patriarch ceased to be the sole ruler of the church organization, rather than the first among the peer bishops, was dictated by the sharply negative positions of the bishops before Nikon tried to gain the special status of the Patriarch as a superior and no one has jurisdiction. Div. NICON.

Joasaph II (1667-1673).

At the end of the Council, a new patriarch was elected, the quiet and modest Joasaph II. From this moment on, the patriarchate begins to spend those values ​​on the powers that it had little before.

Pitirim (1673), Joakim (1673–1690), Adrian (1690–1700)

occupied the patriarchal throne after Joasaph II. These were the patriarchs who did not commit themselves to the state’s politics, wanting to preserve the privileges of the clergy, who were consistently attacked by the state’s power. Zokrema, Joakim tried to fulfill the monastic order. Patriarchs of the other half of the 17th century. There was no attempt to bring Russia closer to the West and they were trying to stop the growing influx of foreigners into Russian life and culture. However, the stench was no longer able to really resist the rule of the young Tsar Peter Oleksiyovich. At the beginning of his patriarchate, the remaining Patriarch Adrian corsted with the encouragement of the Tsar’s mother, Natalia Kirilivna, who was small, with her black hair, pouring out her son. After her death in 1694 the conflict between the patriarch and the king has become inevitable. The beginning of this open struggle was the forcible tonsure of Evdokia Lopukhina, the first squad of Pyotr Oleksiyovich, in the monk, and its culmination - the huge image of the king of the patriarch, who had previously appeared for intercessor for those convicted before the death of the shooters. Petro wickedly ousted the high priest, having received such a rank for a long time, calling the patriarch's sum for the condemned. Consistently pursuing a line in support of the authority and power of the church, in 1700 the king ordered the preparation of a new structure, which he felt was more privileged.

The conquest of the patriarchate.

After the death of Adrian, the tsar, by his own will, placed the Ryazan Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky in charge of the administration of the church with the title of Intercessor to the Patriarchal Throne, effectively ending the institution of the patriarchate. Petro, considering the church primarily as a government institution, then replaced the patriarch with the Spiritual College (Holy Synod of Order), transforming the church into one of the state departments, which were under the absolute control of the monarch. Right up to 1917, the Holy Synod was deprived of church property and government regulations in Russia. Div. JOAKIM.

Renewal of the patriarchate in Russia.

A new era in the history of the Russian patriarchate began in 1917. After the Lute Revolution, the Holy Synod returned to the archpastors and pastors of Russia with envoys, which said that in the sovereign harmony, what has changed “The Russian Orthodox Church cannot be lost under these orders, as " The main goal of the reorganization was to update the ancient form of church governance. The Local Council of 1917–1918 was called upon the Synod to renew the patriarchate. The cathedral opened at the Holy Dormition of the Virgin Mary and became the most disturbing thing in the history of the Russian Church.

Tikhin (1917–1925)

31 zhovtnya 1917 r. An election was held for three candidates for the patriarchal throne: Archbishop of Kharkov Anthony (Khrapovitsky), Archbishop of Novgorod Arseny (Stadnitsky) and Metropolitan of Moscow Tikhon (Belavin). On November 5, 1917, at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior after the Divine Liturgy and prayer service, Elder Alexy of Zosimievskaya deserted the foal, and the name of the new patriarch, who became Metropolitan Tikhin, was announced.

Similar to the church canons, the Local Council of 1917–1918 gave the patriarch the right to convene church councils and head over them, communicate with other autocephalous churches from the nutrition of church life, and talk about the future replacement of episcopal cafes others and to bring the guilty bishops before the church court. The Local Council also adopted a document on the legal status of the church in the system of the state. Prote Zhovtneva revolution of 1917. caused profound changes in the relations between the Church and the new atheistic power of the Rad. By the Decree of the People's Commissars, the church was strengthened as a state, which was regarded by the council as the beginning of persecution against the church.

Patriarch Tikhon took the holy see during an important period for the Russian Orthodox Church. The main focus of his activity was the quest of the nobles to establish relations between the church and the Bolshevik state. Tikhin stood up for the right of the church to be deprived of the One Catholic and Apostolic Church, declaring that it was not guilty of being neither “white” nor “red.” The most important document aimed at normalizing the formation of the Russian Church was Zvernennya Patriarch Tikhon on March 25, 1925, called on the flock to understand that “the shares of the peoples are determined by the Lord,” and to accept the coming of the Radian government as a manifestation of the will of God.

Regardless of all the efforts of the patriarch, an incredible amount of repression fell upon the church hierarchy and the faithful people. At the beginning of the Second World War, the church structure throughout the region was greatly reduced. After the death of Tikhon, there could be no word about the call to the cathedral to elect a new patriarch, the rest of the church remained in a permanent state, and most of the hierarchs were exiled and replaced.

Sergiy (built 1944)

According to the commandment of the saint, Metropolitan Petro (Polyansky) of Krutitsky took over the governance of the Church as the patriarchal minister. Then Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) of Nizhny Novgorod accepted this feat, calling himself the patron of the patriarchal intercessor. The official act of transferring the duties of the interim minister was issued only in 1936, when news of the death of Metropolitan Peter was received in 1937. In 1941, on the very first day of the war against fascist Germany, Metropolitan Sergius wrote a message to his flock, in which he blessed the believers to protect the Fatherland and called on everyone to help in the defense of the country. The insecurity that hung over the country prompted the Radyan power to change Stalin’s policy in favor of the church. Temples were reopened for worship, and many clergy, including bishops, were released from the camps. On April 4, 1943, Stalin received the patriarchal minister, Metropolitan Sergius, as well as metropolitans Alexy (Simansky) and Mikoli (Yarushevich). At the hour of the conversation, Metropolitan Sergius announced the need for the church to build a cathedral for the protection of the patriarch. The head of the order declared that there would be no crossing on his side. The Council of Bishops was held in Moscow on the 8th spring of 1943, and on the 12th spring the newly elected Patriarch Sergius was enthroned. Div. SERGY.

Alexy I (1945-1970)

The high priest of the Russian Church died in 1944. U 1945 r. The Moscow Cathedral appointed Metropolitan Alexy (Simansky) as Patriarch. At what council was it adopted Regulations on the governance of the Russian Orthodox Church, which residually legalized the institution of the church and put things in order between the church and the Radian state. During the time of the Patriarchate of Oleksiy, the relationship between the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) and other autocephalous churches was renewed, the long-standing activity of the Moscow Patriarchate was renewed, and during the period of his presidency an important period of new persecutions against the church under N.S. Khrushchov. Div. OLEXIY I.

Pimen (1970-1990)

After the death of Alexy (1970), Metropolitan Pimen of Krutitsky and Kolomna was elevated to the rank of patriarch. In the Patriarchate of Pimen in 1988, the holy day of the 1000th baptism of Russia was in the minds of the people. The purity dedicated to this cause arose of a national character and marked the dawn of a new era in the history of the Russian Church, when, after a long period of direct and indirect persecutions, there was hope for freedom. Div. PIMEN.

Alexy II (1990–2009)

3 1990 r. The primate of the Russian Orthodox Church was Patriarch Alexy II - the fifteenth patriarch from the beginning of the patriarchate, whose activity was aimed at reviving and appreciating the tradition of church life in the minds of the process of democratization of marriage that had begun. Div. OLEXY II.

Kirilo (2009)

In 2009 Following the decisions of the Land Council, the Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church elected Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad, the sixteenth Patriarch from the beginning of the Patriarchate, to the Patriarchal Throne.

Literature:

Russian Orthodox Church 988-1988. Draw history, VIP. 1–2. M., 1988
Skrinnikov R.G. Saints and Vlada. L., 1990
Orthodox Church history of Russia. M., 1991
Macarius, Metropolitan. History of the Russian Church. M., 1994 and sl.
Monastir. Encyclopedic guide. M., 2000