Argon is a special element of the periodic system. Argon is a special element of the periodic system of atomic and molecular weight

In Greek translation, “argon” means “strong” or “inactive”. Such a design argon gas having rejected their inert authorities, which allows them to be widely used for commercial and everyday purposes.

Chemical element Ar

Ar- The 18th element of Mendelev’s periodic table, which is included in the noble inert gases. This substance is the third after N (nitrogen) and O (acid) in the Earth’s atmosphere. In the average minds, it is barren-free, not flammable, not toxic, without relish or smell.

Other powers of argon gas:

• atomic mass: 39.95;
• together with the surface: 0.9% obsyag and 1.3% mass;
• Thickness in normal minds: 1.78 kg/m³;
• boiling temperature: -186 °C.

To the little one the name of the chemical element and its power

This element was discovered by John Strutt and William Ramsay before the dawn of time. The diffusion of potency during various chemical tests has led people to believe that in the atmosphere, in addition to nitrogen and acidity, there is an inert important gas. The result is 1894 RUR. a statement was issued about the release of a chemical element, a portion of which per cubic meter of skin is 15 rubles.

How to extract argon

Ar is not subject to change at its vortex and always rotates into the atmosphere. That's why we've been respecting this for a long time now. Wine is obtained as a companion product by dividing the mixture into acid and nitrogen using low-temperature rectification.

To implement this method, special wind-disintegrating devices are installed, which are placed behind the columns of a high, low and condenser-evaporator. As a result of the rectification process (subsequently), argon with small amounts (3-10%) of nitrogen and acid is released. To clean the houses, they use additional chemical reactions. Current technologies allow the product to reach 99.99% purity.

Installations for the production of this chemical element have been established

Argon gas is stored and transported in steel cylinders (GOST 949-73), which have a dark gray color and a similar green color. In this case, the process of replenishing the capacity may fully comply with technological standards and safety rules. Detailed information about the specifics of filling gas cylinders can be read in the article: cylinders and brewing machines - technical features and operating rules.

De stagnation of argon gas

This element can reach the great sphere of stagnation. Below are the main areas of your wiki:

1. filling the internal empty parts of frying lamps and glass packages;
2. Visnennaya vologi and kisnu for dry preservation of grub products;
3. the fire is extinguished in the fire-extinguishing systems;
4. the food becomes dry during the cooking process;
5. plasma-curing gas for plasma cooking and cutting.

In the brewing industry, the wines become stagnant as a dry center during the welding of rare metals (niobium, titanium, zirconium) and their alloys, alloyed steels of various grades, as well as aluminum, magnesium and chromium-nickel alloys. For ferrous metals, as a rule, Ar combines with other gases - helium, acid, carbonic acid and water.

Type of dry substance in the cooking process, which is created by argon

Foreign approaches during operation

This chemical element does not cause any harm to the human body, but in high concentrations it can have a suffocating effect on people. It often accumulates in the area of ​​​​substances in areas that are not sufficiently ventilated, and if significantly altered, acidity can lead to loss of fluidity and lead to fatal results. It is important to monitor the concentration of acid in a closed room, as it is not necessary to fall below 19%.

A rare case of frostbite on the skin and damage to the mucous membrane of the eyes, so in the process of work, carefully remove special clothing and dry eyepieces. When operating in an atmosphere of this gas to prevent suffocation, it is necessary to seal the insulating sour device or hose gas mask.

The history of the discovery of argon begins in 1785, when the English physicist and chemist Henry Cavendish began to discover that all nitrogen was oxidized.

By stretching out a large number of strong veins, adding an electric discharge, the mixture mixed with acid in U-like tubes, as a result of which new portions of brown nitrogen oxides were created in them, as the precursor periodically released in the meadow. After about an hour, the oxides were dissolved, but after the sourness had been formed, it had lost its gaseous fumes, which did not change with the enormous influx of electrical discharges in the presence of sourness. Cavendish estimated the amount of gas lost at 1/120 of the cob volume of the wind. Cavendish was unable to solve the riddle of the mikhur, so he relied on his investigation and did not publish any results. Through many fates, the English physicist James Maxwell collected and published Cavendish's unprecedented manuscripts and laboratory notes.

The further history of the discovery of argon is connected with the work of Rayleigh, who dedicated a number of years to research on the desiccation of gases, especially nitrogen. It turned out that a liter of nitrogen, removed from the air, is worth more than a liter of “chemical” nitrogen (trimmed off by distributing any nitrous substance, for example, nitrous oxide, nitrous oxide, ammonia, nitrate or saltpeter) by 1.6 mg ( vaga pershego bula the previous one is 1.2521, and the other is 1.2505). This difference was not so small that it could be brought to the pardon before the day. Before that, it was constantly repeated regardless of the removal of chemical nitrogen.

Without any clues, in the spring of 1892, Rayleigh published a sheet in the journal “Nature”, with the aim of explaining the fact that it is necessary to remove different values ​​of strength from the method of seeing nitrogen in wines. The sheet has been read by many people, but no one has been able to confirm that it was placed in the new food.

The English chemist William Ramsay, who had already arrived at that time, also did not produce a ready-made version, but rather propagated his invention to Rayleigh. Intuition prompted Ramsay to admit that nitrogen would again take revenge on the houses of an unknown and important gas, and Dewar, using Rayleigh’s respect for a description of the old Cavendish traces (which had already been published at that time).

Trying to see the warehouse part from the outside, the skin of the past walks with its path. Rayleigh repeated Cavendish's findings on a larger scale and on a higher technical level. A transformer with a voltage of 6000 volts supplied a 50-liter unit, filled with nitrogen, and a burst of electrical sparks. A special turbine created a fountain of breeze in the chime of the meadow, which clayed nitrogen oxides and a house of carbonic acid. Relay, having lost it, dried it, and passed it through a porcelain tube with heated copper thyrsos, which will remove the excess sourness. It's been a long time since many days.

Ramsay quickly opened the door with heated metal magnesium to remove nitrogen, dissolving solid magnesium nitride. By passing a lot of liters of nitrogen through the collection device. After 10 days, the gas stopped changing, and then all the nitrogen appeared bound. At the same time, the path connected with the honey and there was a lot of sourness, which was like a home for nitrogen. In this way, Ramsay was able to see nearly 100 cm of new gas as soon as the first day.

Well, a new element was discovered. It became clear that nitrogen is important once again and becomes 1/80 of the volume of the air. Ramsay, with the help of acoustic vimirs, discovered that the molecule of a new gas consists of one atom - to which similar gases did not converge in a stable state. The stars have taken on an even more important note - since the molecule is monoatomic, then, obviously, the new gas is not a complex chemical compound, but a simple speech.

Ramsay and Relay spent a lot of time studying their reactionary ability to deal with a lot of chemically active substances. Already, as soon as the trace was cleared, the conclusion was reached: its gas is completely ineffective. It was all timid—until that time there had been no noticeable layer of inert speech.

A great role is played by the introduction of new gas through spectral analysis. The spectrum of the gas seen from the surface with its characteristic orange, blue and green lines sharply differs from the spectra of the exhaust gases. William Crookes, one of the most important spectroscopists of that time, recorded at least 200 lines in his spectrum. Due to the development of spectral analysis at that time, it was not possible to determine whether one or several elements contained a spectrum that must be avoided. Through several fates it became clear that Ramsay and Rayleigh were holding in the hands of not just one stranger, but a whole galaxy of inert gases.

On September 7, 1894, in Oxford, at a meeting of the British Association of Physicists, Chemists and Explorers of Nature, information was given about the discovery of a new element, called argon. In its proof, Relay has hardened, and in a cubic meter of skin there is approximately 15 g of open gas (1.288 vol.%). It is an incredible fact that several generations of scientists have not noted the warehouse parts of the world, and there are still hundreds of them! Today, dozens of researchers of nature from various countries have verified the findings of Ramsay and Rayleigh. There was no doubt: argon would be used again.

Ten years later, in 1904, Rayleigh received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the density of the most expansive gases and the discovery of argon, and Ramsay received the Nobel Prize for the discovery of various inert gases in the atmosphere. ivska prize in chemistry.

Mostly zastosuvannya

Kharchova galuz

In controlled environments, argon can be used as a substitute for nitrogen in many processes. High levels of nitrogen content (twice as high as nitrogen content) and strong molecular characteristics ensure its special power in preserving vegetables. For the best minds, it is best to enhance metabolic reactions and significantly speed up gas exchange.

Virobnitstvo skla, cement and vapna

When used to fill fences with double glazes, argon will provide miraculous thermal insulation.

Metallurgy

Argon is used to promote contact and further interaction between the molten metal and the extra atmosphere.

The use of argon makes it possible to optimize such industrial processes as mixing molten resins, purging reactor trays to advance the re-oxidation of steel, and the processing of thin-solidified steel in vacuum degassers, including vacuum-oxygen decarburization, oxidation al-drying processes and open-drying processes. However, argon is most popular in the processes of argon-oxygen decarburization of unrefined high-chromium steel, allowing the oxidation of chromium to be minimized.

Laboratory investigations and analyzes

In pure form, when combined with other gases, argon is used for industrial and medical analysis and testing within the framework of acidity control.

Zokrema, argon is the main function of gas plasma in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry, gas cushion in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) and gas carryover in gas chromatograph and from various gas analyzers.

When combined with methane, argon is vicorized in Geiger dispensers and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) detectors, which does not serve the function of the gas to extinguish.

Cooking, carving and coating

Argon is vikorized as a dry medium in the processes of arc welding, when injecting a dry gas, and during plasma cutting.

Argon precedes the oxidation of welded seams and allows for the rapid release of liquid that is lost during the welding process.

Electronics

Pure argon serves as a carrier gas for chemically active molecules, as well as an inert gas for the protection of conductors from external sources (for example, argon provides the necessary medium for the growth of silicone and germanium crystals).

In the ion station, argon is recovered in the processes of metallization, filing, ion implantation, normalization and etching during the production of conductors and highly efficient production of materials.

Automobile and transport galuz

Packing argon seals is used to fill airbags in cars.

VIZNACHENNYA

Argon- The eighteenth element of the periodic table. Designation – Ar from the Latin “argon”. Rotations in the third period, VIIIA group. Add to the group of noble (inert) gases. The core charge is up to 18.

The most abundant element of group VIIIA in nature. Substituted with argon 0.932% (vol.), 1.28% (wt).

It is a barren-free gas. It disintegrates poorly in water (the disintegration decreases in the presence of strong electrolytes), or, more accurately, in organic liquids. Converts clathrate to the warehouse 8Ar×46Н 2 Pro. Does not react with other speeches (simple and complex).

Atomic and molecular mass of argon

VIZNACHENNYA

Molecular mass of rhizome (Mr)- this is a number that shows how many times the mass of a given molecule is greater than 1/12 the mass of a carbon atom, and atomic weight of the element(A r) - how many times does the average mass of atoms of a chemical element exceed 1/12 the mass of a carbon atom?

Argon fragments are formed as monatomic Ar molecules, the values ​​of which atomic and molecular mass are equal. The stinks become more expensive 39,948.

Argon isotopes

It appears that in nature argon can be found in three stable isotopes: 36 Ar (0.337%), 38 Ar (0.063%) and 40 Ar (99.6%). Their mass numbers will reach 36, 38 and 40 consistently. The nucleus of an atom to the argon isotope 36 Ar contains eighteen protons and eighteen neutrons, and the isotopes 38 Ar and 40 Ar have the same number of protons, twenty and twenty-two neutrons/a.

There are individual isotopes of argon with mass numbers ranging from 32 to 55, among which the most stable is 39 Ar with a period of rapid decline equal to 269 rocks.

ion to argon

Like helium and neon, due to the strong excitation of atoms, argon creates molecular ions of the Ar 2 + type.

Molecule and atom to argon

In the real world, argon is a monatomic Ar molecule.

Apply to solving problems

BUTT 1

We all know that argon is used for welding all kinds of metals, without even thinking about what this chemical element is. And at this time there is a lot of history on the horizon. What is characteristic is that argon is the only copy of Mendelev’s periodic table, which has no analogues. The teachings themselves marveled at their time, as they were about to come here.

In the atmosphere there is approximately 0.9% of this gas. Like nitrogen, it has a neutral character without color or odor. It is not suitable for stimulating life, but is simply indispensable in many areas of human activity.

A short excursion into history

This was first revealed by the English physicist G. Cavendish, who noted the presence in the world of something new, resistant to chemical infusion. Unfortunately, Cavendish never recognized the nature of the new gas. A little more than a hundred years later, noting and another day - John William Strat. It turns out that in nitrogen from the air there is a house of gas of unknown origin, but argon is purer, but we still can’t understand.

In this case, the gas does not react with various metals, chlorine, acids, and compounds. So from a chemical point of view there is an inert character. Another surprise was the discovery that the molecule of the new gas contains only one atom. And at that time, such gas was no longer available.

Public information about the new gas shocked the rich people around the world - how could it be possible to see the new gas in the world despite the rich scientific research and evidence?! But they didn’t believe everything, including Mendelev. Judging by the atomic mass of the new gas (39.9), it may vary between potassium (39.1) and calcium (40.1), otherwise the position has already been taken.

As you already guessed, argon has a rich detective story. They forgot it for an hour, but after the release of helium the new gas was officially discovered. It was decided to introduce a zero position for this new area, divided between halogens and base metals.

Powerful

Among other inert gases that enter into an important group, argon is the most important. Yogo masa overwhelms the air 1.38 times. It is rare for gas to pass at a temperature of -185.9 °C, and at -189.4 °W it is harder for a normal vice.

In helium and neon, argon is reduced so that it dissolves in water - at a temperature of 20 degrees at a volume of 3.3 ml in one hundred grams of liquid. However, in a number of organic sources, gas is released more quickly. The influx of electric current disturbs its light, which is why it becomes widely stuck in the lightening installation.

Biologists have discovered another source of power, like argon. This is a middle ground of its kind, a miraculous growth that can be felt, which is brought to light by investigations. Thus, while there was gas in the atmosphere, rice, corn, and orgi were planted and the crops produced their fruits. In a different atmosphere, where 98% is argon and 2% is sour, vegetables such as carrots, lettuce and cybula grow well.

What is especially characteristic is that instead of gas in the earth’s crust there are many more lower elements that are in its group. Yogo zazkovy content – ​​0.04 g per ton. In 14 cases the concentration is greater than helium, and in 57 times it is in neon. What is there to worry about so much of the Universe, there is even more of it, especially on different stars and in nebulae. Because of these things, there is more argon in the vastness of space, less chlorine, phosphorus, calcium and potassium, which are abundant on the Earth.

Obsession with gas

That argon in the cylinders, where it is more often sharp, is an inexhaustible dzherel. Until then, at some point, it turns into the atmosphere through those that, when vicorized, do not change on the physical or chemical plane. The culprit may be the loss of a small amount of isotopes to argon to extract new isotopes and elements during nuclear reactions.

At the production site, the gas is removed by pouring it into sour and nitrogen. As a result, gas is popularized as a by-product. For this purpose, the company has a special industrial facility for yard-gas rectification with two high- and low-pressure columns and an intermediate condenser-evaporator. In addition, argon can be used to obtain argon from the output of ammonia production.

Galuz zastosuvannya

The sphere exposed to argon contains a number of areas:

• food industry;
• metallurgy;
• scientific research and research;
• cooking robots;
• electronics;
• automotive industry.

This neutral gas is located in the middle of the electric arms, which enhances the vaporization of the tungsten spiral in the middle. The current government is widely dissatisfied with the reasons for this gas-cooking apparatus. Argon allows you to reliably connect parts made of aluminum and duralumin.

Widely expanding gas bubbles under a dry, dry and inert atmosphere. This is necessary for thermal processing of such metals, which are easily susceptible to oxidation. An argon atmosphere is good for the growth of crystals from removing conductor elements and cleaning materials.

Advantages and shortcomings of boiling with argon

When the area is boiled, argon gives great benefits. First of all, metal parts do not heat up so much during welding. This allows deformation to occur. Before other challenges lie:

• reliable protection of welded seam;
• fluidity is an order of magnitude;
• the process is easy to control;
• The welding process can be either mechanical or completely switched to automatic mode;
• ability to cut parts from different metals.

At the same time, the brewing argon is in high demand and at low cost:

• when boiled, ultraviolet exposure occurs;
• for a high-ampere arc, acid cooling is required;
• The robot is foldable in the open air or on the stretch.

Due to the obviousness of such advantages, it is important to underestimate the significance of argon welding.

Foreign calls

When using argon, be careful. If you want a non-toxic gas, you can release it to the poison, replacing the sourness or poisoning with it. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the O2 level in the world (not less than 19%) using special devices, manual or automatic.

Working with rare gas requires extreme caution; low temperature argon can cause severe frostbite and damage to the eye membrane. It is necessary to wear eyepieces and special clothing. Persons who need to carry out work in an argon atmosphere must wear gas masks or other insulating tarnish equipment.

Discovery history:

The first contribution to the discovery of argon was made by the English physicist and chemist Henry Cavendish. In 1785, due to the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen by acid under the influence of an electric discharge, it was discovered that a small amount of gas was lost that was not oxidized. However, we do not know any explanation for this fact. In 1892, the English physicist J. Rayleigh discovered a small (only 0.13%) excess of the density of nitrogen, which is visible from the outside, above the density of nitrogen, possessed by a chemical solution. The English physicist W. Ramsay admitted that the cause of this could be the release of an as yet unknown important gas and suggested seeing it. Yom and J. Rayleigh in 1894 managed to see this gas and, by spectral analysis, determine the value of the new chemical element. Further investigations showed the renewed chemical inertness of this speech. Due to its chemical inertness (and it is the first of the closed inert gases), a new element and having rejected its name Argon (Greek argos - inactive, linear).

Significance in nature and extraction:

In the atmospheric air there is 0.93% argon in the atmosphere (9.34 liters in 1 m 3), whose reserves in the atmosphere are estimated at 4 10 14 tons. Among other isotopes, argon-40 prevails, which is gradually created during the nuclear reaction ii (electronic buried") from natural potassium isotope: 40 K + e = 40 Ar + n e
In industry, argon is removed as a by-product with a large-scale distribution of oxygen and nitrogen. At a temperature of -185.9°C, argon condenses, -189.4°C - crystallizes.

Physical power:

Bare-free, odorless gas. The boiling point of argon (under normal pressure) is –185.9°C, the melting point is –189.4°C. The density for normal minds is 1.784 kg/m3. 100 ml of water at 20°C is equivalent to 3.3 ml of argon. In some organic liquids, argon breaks down much faster than in water. When an electric discharge is passed through a flask filled with argon, a blue-black glow is observed.

Chemical authorities:

Argon is chemically inert and does not work for the most extraordinary minds of chemicals. However, the abundance of compounds between molecules of which there are aqueous bonds (water, phenol, hydroquinone and others) eliminates inclusions (clathrates), and the argon atom, as a kind of “guest”, is empty, created in a crystalline state solved by molecules speech-gospodars.
At extremely low temperatures, spectral methods have detected the formation of certain superunstable molecules that react with argon.
A study has been established about eximer molecules, including argon. At the transitions of these molecules from the metastable state, laser vibration is not generated.

The most important parts:

Clathrate Ar*6H 2 O- connection switching on, unfolding temperature Ar · 6H2O at 101325 Pa 42.0°C.

Argon hydrofluoride HArF- first opened, and still only published for 2013. chemically similar to argon with an electrically neutral molecule. When UV-treated, use argon and water fluoride at 8K. Unstable and disintegrates already at 17 K hydrogen fluoride and argon.

CU(Ar)O- the approval of such a connection for 3 K is transferred to the spectral data platform. In this molecule, uranium is bound to three other atoms - carbon, argon and acid.

Zastosuvannya:

Argon is widely used to create an inert and dry atmosphere, especially during thermal processing of metals that are easily oxidized (argon melting, argon welding, etc.). In an argon atmosphere, crystals of conductors and a variety of other clean materials are removed. Argon often fills light bulbs (to enhance the vaporization of tungsten in the spirals). This power is used in an argon boiled tank, which allows the joining of aluminum and aluminum parts.

Argon (combined with neon and mercury vapor) is used to fill gas-discharge tubes (blue-black light), which is advertised in advertising, to glow. Argon is also used in argon lasers.

Geochronology has a significant correlation of isotopes 40 Ar/ 40 before installing the age of minerals.

Mavlyanova N.Kh., Zhudin S.M.
TyumDU, 501 group, 2013

Dzherela:
Argon /WebElements.narod.ru/ URL: http://webelements.narod.ru/elements/Ar.htm (production date: 07/8/13).
Argon (element) // Wikipedia. URL: http://ua.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon (production date: 07/8/2013).