Voronezh region. Background information about the Voronezh region. General characteristics of the Voronezh region Monasteries and temples

Preview:

Brief description of the Voronezh region

1.Name - Voronezh region

2.Location on the map Voronezh region borders with Tambov, Saratov, Volgograd, Rostov, Belgorod, Kursk and Lipetsk regions, as well as with Ukraine.Area area is 52.4 thousand km². The population in 2013 is 2,330,377 people. Administrative center -voronezh city .

3.Nature of the Voronezh regionVoronezh region is located in the central part of the East European Plain... In the west of the region is the southern part of the Central Russian Upland, with heights of 220-260 m. The main river of the region is the Don. ...Voronezh region climate - moderate continental. Located in the forest-steppe and steppe zones... The soils of the Voronezh region are mainly black earth. Natural vegetation is almost completely replaced by fields. Small parts of the steppes have survived in protected areas. Forests occupy 8.3% of the region's territory. These are pine, oak, oak-pine forests, alder and aspen forests.In the Voronezh region live: foxes, hares, wolves, beavers, ferrets, wild boars, roe deer, sika deer and other mammals. Rare birds: steppe eagle, bustard, golden eagle.
There are 172 protected natural areas in the region. The largest of them are Khopersky and Voronezh reserves. The wildlife of the Voronezh region needs universal care and respect.

4. Features of the economyand The Voronezh region, possessing natural chernozems that occupy 75% of its area, is a major producer of agricultural products and a supplier of food for the industrial regions of Russia: the cultivation of cereals (barley, wheat, rye) and industrial (sunflower, sugar beet) crops. The industry is represented by machine-building and machine-processing enterprises (Machine-Tool Plant; Voronezhselmash), radio electronics (Elektronika Plant), the production of Airbus aircraft, mining equipment, bridge structures and much more.

5. Ecology of Voronezh and environmental problems of the Voronezh regionDirectly in Voronezh, the main contribution to air pollution is made by vehicles and enterprises of the fuel and energy complex. The main pollutants of the Don River are organic matter, phosphates, nitrogen, iron, copper compounds and oil products. The Voronezh reservoir remains the most polluted. Air pollution by exhaust gases from cars is the most important environmental problem for the Voronezh region. There are 42 enterprises discharging waste water into surface water bodies.The main problems in the region are waste storage issues, violations are allowed in the field of forest management. The development of nickel rocks in the Novokhopersk region has become a big ecological problem, which threatens an ecological catastrophe not only for ours, but also for other regions. The destruction of rare animals and plants is also a problem for our region.

6.Protection of the environment. Measures are being taken to protect water bodies, reconstruction, overhaul and construction of new treatment facilities, repair and cleaning of filtration fields; construction of industrial storm sewers; clearing riverbeds and reservoirs. Restoring the number of rare plants and animals, listing endangered species in the Red Data Book, restoring forests, rallies and protests to prevent the development of nickel deposits.

In the vastness of the Russian Plain, there is a picturesque land - the Voronezh region. The temperate continental climate prevailing in these parts allows not only to enjoy the summer heat, but also to admire the snow-covered steppes of the region, extending beyond the horizon. These steppes are mainly covered with impenetrable thickets of bushes. Thorn, wolfberry and steppe cherry entangle the traveler with their powerful nets, through which not every daring explorer can make his way.

The flora of the Voronezh region

The territory of the Voronezh region is almost equally divided by two natural zones. The presence of certain plants is determined by which zone we are considering, steppe or forest-steppe. Most of the territories are occupied by the forest-steppe zone. Once upon a time, in time immemorial, a person did not have such a wide range of possibilities to change the world around him as it happens now.

About 250 years ago, forests occupied half of the entire territory of the region. Nowadays, the area of \u200b\u200bforests is only 8 percent of the total area. Forests are mostly represented by large forests. These are mainly oak forests, which occupy almost half of the area of \u200b\u200ball regional forests. Most of all in oak forests grow such trees as English oak and small-leaved linden.

Even in ancient oak forests, there are Norway maples, common ash and two types of elms - smooth and rough. The rest of the forest-steppe zone is occupied by pine forests, covering about 24 percent of the total forest area, as well as artificial plantations, which occupy 30 percent of the area. Pine forests usually contain admixtures of birch, aspen and oak. Sometimes there are black alder and poplar groves. A plant of the steppe zone, it is most often feather grass, in addition, there are forb areas. Swampy areas are represented by sedge, reed, and cranberries. There are also herbs such as cattail and reeds. Sphagnum mosses are very common.

Fauna of the Voronezh region

Zoogeographic zones of the region, as in the case of vegetation, are subdivided into steppe and forest-steppe. The fauna numbers about 70 species of mammals. Squirrels, hedgehogs, foxes, as well as raccoons, deer and wild boars are found in the forest zone. In meadow and bog natural complexes, you can find muskrats and beavers. It is especially worth highlighting the fact that this complex is inhabited by the desman, whose population is on the verge of extinction and is listed in the Red Book.

The Voronezh region is home to about 290 bird species. In the forests, these are crows, jays, orioles. Other birds include the woodpecker, cuckoo and owl. On meadow and marsh lands, ducks, gray herons, waders and corncrake are quite common. There are also birds listed in the Red Book of Russia, for example, the bustard, white-tailed eagle and golden eagle. There are about 10 species of amphibians in the region. The forests are home to green toads, forest frogs, and garlic. Newts and frogs are found in meadows and bog zones. Reptiles are also present in the Voronezh region.

Forest zones abound with lizards and vipers, and common snakes live in the forests. Swamp turtles live in meadow and bog areas. As you can see from this impressive list, the fauna of the Voronezh region is rich and diverse. And once, in ancient times, the territory of the region was inhabited even by mammoths and woolly rhinos, the remains of which are still found by archaeologists.

Climate in the Voronezh region

The seasons in the region are characterized by extremely distinct seasons, which is typical for a temperate continental climate.

Spring

Spring lasts only 2 months in the Voronezh region. It begins with a rise in the average daily temperature above 0 ° C. The April daily average temperature ranges from + 5 ° C to + 10 ° C. There is very little rainfall in spring, only about 22 percent of the average annual values.

Summer

Summer begins immediately after the average daily temperature reaches + 15 ° С. This time of the year lasts up to 4 months. Average temperatures in July are around + 19.6 ° C - + 21.8 ° C. The highest temperature recorded in the region is + 43 ° С.

Fall

At the beginning of September, summer gives way to autumn, which lasts 67 days. When this cloudy time comes, the average daily temperature gradually decreases from + 15 ° С to 0 degrees. Very often in the autumn, the steppe and forests are shrouded in fog. 85 percent - the relative humidity can rise to such levels.

Winter

Winter lasts for 5 months in the region. The temperature in the coldest month of December drops to -5 ° C, -8 degrees. Sometimes frosts reach unprecedented values, up to -31 ° C. It is good that such low temperatures are recorded every 3-4 years, however, the absolute minimum is -42 ° C. Although, such a temperature is extremely unlikely, only in 5 percent of cases the thermometer can drop to such indicators.

On the territory of the Voronezh region, three large orographic elements are clearly distinguished: the Central Russian Upland, the Kalach Upland, and the Oka-Don Plain. These landforms have come a long way of development, and the features of their surface largely depend on the geological structure, tectonic regime and processes of relief formation in the past and present. Both internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) forces take part in the development of the relief of any territory. The development of the relief depends on their ratio. Endogenous forces create large surface irregularities (positive and negative), and external forces tend to align them: positive to smooth out, negative to fill with precipitation.

The position of the Voronezh region in the center of the Russian Plain determines the general features of the relief. Within the Russian Plain in our region, the Central Russian and Kalach Uplands and the Oka-Don Low Plain are clearly distinguished. The average height of the region above sea level is about 180 meters. The highest marks are located in the northwestern part. Here they lie at a level of 250 meters or more, and in the vicinity of the village of Gorbanevo, Nizhnedevitsky district, there is the highest absolute point - 259 meters above sea level. The lowest marks, as a rule, are confined to the bottoms of river valleys, and in the largest valley of the Don River, at the southern border of the region, there is the lowest mark - 57 meters. It corresponds to the average long-term water edge in the Don riverbed. Average fluctuations in heights within the region are about 100-150 meters.

The modern relief of the territory has been forming for a long time. The territory was flooded by the sea, and sedimentary rocks of almost a kilometer thickness were deposited in place of sea basins. Then the sea retreated, and in continental conditions, sedimentary rocks were destroyed. This was repeated many times. The main reason for these changes was the smooth vertical movements of the earth's crust. They continue to this day. The relief is constantly changing under the influence of natural processes. Currently, the relief is influenced by flowing waters (rivers and streams), melt and underground waters, landslides, as well as human economic activities. The work of the internal forces of the Earth continues - the oscillatory movements of the earth's crust occur with us at speeds from -2 (lowering) to +4 millimeters per year (lifting). They affect river slopes, surface water flow rates, channel, slope, karst and other processes of modern relief formation.

Unequal speeds of tectonic movements led to the isolation of the Central Russian Upland, the Kalach Upland and the Oka-Don Plain.

Voronezh is a city that bears the title of the City of Military Glory, as well as a city included by the Ministry of Culture of Russia in the list of historical cities with a large number of attractions.

Voronezh is a Russian city located on the banks of the river of the same name, which is a tributary of the Don. The distance between Voronezh and Moscow is 470 kilometers. In 2008, Voronezh ranked fifteenth in terms of population in Russia, at that time there were almost 840 thousand people.

Voronezh has a well-developed industry, including high-tech. There are many different hotels in the city. The aviation and space industry brought significant fame to Voronezh: the serial production of the TU-144, a passenger supersonic airliner, began here, and the first airbus IL-86 was created. By the way, the engines for the Vostok spacecraft, on which Yuri Gagarin made his legendary flight, were also created in Voronezh. At present, in the economy of Voronezh, a significant place, in addition to mechanical engineering and metal processing, is occupied by such industries as chemical (including refining of petroleum products), food, light, electronic, printing and woodworking industries. In the past few years, the sphere of trade and services has begun to develop in Voronezh; since 2006, business centers and shopping and entertainment complexes have been built.

Voronezh is a city with a lot of entertainment for every taste. Modern Voronezh is a major transport interchange, there are two railway stations (Voronezh-One and Voronezh-Two Kursk), currently the third station is in the design stage. From the point of view of highways, the Voronezh region is also important both on the federal (M4 highway) and regionally (A144 highway), there are two bus stations in the city. Voronezh airport is located just five kilometers from Voronezh, which received international status in 1995. As for intracity transport, until recently it was possible to move around Voronezh by buses, trams, trolleybuses and fixed-route taxis, but in April 2009, 83 years after the first Voronezh tram entered the route, tram traffic in the city was closed. Currently, a project is being developed to build a subway in Voronezh.

Voronezh is a naval city, despite the fact that it is not located on the sea coast, because it was here that the first regular naval fleet of our country was formed. It happened in the 17th century, on October 20, 1696. And in the spring of 1700, the first Russian battleship was launched in Voronezh. At present, one of the nuclear submarine cruisers in service with the Russian Navy is named after the city of Voronezh.

The military history of Voronezh is not limited to the history of the creation of the military fleet. For a significant contribution to the achievement of Victory in the Second World War, the city of Voronezh was awarded in 1975 the Order of the Patriotic War of the First Degree, in March 1986 - the Order of Lenin. More recently, in 2008, on February 16, Voronezh was awarded the honorary title of the City of Military Glory.

Voronezh residents have the opportunity to study in one of fifty-three colleges and thirty-six universities of the city, and for those who are younger, one hundred and sixteen kindergartens and one hundred twenty-eight schools work.

The cultural life of Voronezh is also rich in events. For example, in 2005, the first cello festival in Russia was held here. Voronezh theaters delight with their performances - Voronezh Academic Drama Theater named after Koltsov, the Opera and Ballet Theater, the Chamber Theater, the Youth Theater and the Puppet Theater "Shut", there are also five cinemas, a philharmonic society, concert halls and a stationary circus in the city. In Voronezh, there are also quite a lot of interesting museums to visit: local history, literary, fire, fine arts named after Kramskoy, military glory and many others. We also recommend visiting the Sergei Yesenin Public Museum.

Among the famous Voronezh residents, there are two - Fektistov K.P. and Kosberg S.A. - were awarded a high honor: two lunar craters are named after them. The possibility of visiting the house-museums of famous people deserves special attention: Nikitin, Koltsov, Durov.

Many residents of Russia are still under the rule of stereotypes and believe that voronezh city compared to the capital - a province. There is some truth in these words, but in fact Voronezh has long turned into a millionaire city with an educated agglomeration.

The city itself is located on the banks of the Voronezh reservoir and the Don River. By the way, the places on the river have become living scenery for the immortal film And Quiet Don. The capital is only 515 km from here. It's a train ride night. Faster by car. There are plenty of places for walking, as well as attractions, so you must come here without fail.

Etiology or history of the name of the city of Voronezh

Probably the simplest assumption would be that the name of the city came from the intersection of the words raven and hedgehog. In his writings, this idea was developed by the Russian linguist Sreznevsky. But the German linguist Vasmer, the author of the etymological dictionary of the Russian language, suggested that the city took its name from the adjective crow.

The most correct assumption, in the opinion of the researchers, was stated in the toponymic dictionaries of Melkheev and Nikonov, where it is said that the color of the water in the rivers was really the root cause of the name. And the particles hedgehog or nezh come from the possessive adjectives and names of the ancient Slavs.

Voronezh history

To this day, archaeologists find ancient monuments from the times of the Arbashevskaya and Srubna cultures. According to a number of assumptions, this very area is described in the ancient Aryan epic. In the north, there is an archaeological complex between the Lysaya and Barkovaya mountains. It contains 34 monuments of past centuries and 568 burial mounds.

The Voronezh fortress was going through difficult times: after its construction, it was burnt down in April 1590. It took only 4 years and the city was cut down again. In the archives there is no tsar's decree on the foundation of the city, but the order of boyar Yuriev from 1586 was found.

True, there is evidence that the Voronezh fortress had already stood for a year by this time. One of the main attractions of Voronezh, without a doubt, was the Russian navy, which was assembled by Peter I for the war with the Ottoman Empire. Strengthening the Azov fleet was a strategic move to prevent a war on two fronts. Peter created an admiralty in the city and ordered the building of the country's first regular naval fleet.

In 1833, Voronezh experienced a famine due to a severe drought, and when the crisis passed, the first exhibition of rural achievements was organized in five provinces.

When the university was transferred from Yuryev to Voronezh in 1918, Voronezh State University appeared on its basis. In the 30s, a large military airfield was based in the city, as well as a bomb throwing ground and shooting range. I must say that by the end of the 50s, a liquid-propellant rocket engine was developed in the city, which made it possible to reach the second space speed.

Based on this development, an engine for the Vostok spacecraft was created, on which Yuri Gagarin took off into space. It was in Voronezh that the production of the Tu-144 aircraft was launched. The first Soviet airbus and wide-body aircraft were built here. In 1972, a reservoir appeared, which, by the way, is the largest in the region.

In 2012, the city was finally given the title of Millionaire City.

Territory, climate, relief of Voronezh

The city of Voronezh is located between the Central Russian Upland and the Oka-Don Plain. In fact, the Central Russian forest-steppe stretches here. The city covers the right and left banks of the river of the same name. The time here is in the capital. The climate is moderate.

Winter is changeable and it can be slushy, but in the last 5-6 years it is very cold February, up to 30 degrees and below.

Hot summer, alternately arid and rainy.

Very mild and rainy autumn... The reservoir is frozen at the turn of November and December. Spring drifting of ice lasts from March to April. There are fish in the reservoirs all year round. But fishermen do not like the reservoir.

They say that the entire periodic table is collected here, it is dangerous to swim here, and sometimes such terrible monsters get into the net that they are filmed by the media.

Maybe the reason for this is the Voronezh nuclear power plant?

Voronezh has a very uneven relief throughout the territory. This is due to its location surrounded by an active structure at the border of hilly and plain. The soil moves annually, which causes microseismic vibrations.

The right bank of the city occupies a hilly plateau, and the left one lies in the lowland, passing into the river zone. By the way, the echoes of the relief area are reflected in the names of the streets. This is how the Bazarnaya and Sandy Mountains appeared.

Today, environmentalists are seriously concerned about the state of the Voronezh reservoir. It is heavily contaminated. In order to clean the reservoir, work is underway to increase the average depth.

In the city limits, in addition to the Don River, flows Usmanka, Peschanka and the Blue Danube stream. There are also three large and several small lakes.

The city has several very beautiful parks and squares. In particular, these are Koltsovsky and Petrovsky squares, parks Orlyonok, Alye Parusa and Tanais. People gather here after work to get some air, look at the fountain or read a book.

Ecology of Voronezh

Like any big city, Voronezh suffers from a large amount of sewage discharged into water bodies. Adds problems to the abundance of cats and dogs. To resolve the issue of their arrangement in Voronezh, there are relevant public organizations. A lot of industrial objects are concentrated on a small territory, which negatively affects nature. The lion's share of atmospheric emissions is on the conscience of vehicles. Measures are being taken to resolve waste disposal problems. Thus, in 2011, a new solid waste landfill was opened.

The left bank has long and confidently held the palm in terms of pollution of the territory due to toxic gases and smog that spreads to the entire city. By the way, the Sector Gaz group took its name from these areas and sang the praises of their native land in songs, though not always disingenuous. An unexpectedly serious problem was the cleanliness of the residents. Illegal dumps are multiplying every day. They are also the cause of fires. One-time, but very dangerous cases of oil spills, waste water leaks from the meat processing plant.

Population

Voronezh is a large city, but it does not reach the status of a metropolis. This is due to the low income level, the constant influx of migrants and the high percentage of elderly people. With a low income, Voronezh residents are in no hurry to start a family, and therefore a demographic crisis is possible.

Finding a job is not so difficult, but you will have to look for a job with career growth and a good salary.

The average salary in comparison with 2014 increased by 2.5 times and amounted to 32 thousand rubles in 2019.

In Novovoronezh, which is called the city of the peaceful atom, with its population of 37 thousand people, the salary is even higher. It averages 35 thousand rubles. But the work here is dangerous, the bulk of the population works at the Novovoronezh nuclear power plant. The average duration is not encouraging, for men it is 41 years, and women are up to 57.

Education and culture

Voronezh is often called the City of Students. There are reasons for that, because there are more than 36 universities and 53 colleges here. According to the average data, 127 thousand students study there.

There are even more schools, almost 130. And they have more than 118 thousand children. The city ranks third in the country in terms of the number of foreign students.

Just think, there are over 1,500 students from Africa, America and Europe. Entrance exams are the hottest time. The priority for schoolchildren in the excellent results of VSU, as it is included in the list of the best in the country. But admission here lasts until August and many students apply to other educational institutions for safety reasons. VSU has branches in many cities of the region.

Education in Voronezh is cheaper than in the capital, but tariffs still bite. The most prestigious are the professions of economist, lawyer and diplomat. The most economical way to enter the Faculty of Geography.

Walking places in Voronezh

Tourists have something to see in the city. Voronezh is often associated with a cartoon about a kitten from Lizyukov Street. Many do not believe that such a street really exists, but it is true. A monument to a kitten and a wise raven stands on the same street and tourists are taking pictures near it.

On Plekhanov Street, an unusual composition stops the eye: a lady sits on a chair, her head sadly bowed. She is waiting for someone, as the second chair is empty. This monument is especially close to the fair sex. Near the puppet theater there is a monument to White Bim.

Rumor has it that if you make a wish and rub Bima's ear, it will come true. Local residents tell this sign with a smile, but from time to time they themselves visit the monument and whisper their desires in Bima's ear. From frequent rubbing, the ear was completely white.

In Voronezh, one cannot but go to Admiralteyskaya Square, take a walk on the bridge, and attach your lock on the lovers' railings. Major events and flash mobs are held here. Then you can go to the Arsenal Museum, by the way, the oldest in the city.

If you rent a car, you can go to the castle of the Princess of Oldenburg, preserved by the Nazis. It is believed that the ghost of a princess lives there.

For shopping, go to Petrovsky Passage, where you can have a delicious lunch at the same time and even rent a room.

RK Parnas with a nightclub, sauna, swimming pool and bowling alley will invite you to have fun.

In RK Balagan City you will plunge into the atmosphere of a small town. By the way, there is no such thing even in Moscow. The Middle Ages, democracy and freedom of opinion reign here. At your discretion, any dish and beer from the home brewery.

Administrative division of the city into districts

The city is divided into six major districts. Two of them Levoberezhny and Zheleznodorozhny are located on the left bank. The buildings here are quite old, although now the developers of Voronezh are actively exploring this territory. The population mainly consists of workers in factories and research institutes. People are friendly, flexible. Family wealth is small

There is a black area called Koldunovka, where witches and witches are rumored to live. By the way, there is also Drunken Street, where moonshine is always sold. All names that speak:

• The pasture - where the horses were sold,
• Crosses - the area next to the cemetery. On the outskirts of the left bank there are dacha villages.

This whole picturesque picture ends with an area called Mashmet. It has long gone into disrepute. They say bandits live here. They say it's scary to leave the house here. There have always been many Caucasian and Gypsy families here.

A counterweight to Mashmet is the VAI area, which is between the Shinny plants, the CHP and the SK. The microclimate in the area is not happy. Visitors rarely want to settle here. Too far from the center, and the neighborhood does not inspire confidence. These areas are always featured in crime reports. Nevertheless, construction in the districts is going on actively. Housing here is cheaper and you can buy and rent. Rural street offers houses with excellent views and clean air. The finish, however, is rough, but the price does not bite.

In the western part of the city, there is the greenest and cleanest area, Sovetsky. It is surrounded by forests. Prices are higher here.

The Leninsky District is currently being built up most actively. Here is the most beloved shopping center, the Chizhova Gallery. There are no vacant lands now. Lenin Square is a great place for walking, as there is Koltsovsky Square nearby.

Komminternovskiy district is considered the most dynamic and youngest. It is home to a third of the urban population. There is a memorial Monument of Glory, a road to the largest shopping centers in the city.

Finally, the Central District represents the historical part of the city. There are many squares, theaters and parks.

The cost of new buildings

While the cost of housing is falling in other Russian cities, Voronezh is experiencing stable growth. The price per square meter was on average 48.4 thousand rubles. in January 2020. This is 4.8% higher compared to December 2019. Analysts associate the rise in the price of new housing with the transition of developers to work under the new laws of July 2019. Now they cannot attract the money of equity holders to the construction of the facility, and financing is carried out with the help of banks, which require not only the return of funds, but also the payment of interest on loans issued. The developer includes additional costs in the cost of new housing.

In the primary market, the sale price by number of rooms is as follows:

The average cost of a one-room apartment is 2,017,064 rubles. The most affordable option is located in the Zheleznodorozhny district. The cost of an apartment here starts from 1.7 million rubles.

The average cost of a two-room apartment is 3,119,676 rubles. The cheapest one is located in the Levoberezhny district. Its price is 2.3 million rubles. The most expensive "kopeck piece" is located in the Leninsky district and costs 3.7 million rubles.

The average price of a three-room apartment is 4,061,867 rubles. The economy segment starts at 2.9 million rubles, and comfort class housing with an improved layout starts at 5 million rubles.

Video sketching about Voronezh