Literary vocabulary (book vocabulary) of English language is divided into galvanized and special. The highly-living book vocabulary is linked to literature (writing, oratory). It is not clear in a movable, usual manner: to commence, to implement, to eliminate.

Special book vocabulary includes poetisms, historicisms, archaisms, terms, foreign words, barbarisms, neologisms.

Poetism- a layer of special literary and book vocabulary, which has a functional-stylistic component in its semantic structure, which indicates the intermingling of the words with poetic contexts. This component is stable and has meanings in dictionaries for the additional afterword “poet”: foe, woe, billow, steed, charger, etc. , apparel, circumambient and other). The structural peculiarity of English poetisms is a group of words, which are structural (morphological and phonetic) variants of neutral units: list = listen; yesterday = yesterday; ye = you; morning ~ morning; e"er = ever.

Archaism- Words written with synonyms. The denotation was not known, having removed the other name: main-ocean.

Historicism- Words that signify new realities and concepts. The denotation is known, but the name is lost: frontier-cordon passing the colonists on the way in, falconet-light harmata.

Stylistic functions of old words : 1. Reflecting the color of the era, stylization: Nay - no. Methinks – I think. 2. Creation of a local tonality: I saw thee weep. Be hold her. 3. Terms of jurisprudence: Hereby I promise. Until then – Hereto. With this - Herewith. From whom

- Thereof. Hereinafter named

Termini- Names that are specific to any knowledge area or area of ​​activity. They can be used both in oral and in writing: assets, diode, loan. The main thing is unambiguity.

Foreign words– words and phrases formed from other languages ​​that do not recognize grammatical and phonetic assimilation (Fr: bonjour, tout le monde, peu de chose). Vikoristavuyutsya to create a local flavor (Come in, carino, all the light is gone). Sometimes these words are used to indicate a character’s nationality (“Mme Lamote found him and said…trés amical, trés gentl” (G. Galsworthy).

barbarism – Foreign words, when spoken, are fully assimilated by the English, and are perceived as foreign, as a violation of the internationally accepted international norm. In artistic literature, they use the method of mocking the character (“...what a distinguee girl she was...” (Thackeray); “...Bosinney was chic...” (Galsworthy).).

Neologisms- new words that stick in the memory of the generation that lives them. Over the years, novelty is lost, and it can become outdated and out of habit. They conform to the models known in the language: friendly-environmentally friendly.

Classification of neologisms:

1.vlasne neologisms, lexical (novelty of form + new meaning) computer-buyer

1. Semantic (old form, new instead) mafia - evokes the meaning of some kind of closed marriage; sophisticated - before “becoming sophisticated”, it’s wrong. - "sophisticated computer" -

progressive.

1. Transnomination - the novelty of the form is combined with the meanings already assigned in another form: big C-cancer, sudser (suds-milna)-soap opera.

Such words are meant to move in the original space.

The difference between the living, informal, and written (literary-bookish) type of language is greatest, at all stages of development, appearing in the vocabulary warehouse. The literary and bookish vocabulary of modern English is characterized by a significant number of words from Latin and French language (bookish language). Their semantic boundaries are significantly clearer, less synonymous with living language, and thus ensure a more precise expression of thought.

The contrast between literary and book vocabulary and informal vocabulary is often used to achieve the desired stylistic effect. So with the interviewed

O. Henry's "By Courier" presentation of the literary-bookish vocabulary of pink (significantly seasoned with non-literary forms of language and reinforced with figurative expressions) acquires a special stylistic function - to reinforce the importance of social The real heroes of the story:

"Tell her I am on my way to the tation, to leave for San Francisco, where I shall join that Alaska moose-hunting expedition. I believe it's to be."

"I want to do this yo yo", to start yogo color and tsukerki in the high cord for the jingle, pick up in "Frisco. no more black words nor come hangin" over de gate, and he takes dis mean (sending the boy to speak for him - I. R.) of putting yer wise. He says yer referred him like a has-been, and never give him no chance to kick at decision. He says yer swiped him, and never said why."

A similar example can be drawn from the song B. The show “Fanny’s First Play”, where the living romovna language is set to a strict, precise, literary and bookish language.

Dora: Oh I've let it out. Have I! (Contemplating Juggins approvingly as he places a chair for her between the table and the sideboard) But hes the right sort: I can see that. (Buttonholing him). You won't let on downstairs, old man, will you?

Juggins: The Family can rely on my absolute discretion.

Dora vikoristuys the words of the rozmovny ball of vocabulary. In Jagins' promotion, the choice of words is characterized by neutral and literary-bookish influences.

The axis of the example, in which the arrangement of formal words and literary-bookish ones is combined with other features of the two types of language, shows how the written language serves to clarify the expressed thought:

A grin twitched George's pallid lips.

"Make me a codicil. You"ll find paper in dressing-table drawer" .

words came with horse delight. “We are three strokes to young Val Dartie, because only Forsyte knows a horse from a fool.”

"What have you said?"

Soames read: "I can quickly contact my three racehorses to my horsemen Valerius Dartie, of Wansdon, Sussex, because you have special knowledge about horses."

(J. Galsworthy. The White Monkey)

Some literary-bookish words in modern English are clearly seen to have their own specific bookish-literary character. Such, for example, concord, harmony, dispute, auxiliary, opponent, volition, antagonism, calamity, partaking (por. to take part), exemption, susceptibility, morality, in agreement with, assiduity, alacrity, succour and others.

Book and literary vocabulary also requires a wealth of phraseological knowledge. For example, the following phraseological units are clearly bookish: to pass the Rubicon; with regard, virtue of, to lose an opportunity, to speak at great length, to lend assistance, to draw a lesson, responsibility rests with others.

There are a lot of words and phraseological units that belong to literary and book vocabulary, and can be used in a completely different way. The sight of whose stench never ceases, even in literary and bookish words. This is the penetration of literary and book vocabulary into the sphere of living language. As such penetration develops a systematic character, the literary and book vocabulary is progressively “neutralized.”

The extreme use of literary and bookish vocabulary in living everyday language is perceived as dissonance and is reflected in particular stylistic issues. (Div. language of Micawber, pointed to page 55)

FUNCTIONAL LITERARY-BOOK VOCABULARY

Functional literary and book vocabulary consists of heterogeneous groups of words that are separated by the service function that words carry in different styles of language.

Before them lie terms, barbarisms, poetisms, archaic words and literary neologisms. All these groups have developed their own specific stylistic characteristics in the process of adapting to different styles of promotion. Thus, terms that are important to be used in the style of scientific prose are called “scientific words” in English lexicology; Poeticism is the name given to what is most important to experience in poetry; barbarisms and archaisms also occur in the spheres of life and develop distinct stylistic functions.

Let's take a look at the peculiarities of these groups of English vocabulary.

Termini

In functional literary and book vocabulary, a significant place is occupied by the ball, which is referred to as the name of the term. Apparently, terms are words that signify concepts that are reappearing, associated with the development of science, technology and art. The terms mainly reduce emotional meaning, although in some cases they can induce emotional confusion in the text. On the other hand, the terms are characterized by monosemanticism. Due to its nature, the stench provides greater support to the process of growth with additional values.

The sphere of adaptation to the term is the style of scientific prose. Please remember that the terms do not belong to any promotional style. They are widely used in other styles of language, such as newspaper journalism, fiction, official business, etc. The meaning of terms in other styles of language varies from what they have in scientific literature. In the style of scientific prose, the terms are used to define the new concept, which is based on the results of research, experiments, etc.

The adoption of terms in other styles of language is associated with specific tasks of language. Thus, the medical terminology of Cronin’s novel “The Citadel”

Vikorist is created as a result of similar coloring and for other purposes. The terms in this novel can be divided into two groups - familiar terms, widely used and unknown terms. Before common terms there are such as cyst, typhoid, pneumonia. But for the general characteristics of the heroes, especially if there are a number of fakhivts, the author introduces unknown terms, the meanings of which are unconscious to the reader. These terms include nystagmys, abdominal, etc. The author explains unknown terms, but not again. Thus, the term abdominal becomes reasonable to the reader, because it can be related to the same illness as it was called cyst. Cronin explains the meaning of the word enteric with the word typhoid. Prote much more broadly, the author uses a vikoryst substitution of language terms, for example, beat knee, cut fingers, etc.

The artist’s work uses terms that give hidden statements about the facts of life, history, science, etc. activities as described by the artist. These terms are the result of logical, one-at-a-time evidence. The stench appears here only as a characteristic of the phenomenon and as one of the ways of creating an indispensable color. For example:

There's a trivial conversation - a trivial hour. His father came back to say it was doubtful whether they could make the loan. 8%, there will be a stink secured for money was a small rate of interest, considering its need. For ten per cent Mr. Kugel might make a call-loan. Frank went back to yogo pratsivnik, yogo commercial choler rose at the report.

(Th. Dreiser. The Financier.)

The words call-loan, loan and payment to secure for money, rate of interest and some of the most common financial terms. Each time, there is a semantic structure of the table of vision, which does not require any further explanation. Thus, the term call-loan is such a position that the obligation is repaid upon the first call; rate of interest and loan may be deterministic and carry a terminological function that is different from other financial terms.

Thus, just as terms in scientific prose have the broadest way of expressing scientific understanding and carry a scientific-cognitive function, then in artistic prose they carry a special function, stylistic. Some terms in artistic works are used as special characteristics of heroes. And here scientific and technical terms act as intellectual methods for indirectly describing the environment, setting, and interests of the characters in the work. It is important to note that the text is easy to read and understand, but it is not necessary to have a precise knowledge of the meaning of these terms. In some cases, the special terminology of direct characters creates a satirical effect rather than a personal portrait. For example:

"What a fool Rawdon Crawley has been," Clump replied, "to go and marry a governess! There was something about the girl, too."

"Green eyes, fair skin, pretty figure, famous frontal development" Squills remarked. (Our course - І. R.)

(W. M. Thackeray. Vanity Fair.)

The medical term frontal combined with the word development here creates a periphrastic turn with a euphemistic and satirical overtone.

We also know the use of scientific terms in the field of genetics in Galsworthy’s novel “The Man of Property,” about the young Jolyon, and the Forsyte family with the world of creatures, and the use of the words of the heated metaphor.

“I’m guilty of this,” young lad Jolyon, “to learn from the new: The vibrancy and vigor of the fort. This little animal, of advanced age, cunning with his own style, will be known in his rallies to show off the great production ( abo vi abo I) "Here editily disposed of myopia, he recognizes only people and habitats of his own species, among which he passes an existence of competitive tranquility?"

At this point, the appearance of terms in the satirical function echoes the metaphorical life of the word before the lecture.

p align="justify"> The main idea behind the stylistic use of terms is the clear identification of terminological meaning. In other words, the change of mind for the stylistic vicarious term is its uniformity.

be associated with one or more terminological series.

Apparently, in mastering the term and in its further part, there are two processes: a) the process of creating a new term from a formal vocabulary, Latin and Greek morphemes, and b) postural determinology, as well as visible from the very beginning of the process - the loss of terminological meaning , enriching with a bunch of similar meanings, exploiting the monolithic nature of its semantic structure. Thus, for example, it is clear that the words atmosphere (living atmosphere), the missing link (a zoological term introduced by Darwin to designate the species, transitional from human-like creatures to humans, which is also used to characterize people) were determined. Words such as telephone, radio, electricity have completely lost their terminological significance.

In the history of the development of the English language, apparently, maritime terms were already easily determined. This is connected with the specific history of the English people, which became an island people and a place where shipping and navigation took over the life of the English people. Some navigational terms have been determinologized to form part of the common phraseological fund of the English language.

The use of such determinological words and word combinations may have a stylistic effect at the same time as a violent renewal of the terminological barrage.

This article is dedicated to all readers. We have already carefully looked at the English word “ book” – how one is vikorist and in what one is vikorist. Ale sliv " book"ta" read"is clearly not enough for the vocabulary of a person who actively reads. So let’s take a deeper look at this topic: let’s look at the different genres of books, the main “bookish” terms, the synonyms of words toread, short phrases and expressions for describing books.

Describing books in English

With the advent of digital technologies, books began to be divided into two types: primarily paper, as they are called in English paperbackbooks , those e-books – digitalbooks or else E-books. Food about those books that are more beautiful, more enjoyable to read, more “helpful” and so on – one of the most important among reading lovers. Whenever you talk to a native English speaker about books, don’t be surprised at what they say to you: What type of books do you prefer reading?

Fiction or non-fiction - what vibrate ?

Books can also be divided into fiction and documentary: fiction and non-fiction . Following the analogy with these words, the following term has appeared in English language: lightfiction-“easier” to read. We already know about a dozen major book genres in fiction genres:
science fiction - sciencefiction ,
fantasy fantasy ,
detectives - detectivebooks ,
thrillery thrillers ,
satire satire .
Collections of stories and poetry are called anthologies - anthology .
In English language there is a special term for women's literature. chicklit: all the women's novels based on the book "Bridget Jones's Mischief"

Documentary literature can also be of different types: books on business and finance. Business & Financebooks , autobiography autobiography, cookery books cook-books, encyclopedia encyclopedias, dictionaries dictionaries .

Books can be read in different ways.

The main word is toread– describes the reading in a literal way, without specifying any details. You can add more words aloud or else toyourself- Read out loud or to yourself. Why do you want to say that you read the book thoroughly and then looked at it between the rows?

Axis of brown synonyms of the word to read :
to peruse or to scrutinize - read with respect,
before scan or skim (for further help / over)- Shvidko take a look,
to read through- Read to the end.
When reading, be careful to catch the words of the author's message - to read between the lines .

Even thick, vomiting books, which are difficult to read, are called English page-turner. As a rule, such books have unexpected turns - plottwists what destructive moments - tearjerkers. If you have already learned a lesson from a phrase from a book, you can fold a fold on this side - these are called sides in English dog-eared pages , because they are similar to wooha dogs.

/ Galperin A.I. "Drawings from the style of English language"

The difference between the living, informal, and written (literary-bookish) type of language is greatest, at all stages of development, appearing in the vocabulary warehouse. The literary and bookish vocabulary of modern English is characterized by a significant number of words from Latin and French language (bookish language). Their semantic boundaries are significantly clearer, less synonymous with living language, and thus ensure a more precise expression of thought.

The contrast between literary and book vocabulary and informal vocabulary is often used to achieve the desired stylistic effect. So with the interviewed

55

O. Henry "By Courier The presentation of common literary and book vocabulary (significantly seasoned with non-literary forms of language and reinforced with figurative expressions) acquires a special stylistic function - to reinforce the importance of the social formation and heroes of the story:

"Tell her I am on my way to the tation, to leave for San Francisco, where I shall join that Alaska moose-hunting expedition. I believe it's to be."

"Want bi to ti yo yo", to start yogo color and tsukerki in the high cord for the jingle, pick up in "Frisco. no more pink notes nor come hangin" over de garden gate, and he takes dis mean- I. R .)of putting yer wise. He says yer referred him like a has-been, and never give him no chance to kick at decision. He says yer swiped him, and never said why."

A similar butt can be made from B. Shaw's song. Fanny's First Play ", the living formal language is contrasted with strict, precise, literary and bookish language. Here the contrast is achieved through lexical means:

Dora: Oh I've let it out.Have I! (Contemplating Juggins approvingly as he places a chair for her between the table and the sideboard) But hes the right sort: I can see that. (Buttonholing him). You won't let on downstairs, old man, will you?

Juggins:The Family can rely on my absolute discretion.

Dora vikoristuys the words of the rozmovny ball of vocabulary. In Jagins' promotion, the choice of words is characterized by neutral and literary-bookish influences.

The axis of the example, in which the arrangement of formal words and literary-bookish ones is combined with other features of the two types of language, shows how the written language serves to clarify the expressed thought:

A grin twitched George's pallid lips.

"Make me a codicil. You"ll find paper in the dressing-table drawer". . .

56

words came with horse delight. “We are three steps away from young Val Dartie, because only Forsyte knows a horse from every horse.”

"What have you said?"

Soames read: "I can quickly contact my three racehorses to my horsemen Valerius Dartie, of Wansdon, Sussex, because you have special knowledge about horses."

(J. Galsworthy. The White Monkey )

Some literary-bookish words in modern English are clearly seen to have their own specific bookish-literary character. So, for example, concord, harmony, dispute, auxiliary, opponent, volition, antagonism, calamity, partaking(SR. to this extent), exemption, susceptibility, morosity, in agreement with, assiduity, alacrity, succour ta in.

Book and literary vocabulary also requires a wealth of phraseological knowledge. So, for example, obviously bookish - modern phraseological units: to pass the Rubicon; with regard, virtue of, to lose an opportunity, to speak at great length, to lend assistance, to draw a lesson, responsibility rests ta in.

There are a lot of words and phraseological units that belong to literary and book vocabulary, and can be used in a completely different way. The sight of whose stench never ceases, even in literary and bookish words. This is the penetration of literary and book vocabulary into the sphere of living language. As such penetration develops a systematic character, the literary and book vocabulary is progressively “neutralized.”

The extreme use of literary and bookish vocabulary in living everyday language is perceived as dissonance and is reflected in particular stylistic issues. (Div. language of Micawber, pointed to page 55)

A wide vocabulary - those that the English skin can bend, that it learns, and even the more you know, the more you can say. However, in addition to learning new words, you also need to correctly understand them among each other, formulate propositions from them and vikorize your promo. And all this wisdom will be taught to you by learning English vocabulary. Let us know about the 7 most popular textbooks for expanding your vocabulary and explain how to use them.

We have already compiled a detailed overview for our readers. With this, we wrote that these comprehensive aids help you develop all the basic English skills, as well as expand your vocabulary. Below we will write a number of reasons to take another book to increase your vocabulary as a universal companion. From this point of view, we will give you 7 useful vocabulary tips:

• English Vocabulary in Use
• Oxford Word Skills
• Test Your Vocabulary
• Keywords for Fluency
• 4000 Essential English Words
• Vocabulary in Practice
• Boost Your Vocabulary

The most needed supplementary guides for English vocabulary

Special aids to expand your vocabulary allow you to:

1. Write words effectively

Kozhen from the presentation of the assistants from the vocabulary of the English language of orientation of the development of new words in the context. You learn new vocabulary and learn how to practice it in practical terms, learn how it “practices” in natural language. This is the most productive and best way to replenish your vocabulary stock.

2. It’s easier to think your way through

Of course, knowledge of grammar and simple practice are obv'yakovі "stovpi", without which it is impossible to speak English fluently. However, for other equal minds, a good vocabulary will allow you to become more beautiful and wiser. In addition, if you are planning to store, sleep or emigrate, a large vocabulary will definitely make your life easier. Of course, the main guide provides a good supply of vocabulary for every level of knowledge, but if you want to develop your language in a more natural and varied way, you need helpers to replenish your vocabulary stock.

3. Learn language better by ear

Obviously, the more English words you know, the more you can understand. Therefore, we would like to show respect for such supporters to those who say that it is important to understand English language by ear. Often the reason for such unreasonableness lies in the fact that people have a limited vocabulary, so our brains burn with us an evil heat - we simply don’t feel all the unknown words.

4. Activate vocabulary

The great advantage of such companions is that they stink not so much on the new words they have learned, but on the practice of using different words in English language. You can hear how people say: “I already read English texts, but I think it’s really bad.” The whole point is that such students move widely so that they recognize a word if they sense it or sharpen the text. At the same time, their active reserve is very small, so they cannot vikorize all the words they need to know from their powerful promo. Handbooks for learning English vocabulary help solve this problem: it is always practical to have the right and constant repetition of a word to move from passive to active vocabulary.

5. Knowledge of English has reached the next level

On what level is it necessary to get this kind of help for getting started? The series of books includes handbooks for all levels of knowledge, so at any stage you can select good material for replenishing your vocabulary. Once you read the English language from the booklet, you can ask them to obtain additional material from a similar guide. If you are studying English on your own, make sure to regularly sign up with your chosen teacher.

English Vocabulary in Use

Pochatkovy	Middle	Middle stuck through	High

Vidavnitstvo

This handbook appears in the series "... in Use", like the famous handbook of Raymond Murphy English Grammar in Use, which we wrote about in the review "". Therefore, the format of these books is similar: each lesson unit takes up 1 spread. To the left is the theory, to the right is the practical right.

There are two ways to use this handyman. If your vocabulary reserve is scanty, it is best to go from the first lesson to the last and not miss anything. If you don’t have enough knowledge of the previous topics, you can choose and study them yourself.

The right to replenish your vocabulary in English Vocabulary in Use include choosing words, filling in missing words in a text, crossword puzzles, writing short texts, selecting words from a picture, placing words in groups behind some signs, selecting a value to Idioms and phrasals words, selection of synonyms then.

Features of the handyman

Once you begin to learn English on your own, this guide will be a great help to you. Finally, the guide has pointed out that everything is right, so you can check yourself.

An undeniable advantage of the companion is the clarity, at the end of the book, of the list of all the words that appear in the units. The words are written in alphabetical order, each of them is given a transcription, so you can immediately find out how the word is read correctly. In addition, the number of the page on which it is located is indicated, so if you want to find out how to correctly view it, just open the required page.

Oxford Word Skills

Pochatkovy	Middle	High

Vidavnitstvo: Oxford University Press (Great Britain).

The structure of the tool and the principle of working with it

In this series of British textbooks, to replenish the vocabulary stock, the required material is selected according to the following principle:

• Handbook Basic - for Elementary and Pre-Intermediate levels.
• Pos_bnik Intermediate – for the regions of Intermediate and Upper-Intermediate.
• Handbook Advanced - for the level of Advanced and Proficiency.

The skin book of this series contains 80 units. The lesson covers one to three pages, including those. Blocks of theoretical material are immediately supplemented with practical means of consolidating knowledge. All units are divided into group modules with 5 or 10 lessons. After completing the skin test with your teacher, you will be asked to take a test to check how well you have mastered the material from all the lessons you have completed.

When working with this assistant, you can go in order or choose the ones in which you have clearings. However, if you learn English on your own, the first option is better: this way you won’t miss anything important.

The tasks for replenishing your vocabulary stock are varied: insert missing letters, select synonyms, nutritional information, select a word, insert the missing word in a phrase, etc. Writing skills for training vocabulary in Oxford Word Skills include training for the development of speaking and listening.

Features of the handyman

The main feature of this tool is the presence of a voiced vocabulary, so you can hear what all the words you are learning sound like.

At the end of the day, the guide will give you all the information you need, and follow the tests that follow the skin module; this guide can also be recommended for self-medication.

Also, for the benefit of the beneficiary, there is a list of words in alphabetical order. Before each of them, a transcription is given and the page number is indicated, where you will find the right to this word.

Additional rights to this series of guides can be found on the website elt.oup.com. Go to the “Basic”, “Intermediate” or “Advanced” options, and you will have access to the right phone number.

Test Your Vocabulary

Pochatkovy	Below average	Middle	More than average	High

Vidavnitstvo: Pearson (Great Britain).

The structure of the tool and the principle of working with it

The content of the five books in the Test Your Vocabulary series consists of 60 units, which occupy 1-2 pages separately from those. These textbooks for learning English vocabulary are suitable for those who love to make different doughs. However, the books contain theoretical material, their explanations are short, and there appears to be little historical or grammatical evidence.

Regardless of the fact that this series contains books with vocabulary tests, this series is presented in a very interesting way. You can play different types of crossword puzzles, label pictures, combine words into word puzzles, select phrases for comic book characters, etc.

The authors recommend working with a friend in this way. In order to remember new words well, you need to return to them more than once, so you need to practice all the notes in the book. After checking, you can perform self-checking and remove all inputs. After 1-2 months, return to the lesson and try again. This way you will reinforce the vocabulary in your memory.

Features of the handyman

The main benefit of this series is a series of practical tests that help you quickly memorize new words and the specifics of their understanding. At the end of the skin guide, you will find test instructions and a list of words to follow in alphabetical order.

Key Words for Fluency

Below average	Middle	More than average

Vidavnitstvo: Heinle (UK/Scotland/USA).

The structure of the tool and the principle of working with it

Teachers of equals Pre-Intermediate and Intermediate this series contains 22 volumetric lessons, which are divided into several parts. The skin part is dedicated to one word. Before this word, you will be given about 10-20 variants of word combinations (collocations), so you will learn which words and vocabulary that you can “practice”. The Upper-Intermediate speaker does not follow the topics, but the same principle is laid down in the presentation of the material.

You can learn and memorize all these funny words while learning practical rights. The smells are of the same type, after their death you will learn, in some cases you will have a trace of the virus. In addition, there are a lot of phrases that have their own users, and in English they confirm that it is not always easy to remember which user needs to be corrected in one case or another. Therefore, having learned the expression thoroughly, you will remember well the usage that is familiar to a particular word.

Features of the handyman

This series of aids differs from time to time depending on the aids presented to us, because you are not reading new words, but new understandings. As the author of the series points out, knowing the main words is not enough for someone who learns English. To speak properly, you need to know how the words “speak” one by one, so that the connection with which words will smell. Knowing such expressions will allow you to speak in English more easily, as there are unique graces among the vikoristan words.

The student of the Pre-Intermediate level has passed the test after completing the skin group of lessons, the other two students have no such task for testing, but you can turn back to the lesson in about an hour and try to go through it again, then you will see that It was put in memory.

For example, there are instructions for all tasks, and a list of words in alphabetical order based on the designated pages that are shortened.

4000 Essential English Words

Riven: 1	Riven: 2	Riven: 3
Riven: 4	Riven: 5	Riven: 6

Vidavnitstvo: Compass Publishing (Great Britain).

The structure of the tool and the principle of working with it

All books in this series are suitable for people who start on the Intermediate level and more. 4000 words will just help you move on to the advanced level, and even such a vocabulary stock can be found in students at the Upper-Intermediate – Advanced level.

The 4000 Essential English Words series is made up of 30 units, each dedicated to 20 new words and their rules. In this way, after completing all 6 handbooks, you will know 3600 words from lessons + about 400 words from supplements, which are at the end of the handbook.

• Universal words. Before learning, we will introduce the words that are used in both formal and informal spelling. It doesn’t matter which English you read—sophisticated, technical or business English—you will definitely need these words.
• Words are often imbibed. This vocabulary is widely used in spoken and written language in various spheres of activity. You will often hear these words in articles, books, news and early studies.
• According to the assertions of the authors, the words assigned before learning cover approximately 90% of the vocabulary that is found in popular literature and contemporary fiction, and 80% of the vocabulary that is found in scientific articles and newspapers.

The lesson presents 20 new words, each of them is given the meaning in English language, transcription, part of the language is indicated, the butt of the proposition is indicated and the picture is daubed. After which you are instructed to work the right hand, and then read the text, which contains new words, and answers to the questions asked before.

Features of the handyman

If you like to read in English, then choose this series of English vocabulary guides. The presence of texts with followed words allows you to memorize the words not only by their names, as in other books, but by their context. The articles are easy to read, however, and the words from them are difficult to remember.

For example, there are additions, which also have a special word for them, and are presented as a visual dictionary. After the addendums, a list of words is provided in alphabetical order from the designated pages that can be found in the book.

The beneficiary does not have enough testimonials, so he or she should either study English with a notebook or add an additional book with testimonials.

And the best thing for lovers of modern methods of learning: 3 books from this series are available in the form of programs for Android. You can install the third, fourth or fifth part of the toolbox in the program for your gadget.

Vocabulary in Practice

Riven: 1	Riven: 2	Riven: 3
Riven: 4	Riven: 5	Riven: 6

Vidavnitstvo: Cambridge University Press (Great Britain).

The structure of the tool and the principle of working with it

The skin of the followers of this series consists of 30-40 units (in addition to the level). After 10 lessons, you will be asked to repeat the material and immediately test yourself for the next test.

• going from the first lesson to the last is an option that allows you to learn as much as possible;
• Skip lessons on topics for which you have a good vocabulary, and take lessons on topics you know. After completion, begin to undergo verification tests and, if necessary, repeat the same.

In practice, you can do a variety of things: you will need to select synonyms, insert missing words, solve crosswords, label objects in pictures, pick up phrases for dialogue, etc.

Features of the handyman

The peculiarity of this type is the emphasis on grammar. It should be noted that the servant was prompted by such a rank that everything will be clear to you without theoretical explanations. If your vinyl is screwed up, you can find explanations on the Internet. The point is not bad: if you know your own answers to your nutrition, you will remember the material well.

For example, the guide should confirm everything is right and carry out verification tests. There you will also find lists of words from transcription, divided by units.

Boost Your Vocabulary

Riven: 1	Riven: 2	Riven: 3	Riven: 4

Vidavnitstvo: Pearson Longman (Great Britain).

The structure of the tool and the principle of working with it

The Boost Your Vocabulary series consists of 4 types, following the following principle:

• first book - for Beginner-Elementary;
• another book - for Elementary;
• the third book is for Pre-Intermediate students;
• the fourth book is for the Intermediate level - Upper-Intermediate.

The textbooks include 12 unit lessons that occupy 6 pages. After skin testing of four units, you are advised to undergo a cross-check test. The author presents a diagram of how to work with him:

1. Go in order or choose a topic to click on.
2. The first two sides of the skin lesson are to create lists of words and expressions, which will be your powerful dictionary-adviser. I instruct you to write a translation using English words. If you are studying on your own, use an online dictionary to learn how to spell words correctly. Read them and try to remember them.
3. Learn practical rights without looking at the dictionary.
4. Turn it over to the right to look at the vocabulary you have compiled.
5. The rest of the time, turn your views around, viewing them from keys like a hand-held device.
6. After passing through four units, go through testing and turn to the unconscious ones for the needs.

The assistant does not have a theoretical adviser, but nevertheless he has a lot of practical rights. Here there is a problem with the appearance of tests, crossword puzzles, nutrition, choice of words, etc.

Features of the handyman

At the end of the manual, a confirmation is given to the task for self-verification. There you will find short vocabulary comments before each lesson. In units, you will add icons from the REF icon, which means that, according to the explanation, you will go to the adviser at the end of the assistant.

For those who want to keep track of their progress, there is a special page with Self assessment and progress check. Here you can see how things were easy for you and do not require repetition, but how much you need to review how much you knew before the lesson, how much after the new one, etc.

We wrote about this hour's revisions and our compilers' guides to English vocabulary. You can study all of them both for beginners and in lessons with a notebook. Learning new words from such companions will allow you not only to learn new words, but also to learn how to correctly use them in your language, which means that speaking English will become much easier for you.

Would you like your mentor to help you expand your vocabulary and speak English correctly? Try it.