Religions and their main. Religions of different countries of the world. Faith in the modern world

Knowledge of the religious affiliation of the population helps to deeper the features of the economic and social geography of different countries of the world. The role of religion in society and today continues to be very significant.

It is customary to allocate tribal, local (national) and world religions.

Back in primitive society, the simplest forms of religious beliefs - totemism, magic, fetishism, animism and the cult of ancestors have arisen. (Some elementary religions have been survived to our time. So, totemism was widespread from, melanesian, American Indians).

Later, complex forms of religions appeared. They occurred most often among any one people or among the groups of peoples united to the state (such a local religion - Judaism, Hinduism, Sintoism, Confucianism, Taoism, etc.).

Some of the religions spread among the peoples of different countries and continents. These are world religions -, Islam and Christianity.

Buddhism - the oldest world religion exists mainly in two main types of varieties - Cryana and Mahayana, Lamaism should also be added to them.

Buddhism arose in India in the VI-V centuries. BC. The founder of the teaching is considered Siddhartha Gautam Shakyamuni, a famous world under the name of the Buddha (i.e. "awakened, enlightened").

In India there are a lot of Buddhist centers, temples and monasteries, but still in India itself, Buddhism did not receive a big spread and turned into a world religion beyond its borders - in China, Korea, and in a number of other countries. He did not fit into the social structure and culture of society, as she rejected the caste, the authority of Brahmanov, religious ritualism (Hinduism in India received the greatest distribution).

In II century Buddhism penetrated into China and got a huge distribution, having existed there for about two millennia, having a great influence on Chinese culture. But he did not become the dominant religion, which was in China Confucianism.

Buddhism as a world religion reached the most completed appearance in Tibet in Lamaism (in the period of late Middle Ages - in the VII-XV centuries). In Russia, Lamaism is confessed by residents of Buryatia, Tuva, Kalmykia.

Currently there are about 300 million adherents of this religious teaching.

Christianity - refer to the number of world religions, having in mind both its influence on the course of world history and the scale of distribution. The number of christianity adherents is approaching 2 billion people.

Christianity arose in 1 century. n. e. In the east of the Roman Empire (in the territory of the modern state, Israel), which, which, in the same period, all, when the civilization based on slave was already leaving for decline. By the 60th year. I in. n. e. There were already several Christian communities in addition to the very first, Jerusalem, which consisted of students who gathered around Jesus.

Christianity Today is a collective term that includes three main directions: Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Protestantism, within which there are many different religions and religious associations that have arisen at different times throughout the two-year-old history of Christianity (Roman Catholic, Greek-Orthodox Church, etc.).

Catholicism (Catholicism) is the most significant branch of Christianity. There is as a strictly centralized church, headed by Pope (which is also the head of state).

Protestantism - originated in the Reformation Epoch (XVI century) as an anticatolic movement. The largest directions of Protestantism are Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicism, Methodism, Baptism.

In 395, the Roman Empire broke into the Western and Eastern part. This contributed to the separation of the Western Church headed by the Roman bishop (dad) and a number of Eastern churches led by Patriarchs - Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria. Between the Western and Eastern branch of Christianity (Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches), the struggle for the influence, which ended with their formal gap in 1054

By that time, Christianity already from the persecution of faith turned into a state religion. This happened under the emperor Konstantine (in IV century). Orthodoxy of Byzantine origin was established in the east and south-east of Europe. Kievan Rus adopted Christianity in 988 at Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. This step had important consequences for the history of Russia.

Islam - The second after Christianity by the number of followers world religion (1.1 billion people). She was founded by the Prophet Mohammed in the VII century. on Arab tribal religions (in Arabia, in Hijaz).

Islam served as a powerful impetus for development in a compressed historical duration of such a phenomenon, which is indicated by the concept of "Muslim world". In those countries where Islam is common, he plays an important role as a religious doctrine, a form of social organization, cultural tradition.

Of the many religious systems of the modern world, Islam remains one of the most significant forces.

Confucianism It originated in gray. 1st millennium BC. In China, as a socio-ethical teaching outlined by the confusion philosopher. For many centuries, it was a kind of state ideology. The second local (national) religion - Taoism is based on the combination of elements of Buddhism and Confucianism. To date, it has been preserved only in separate areas.

Hinduism means something more than just the name of religion. In India, where he received distribution is a whole set of religious forms, from the simplest ritual, polytestic to philosophical and mystical, monotheistic. Moreover, this is the designation of the Indian lifestyle with caste division, including the amount of life principles, behaviors, social and ethical values, beliefs, cults, rites.

The foundations of Hinduism are laid in the Vedic religion, which the Aryan tribes brought, invaded in the middle. II millennia BC e. The second period in the history of Indian religion is the Brahmansky (I millennium BC.). Gradually, an ancient religion of sacrifice and knowledge turned into Hinduism. It has influenced its development arising in VI-V to BC. e. Buddhism and Jainism (the teachings that have denied custom).

Shintoism - Local religion of Japan (along with Buddhism). It is a combination of confusion elements (compliance with the cult of ancestors, patriarchal family feasures, respect for seniors, etc.) and Taoism.

Judaism was formed in the 1st millennium BC. Among the Palestinian population. (In the XIII century BC, when Israeli tribes came to Palestine, their religion was a lot of primitive cults, ordinary for nomads. Only a religion of Judaism, as presented in the Old Testament). Distributed exclusively among Jews living in different countries of the world (the largest groups in and). The total number of Judaists in the world is about 14 million people.

At present, people who live in different countries and different social conditions of people consider themselves to be believers - Christians, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindists, etc. - or do not belong to any of the existing churches, but simply recognize the existence of some higher strength - world Mind.

At the same time, the fact is that today a significant part of people is not religious, that is, these are people who do not profess any of the existing religions, consider themselves atheists or agnostics, secular humanists or freedomsides.

The spread of world religions in the 90s. XX century

Christianity was distributed among the peoples of Europe and in other parts of the world populated by migrants from this part of the world.

Catholicism is the dominant religion in Latin America and the Philippines; Significant groups of Catholics are available in the United States and Canada (Franco Canadians), as well as in some (former colonies).

In many countries of the African continent, Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism are also represented, since in the near past these states were colonies), and traditional local beliefs.

In exists both the Christianity of the Monophimitsky sense in and partly in Egypt.

Orthodoxy was distributed in the east and south-east of Europe among, and southern Slavs (,). He is confessed by Russians,

World religions - buddhism, Christianity and Islam appeared in the era of great historical turns, in the face of the folding of the "global empires". The world's world religions are due to the so-called universalism. Their conversion to everyone and everyone regardless of class, estate, custom, national, state, and so on. Accessories, which led to a large number of their adepts and the widespread prevalence of new religions around the globe.

2.1. Buddhism- the most ancient world religion in India in 6 c. BC. Buddhism sources go to brahmin.- Religions of the ancient Hindus. According to these views, the unified world soul is at the heart of the Universe - Atman (or Brahman).She is a source of individual shower. After the death of the soul of people move into other bodies. All living things subordinate to the law karma (posthumous reward for actions during life) and included in the chain of continuous embodiments - the wheel Sansary. The next embodiment may be higher or lower. Everything is based on dharma- the flow of these intangible particles, their various combinations determine the being of non-living objects, plants, animals, humans, etc. After the breakdown of this combination, Dharmas corresponding to their combination disappears, and for a person it means death, but the dharma themselves do not disappear, but form a new combination. There is a rebirth of an individual in another appearance. The highest goal of these beliefs is to escape from the Sansary wheel and reach Nirvana. Nirvana - This is the state of perpetual bliss when the soul perceives everything, but does not react to anything (Nirvana - from Sanskrit: "Cooling, attenuation" is a state of renovation of life and death, the moment of connecting the human soul with Atman). According to Buddhism, you can go to Nirvana during life, but it is completely achieved only after death.

Buddhism founder - Prince Siddhartha Gautama (564/563 - 483. BC), first Buddha (in the lane. from Sanskrit - "Enlightened"), the son of King Shakyev's tribe (hence one of the names of the Buddha - Shakyamuni- Sage from the family of Shakyev). The turning point in the life of Siddhartha came when he was over the age of 29, and he left the palace in which he lived. Face to face colliding with old age, diseases and death, he realized that all these inalienable elements of life with whom needed to accept. He met various religious teachings in the hope of granting the meaning of life, but, disappointed in them, fully focused on meditation(in-depth reflection) and once - after 6 years, the wanders - she finally opened the true meaning of the existence of all things. His credo Siddhartha outlined in the so-called Benarese sermon. She is akin to the Nagorno sermon Jesus Christ. In it he sets out "4 great truths": 1) life is suffering; 2) the cause of suffering is our desires, affection for life, thirst for being, passion; 3) you can get rid of suffering, getting rid of desires; 4) to rescue keeps the path of compliance with 8 specific conditions - "The octal path of self-improvement", Which involves mastering art to have righteous: reviews, aspirations, speech, action, life, effort, contemplation, reflection.

In essence, Buddhism is a religious and philosophical teaching. Many researchers consider Buddhism by a polytestic religion, as the one who will be able to go through all the stages of the octal path and reach Nirvana becomes Buddha. Buddha - These are the gods of Buddhist religion, there are many of them. There are also on Earth bodhisatvia(Bodisatans) - Saints, almost reached Nirvana, but remaining to live the earthly life to help others achieve enlightenment. Buddha Shakyamuni himself, reaching Nirvana, preached his teaching for another 40 years. Buddhism approves the equality of all people and the opportunity for any, regardless of custom affiliation, to achieve "enlightenment". Buddhism requires not asceticism from its adepts, but only indifference to worldly benefits and adversity. Buddhism requires "MARNED WAY" of Buddhism, in all avoid extremes, do not impose too hard to have strict requirements for people. Basic dogmas Buddhism focused in texts Trucks(Tipics) - (Translated - "Three Baskets": Basket of the Community Charter - sanghaBasket of exercises, basket interpretation of teachings). In Buddhism there are a number of directions, the most early are hynyana and Mahayana,we have aroused in the first centuries of our era. Khainna (Sanskr.- "Narrow chariot", the narrow way of liberation) promises liberation from suffering, from Sansary only monks, Sangha members . Mahayana (SanskR.- "Wide chariot") believes that it can achieve liberation from Sansary can not only monk, but also any believer, which complies with the vows of spiritual perfection.

In the 3rd century BC. The ruler of the largest state of India Ashoka declared himself a patron of Buddhist monasses and the defender of the creed of Buddhism. Having reached a heyday in India at the end of the 1st thousand to AD, Buddhism to the 13th century. AD It has lost its influence in this country and has been distributed in the countries of South, Southeast, Central Asia, the Far East. Now there are about 800 million Buddhists in the world.

2.2. Christianity -one of the world's religions in the 1st century AD. In the eastern province of the Roman Empire (in Palestine) As a religion oppressed. Christianity is a collective term for the characteristics of the three main directions. religience: Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Protestantism. Each of these major directions, in turn, is divided into a number of smaller religions and religious organizations. All of them are combined by general historical roots, certain positions of creeding and cult action. Christian doctrine and his dogmas have long become an important part of world culture.

Christianity got a name on behalf of Jesus Christ (He acts as predicted by the Old Testament Jewish Prophet Messiah). Christian verbation is based on Sacred Scripture - Bible (Old Testament - 39 books and New Testament - 27 books) and Sacred Tray (Resolutions of the first 7 universal councils and local councils, writers of the "fathers of the Church" - Christian writers of 4-7 centners. AD). Christianity arose as a sect in Judaism In the context of the deep economic, political, social and ethnic inequality and the opposite of peoples in the Roman Empire.

Judaismthere was one of the first monotheistic religions. The biblical legend from the Old Testament talks about the three sons of James James, who fell into the Nile Valley. Initially, they were well accepted, but over time their life and the life of their descendants became harder. And then Moses appears, which with the help of the Almighty God removes Jews from Egypt to Palestine. "Exodus" lasted for 40 years and was accompanied by a multitude of miracles. Moses conveyed by God (Yahweh) 10 of the commandments, and he actually became the first Jewish legislator. Moses is a historical person. Sigmund Freud believed that he was an Egyptian and follower of Ehnaton. After the ban of ATON religion, he tried to introduce it in a new place and elected the Jewish people for this. The biblical campaign coincides with the reforms of Ehnaton, as evidenced by historical chronicles.

Having come to Palestine, the Jews created their state there, destroying the culture of their predecessors and devastating fertile land. Exactly in Palestine in the 11th century BC. There is a monotheistic religion of God Yahweh. The Jewish state turned out to be fragile and quickly broke up, and in 63 BC Palestine entered the Roman Empire. At this time, the first christian communities appear in the form of heresa - deviations from Dogmatov Judaism.

The God of Ancient Jews, the God of the Old Testament (he is known under different names - Yahweh, Jehovah, Savaof) was a prototype of the Christian God. As a matter of fact , for Christianity it is the same God, only his relationship with man changes. Jesus's preaching from Nazareth in its content went far beyond the national religion of the ancient Jews (as the Bible points out, Jesus was born in the Jewish family. His Earth Parents - Maria and Joseph were orthodox Jews and holy observed all the requirements of their religion). If the God of the Old Testament addressed to the whole people as a whole, the God of the New Testament addressed to every person. Old Testament God greatly pays attention to the fulfillment of a complex religious law and the rules of everyday life, numerous rituals accompanying each event. The God of the New Testament is facing, above all, to the inner life and the inner faith of each person.

Having wondered why the peoples of the Roman Empire, among whom Christianity began to spread, were so susceptible to this teaching, modern historical science came to the conclusion that by the middle of the i century AD It is time when the confidence of the Romans is that their world is the best of possible worlds, remained in the past. The feeling of an imminent catastrophe has come to replace this confidence, the crashing of centuries-old men, close to the end of the world. In the public consciousness, the dominant position acquires the idea of \u200b\u200brock, fate, the inevitability of what is intended over. In social nizakh, dissatisfaction with the authorities, which periodically takes the form of rebellion, rebellion. These speeches are brutally suppressed. Moods of discontent do not disappear, but are looking for other forms of expression.

Christianity in the Roman Empire was originally perceived by the majority of people as a clear and understandable form of a social protest. It awakened faith in the intercession capable of approving the idea of \u200b\u200buniversal equality, rescue people regardless of their ethnic, political and social affiliation. The first Christians believed in the close end of the existing world order and the establishment, thanks to the direct intervention of God, the "kingdom of heaven," in which justice will be restored, will enthusiastic righteousness. The impact of the spoilness of the world, his sinfulness, the promise of salvation and establishing the kingdom of peace and justice is such social ideas that were attracted to the side of Christians hundreds of thousands, and later millions of followers. They gave hope for the consolation of all those who suffer. It is these people, as follows from the Nagorno sermons of Jesus and the revelations of John the Theologian, first of all, the kingdom of God was promised: "those that are the first here, there will become the last, and the last here - there will be the first. Evil will be punished, and the virtue is rewarded, a terrible court will happen and everyone will pay for their affairs. "

The ideological basis for the education of Christian associations served universalism -appeal to all people, regardless of ethnic, religious, class and state affiliation. "There is neither Ellin, nor Roman, nor Judea, nor rich, nor poor, before God all are equal" On the basis of this ideological installation, it was possible to combine representatives of all segments of the population.

The traditional representation sees in Christianity the result of the acts of one person, Jesus Christ. This presentation continues to dominate and in our time. In the last edition of the British Encyclopedia, twenty thousand words are devoted - more than Aristotle, Cicero, Alexander Macedonian, Julia Caesar, Confucius, Magomet or Napoleon. In scientific works devoted to the study of the problem of the historicity of Jesus Christ, there are two directions - mythological and historical. The first considers Jesus mythological gatstically created on the basis of agricultural or tantic cults. All evangelical stories about his life and wonderful acts - borrowing from myths. The historical direction recognizes that the form of the image of Jesus Christ is a real historical personality. His supporters believe that the development of the image of Jesus is associated with mythologization, the deification of a really existing preacher from Nazareth. Truth is separated from us by two millennia. However, in our opinion, from a doubt about the reliability of individual biographical details it is impossible to conclude that the preacher Jesus never existed as a historical face. In this case, it becomes a miracle. The very emergence of Christianity and that spiritual impulse, which (with all private disagreements) unites and leads by the authors of the Gospels, (they developed at the end of the 1st of the first centuries. AD) and the first Christian communities shall. This spiritual impulse is too brilliant and strong to be simply the result of agreed fiction.

Thus, under the influence of a number of sociocultural factors at the end of the 1st of the 2nd centuries, Christian communities are beginning to appear on the territory of the Roman Empire - eclesia. Word "Eclesia" translated from the Greek means a meeting. In Greek cities, this term was used in a political context as the People's Assembly - the main body of the polis. Christians gave this term a new shade . Eclesia is a collection of believers, To which everyone could come freely, who shared their views. Christians accepted all who came to them: they did not hide accessories to the new religion. When some of them got into trouble, others immediately came to his aid. At the meetings were pronounced sermons, prayers, studied the "saying of Jesus", the rites of baptism and communion in the form of collective trapes were made. Members of such communities called each other brothers and sisters. They were all equal to each other. No traces of hierarchy of posts in the early Christian communities historians are not observed. In the 1st century AD. There was no church organization, officials, cult, clearing, dogmatics. The organizers of the communities were the prophets, the apostles, preachers who were believed to charisma (ability, "donated with the Spirit", prophesy, to learn, make wonders, heal). They were not called to the fight, but only for spiritual liberation, waited for a miracle, preaching that heavenly retribution would be rewarded by all deer. They announced all equal before God, thereby providing themselves with a solid base among the poor and disadvantaged population.

Early Christianity is the religion of disadvantaged, powerless, oppressed and enslaved masses. It was reflected in the Bible: "It is more convenient to pass through the needle ears, rather than rich in the kingdom of God." Of course, it could not like the ruling Roman versham. They were joined by orthodox Judaists who did not want to see the Messiah in Jesus. They waited for a completely different delighthouse, the new Jewish king. This is confirmed by the texts of the Gospels, in which the responsibility for the execution of Jesus is assigned to Jews. Pontius Pilate, according to the Gospels, tried to save Christ, but the crowd broke his consent to the execution of cries: "Its blood on us and on the descendants of ours!".

But with all the "openness" of their communities, Christians did not commit public services, did not participate in the polis festivals. Their religious meetings were the sacrament for them, which cannot be left in front of the uninitiated. They were internally separated themselves from the world around, this was the secret of their teachings, which was disturbed by the authorities and caused condemnation by many educated people of that time. The prosecution of secrecy was therefore one of the common accusations that their opponents threw Christians.

The gradual growth of Christian communities, an increase in their wealth with a change in class composition demanded the fulfillment of a number of functions: on the organization of meals and maintenance of its participants, for the purchase and storage of stocks, by order of community money, etc. All this state of officials had to be managed. So the institute arises bishopswhose power gradually increased; The position itself has become life. In any kind of Christian community, a group of persons especially respected by members for their loyalty of the Church - bishops and deacon. Along with them in early Christian documents mentioned presbyters (Elders). However, it should be noted that at an early stage of development (30-130 years. AD) of Christian communities, these persons were in "lively unity with the church," their power was not legal, and the fertile, freely recognized as a meeting. That is, their power in the first century of the existence of the church was held only on credit.

Appearance clearyrefers to the 2nd century and is associated with a gradual change in the social composition of the early Christian communities. If they previously united slaves and free poor, then in the 2nd century there are already artisans, merchants, landowners and even Roman to know. If one member of the community could preach before, as the apostles and the prophets, the bishop becomes a central figure of propaganda activities. The wealthy part of Christians gradually focuses in his hands the management of property and leadership of liturgical practice. Officials initially elected for a certain period, and then for life, form a clearing. Priests, deacons, bishops, Metropolitans displacing charismatics (prophets) and focus in their hands all the completeness of power.

The further development of the hierarchy led to the emergence of the Catholic Church, to the complete abandonment of the sovereignty of communities that existed earlier, to establishing strict intracerer discipline.

As already noted, Christianity in the first three centuries of their existence was a persecution of religion. Christians were originally identified with Jews. Initially, the hostility of the local population of various provinces to Christians was determined not to the essence of their teachings, but their position of strangers who deemed traditional cults and beliefs. In the same way, the Roman authorities treated them.

Under his name, Christians appear in the consciousness of the Romans in connection with the fire in Rome under the Emperor Nerna. Nero accused Christians in arson, and in connection with this, many Christians were subjected to cruel tortures and executions.

One of the main reasons for the persecution of Christians served their refusal to bring victims to the statues of the emperor or Jupiter. The execution of such rites meant the execution of the debt of a citizen and the subject. Failure meant the disobedience to the authorities and, in fact, the non-recognition of these authorities. Christians of the first centuries, following the commandments "do not kill," refused to serve in the army. And it also served the reason for the persecution of them from the authorities.

At that time, an active ideological struggle was conducted against Christians. In the public consciousness there were rumors about Christians as hazards, sicritors, immoral people who committed the cannibal rites. Encouraged by such rumors, Roman plebs repeatedly satisfied the mass beats of Christians. From historical sources, there are cases of martyrdom of some Christian preachers: Justina-Martyr, Cyprian and others.

The first Christians had no opportunity to open their worship and were forced to look for hidden places for this. Most often they used catacombs. All the catacomb temples ("Cubiculas", "Crypts", "Capella") were a rectangular shape (type of basilica), in the eastern part there was an extensive semicircular niche, where the tomb of the martyr was placed, which served throne (altar. ) . The altar was separated by a low lattice from the rest of the temple. Behind the throne was the department of a bishop, in front of him - saline (walking, step. ) . For the altar followed the middle part of the temple, where they were going to pray. For her - the room where they were going to take baptism (announced) And swinging sinners. This part later received a name. privor. It can be said that the architecture of Christian temples developed, mainly during early Christianity.

The latter, the most cruel period of the persecution of Christians was tested under the Emperor Diocletian. In 305, Diocletian renounced the power, and his successor rank in 311 ordered the pursuit of Christians. Two years later, the Milan Edict of Constantine and Licinia Christianity was recognized as a tolerant religion. According to this Edict, Christians had the right to open their cult, the communities were entitled to own property, including immovable.

In a crisis in the Roman Empire, the imperial power felt the urgent need to use a new religion in their political and ideological purposes. As the crisis is deepened, the transition of the Roman authorities from cruel persecution of Christians to support the new religion, up to the transformation of Christianity during the 4th century to the State Roman Empire Religion.

In the center of Christianity is an image bogochlovka- Jesus ChristThat his martyrdom on the cross, the sufferings for the sins of mankind swept these sins, reconciled the human race with God. And he opened with his resurrection for those who believed in him, a new life, the path to reunion with God in the Divine Kingdom. The word "Christ" is not the name and not the name of the own, but as it were, the title, the title, assigned to mankind Jesus from Nazareth. Christ translates from Greek as "Anointed", "Messiah", "Savior". This nominal name Jesus Christ is associated with the Old Testament ledge about the arrival of the Israeli Land of the Prophet, the Messiah, who liberates his people from suffering and establish a righteous life there - God's kingdom.

Christians believe that the world is created by a single boring God, and created without evil. The person is created by God as a carrier of the "image and similarity" of God. The man, according to God, endowed with a free will, was already under the temptation of Satan - one of the angels who rebelted against God's will, and made a misconduct, the fatal way influenced the further fate of mankind. The man violated God's ban, he drove himself to become "like God." This has changed its nature: losing the good, immortal essence, a person has become accessible to suffering, diseases and death, and in this Christians see the consequence of the original sin, transmitting from generation to generation.

God expelled a man from Paradise with a deal against: "... In the sweat of your face you will have bread ..." (Gen. 3.19.) The offspring of the first people - Adam and Eve - inhabited the land, but from the very beginning of the story there was a gap between God and man. To return the person on the path of the true God, he revealed himself to his chosen people - Jews. God has repeatedly opened prophets, concluded covenants (alliances) With "his" people, gave him a law containing the rules of righteous life. The Sacred Scripture of Jews is imbued with the expectation of the Messiah - who will save the world from evil, and people from slavery sin. To do this, God sent to the world of his son, who suffers and death on the cross redeemed the original sin of all mankind - former and the future.

That is why Christianity emphasizes the cleansing role of suffering, any restriction by the person of his desires and passions: "taking his own cross," a person can win evil in itself and in the world around. Thus, a person does not just fulfill God's commandments, but he himself is transformed and makes climbing God, it becomes closer to him. This is the purpose of Christian, his justification of the sacrificial death of Christ. Resurrection of Christ marks for Christians a victory over death and the newly acquired possibility of eternal life with God. It is since then for Christians begins the history of the New Testament with God.

The main direction in rethinking Judaism Christianity is to approve the spiritual character of the communications of a person with God. The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe gospel preaching of Jesus Christ was to convey to people the thought that God - the father of all people - sent him to bring people to the news about the soon establishment of the kingdom of God. The benefit of the news is the news of the salvation of people from spiritual death, about the admission of peace to spiritual life in the kingdom of God. The "kingdom of God" will come when the Lord will be reigned in the souls of people when they will slander the bright, joyful feeling of the proximity of the Heavenly Father. The way to this kingdom of people opens the belief in Jesus Christ as the son of God, an intermediary between God and man.

The main moral values \u200b\u200bof Christianity are Vera, Hope, love. They are closely related to each other and switch one to another. However, the main among them is Lovewhich means, first of all, spiritual connection and love for God and which opposes the physical and carnal love declared sinful and lowland. At the same time, Christian love applies to all "neighbors", including those that not only do not correspond to reciprocity, but also show hatred and hostility. Christ urges: "Love your enemies, bless you curse you and drive you."

Love for God makes faith in it natural, easy and simple, not requiring any effort. Vera Indicates a special state of the spirit that does not require any evidence, arguments or facts. Such faith in turn is easily and naturally moving into love for God. Hopein Christianity means the idea of \u200b\u200bsalvation.

Rescue will replace those who are strictly follows by the commandments of Christ. Among commandments - Suppression of pride and greed, which are the main sources of evil, repentance in the familiar sins, humility, patience, non-resistance of evil, the requirement does not kill, not to take someone else, not to adultery, read parents and many other moral standards and laws whose observance gives hope for salvation From the Muk Hell.

In Christianity, moral commandments are not addressed to external affairs (as it was in paganism) and not to external manifestations of faith (as in Judaism), but to internal motivation. The highest moral instance is not a debt, but conscience. It can be said that in Christianity God is not only love, but also Conscience.

Christian creed comes from the principle self-satisfaction personality. Christian personality is a free creature. God gave a man of freedom of will. Man is free to create either good or evil. The choice of good in the name of love for God and people leads to the spiritual growth and transformation of a person's personality. The choice of evil is fraught with the destruction of the person and the loss of the very freedom of man.

Christianity brought to the world the idea of \u200b\u200bequality of all people before God. From the point of view of Christianity, regardless of race, religion, social status, all people as the carriers of the "Life image" are equal and, consequently, respect for the personality.

The adoption of the Niko-Konstantinople "Symbol of Faith" (1st Ecumenical Cathedral in Nica in 325, the 2nd Ecumenical Cathedral in Constantinople in 381, was fundamental importance for the approval of the Christian dogmaker. Symbol of faith - this is a brief audit of the main provisions of the Christian creed consisting of 12 Dogmatov. These include: dogmas of creation, providencylism; The trinity of God, speaking in 3 Ilostasi, God-Father, God-Son, God-Holy Spirit; awareness; Resurrection of Christ; redemption; the second coming of Christ; The immortality of the soul and others. The cult form the sacraments, rites, holidays. Christian sacraments – special religious actions designed to actually make the divine human life. The sacraments are considered established by Jesus Christ, their 7: baptism, Miropomanazism, Communion (Eucharist), Repentance, Priesthood, Marriage, Impression (Cattle).

In 395 There was an official division of the empire to the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, which led to the growing differences between the churches of the East and the West and their final discontinuity. in 1054. The main dogma who served as the reason for the split, became spore about "Philocove" (i.e. about the emergence of the Holy Spirit). Western Church began to be called roman Catholic (The term "Catholicism" was produced from the Greek "Catholicos" - universal, universal), which meant the "Roman World Church", and the East, - greco Catholic, orthodox. The worldwide, faithful principles of orthodox Christianity ("Orthodoxy" - from Greek. "Orthodox"- Proper doctrine, opinion). Orthodox (Eastern) Christians believe that God - the Holy Spirit comes from the Father's God, and Catholics (Western) - as from God-Son ("Philocove" with Lat.- "and from Son"). After the adoption of Christianity Kiev Rus 988when Prince Vladimir from Byzantium in his east, orthodox version, the Russian Church became one of the Metropolies (church regions) of the Greek Church. The first Metropolitan from the Russians in the Russian Orthodox Church was Illarion (1051). IN 1448 g. Russian Church declared herself avtochefali(independent). After the death under the onsman of the Turkish Ommans of Byzantium in 1453, Russia was the main stronghold of Orthodoxy. In 1589, Moscow Metropolitan of Job became the first Russian patriarch. Orthodox churches, unlike Catholic, do not have a single control center. Currently, autochefal Orthodox churches are 15. Russian Patriarch today is Kirill,Pope Rimsky - FrancisI..

In the 16th century during the period Reformation (from lat. Transformation, correction), wide anti-tolic movement appears protestantism.The reformation in Catholic Europe was held under the slogan of the restoration of the traditions of the early Christian church and the authority of the Bible. Chiefs and ideological inspirers of the Reformation were Martin Luther and Thomas Munzer in Germany, Ulrich Zwingley in Switzerland and Jean Calvin in France. The starting point at the beginning of the Reformation was October 31, 1517, when M. Meruter nailed to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral of his 95 theses against the teachings on the salvation of the merits of the saints, about purgatory, about the intermediary role of the clergy; He crushed the mercenary trade in indulgences as a violation of the Gospel Testaments.

Most Protestants share the general student ideas about the creation, providencylism, about the existence of God, about his trinity, about the Godrod of Jesus Christ, about the immortality of the soul, and so on. Important principles of most Protestant denominations are: justifying the faith only, and good deeds are the fruit of love for God; The priesthood of all believers. Protestantism rejects posts, Catholic and Orthodox rituals, prayer for the dead, worship of the Virgin and Saints, reverence, Icons, and other Reliquia, Church hierarchy, monasteries and monasticism. Baptism and communion are preserved from the sacraments, but they are confused symbolically. The essence of Protestantism can be expressed as follows: Divine grace is given without mediation of the church. A person's salvation occurs only through his personal faith in the redemptive sacrifice of Christ. The communities of believers are heading elected priests (the priesthood applies to all believers), the service is extremely difficult.

Protestantism from the very beginning of its existence was divided into a number of independent religions - Lutheranism, Calvinism, Zwingleanism, Anglicism, Baptism, Methodism, Adventism, Mennonity, Pentecot. There is a number of other trends.

Currently, the leaders of both Western and Eastern churches are striving to overcome the detrimental consequences of centuries-old hostility. Thus, in 1964, Pope Pavel Yi and Constantinople Patriarch Athenagor solemnly canceled mutual curses, spoken by representatives of both churches in the 11th century. It should be the beginning of overcoming the disunity of Western and Eastern Christians. From the beginning of the 20th century got the distribution of the so-called ecumenical Movement (from Greek. Ekumena is the Universe, the inhabited world). Currently, this movement is carried out mainly in the framework of the World Council of Churches, the active member of which is the Russian Orthodox Church. Nowadays, an agreement was reached on the coordination of the activities of the Russian Orthodox and foreign Russian Orthodox churches.

2.3. Islam -the youngest world religion (Islam "translated from Arabic - submission, and the name of Muslim comes from the word" Muslim "- who gave himself to God). Islam originated in 7th century AD In Arabia, the population of which at this time lived in the context of the decomposition of the tribal system and the formation of a single state. In this process, one of the means to unite the numerous Arab tribes into a single state and has become a new religion. The founder of Islam is the Prophet Muhammad (570-632), The native of the city of Mecca, which in 610 began its preaching activities. The tribes who lived in the Arabian Peninsula before the emergence of Islam were pagans. The pre-Islamic era is referred to jihilya. Pantheon of the pagan mecca consisted of many gods whose idols were called betila. One of the idols, as researchers believe, wore name Allah. IN 622 g. Muhammad together with his adherents - mughadzhiram - It was forced to escape from Mecca to Yasrib, who was subsequently called the Medina (the city of the Prophet). Resettlement (in Arabic "Hijra") Muslims in Yasrib became the first day of Muslim summer. After the death of Muhammad in 632. The first four heads of the Muslim community were Abu-Bakr, Omar, Osman, Aliwho received the name of the "righteous caliphs" (Arabsk. successor, deputy).

A special role in the formation of the Muslim worldview was played by Judaism and Christianity. Muslims, along with Jews and Christians, honor the same Old Testament prophets, as well as Jesus Christ as one of them. That is why Islam is called avraamic religion (by the name of the Old Testament Abraham - the founder of the "12 knees of Israel"). The basis of the creed of Islam is constituted Koran (Arabsk. "Read out loud) and Sunna (Arabsk. "Sample, example"). Many biblical plots are reproduced in the Quran, the biblical prophets are mentioned, the last of which, "the seal of the prophets," is considered to be Muhammad. Koran consists of 114 Sur (chapters), each of which is divided into ayati.(poems). The first sura (the largest) - "Fatiha" (opens) means for Muslim the same thing as the Christian Prayer "Father Our", i.e. Everyone is obliged to know her by heart. Along with the Koran, leadership for the entire Muslim community ( umma) In solving the urgent problems of public and personal life is Sunna. This is a text arch ( hadith) describing the life of Muhammad (similar to the Christian Gospels), his words and cases, and in a broad sense - a collection of good customs, traditional establishments, complementing the Quran and revered on a par with him. An important document of the Muslim complex is sharia (Arabsk. "Proper Way") - a set of norms of Muslim law, morality, religious prescriptions and rituals.

In Islam are approved 5 "Pilts of Faith"which reflect the responsibilities of Muslim:

1. Shahada- Certificate of faith, expressed by the formula "There is no God, except for Allah, and Muhammad Messenger of Allah." It contains 2 of the most important dogmas Islam - the confession of the monotheism (Tauhid) and recognition of the prophetic mission of Muhammad. During the battles of Shahad served Muslims in combat tide, so the warriors who fell in battle with the enemies of faith were called shahidami(martyrs).

2. Namaz (Arabsk. Salad) - Daily 5-fold prayer.

3. Saum (Turkish. "Uraza") Post per month Ramadan (Ramazan) is the 9th month of the lunar calendar, "month of the Prophet".

4. Scare - Mandatory alms, the tax in favor of the poor.

5. Hajj- Pilgrimage to Mecca, which every Muslim must accomplish at least once in life. Pilgrims are sent to Mecca, Kaaba, which is considered the main shrine of Muslims.

Some Muslim theologians consider the 6th "Pillars" Jihad (Gazavat). Under this term means the struggle for faith, which is conducted in the following basic forms:

- "Jihad Hearts" - the struggle with their own bad inclinations (this is the so-called. "Great Jihad");

- "Jihad Language" - "the commandment of decent approval and prohibition of decent censure";

- "Jihad Hand" - the adoption of appropriate measures for punishment against criminals and violators of morality norms;

"Jihad sword" is the necessary appeal to the weapon in order to deal with the enemies of Islam, destroy evil and injustice (t. Naz. "Small jihad").

Shortly after the death of Muhammad inside Muslims, there was a split on Shiites and Sunnites. Shiism (Arabsk. "Party, grouping") - recognizes Ali, 4th "righteous caliph" and his descendants, the only legal successors of Muhammad (because he was his blood relative), i.e. defends the transfer of Senov Supreme Leagon Muslims ( and mother) by inheritance inside the genus marked by God's guardianship. Later in the Islamic world there were Shiite states - Imamata. Sunnism -the largest confession in Islam, recognizes the legitimate power of all 4 "righteous caliphs," rejects the idea of \u200b\u200bmediation between Allah and people after the death of the Prophet, does not accept the idea of \u200b\u200b"Divine" Nature Ali and the right of his descendants to spiritual supremacy in the Muslim community.

Explain the meaning of terms: Confession, Sect, Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism, Dogmat, Gospel, Old Testament, New Testament, Apostle, Messiah, White and Black clergy, Patriarch, Reformation, Charisma, Nirvana, Buddha, Stupa, Brahmanism, Karma, Sansara, Caste, Wahhabism , Kaaba, Jihad (Gazavat), Namaz, Khajj, Shahada, Sum, Claw, Clear, Prophet, Hijra, Khalifat, Sharia, Imamat, Sunna, Shisma, Sura, Ayat, Hadith.

Personalia: Siddhartha Gautama, Abraham, Moses, Noah, Jesus Christ, John, Mark, Luka, Matthew, Muhammad (Magomed), Abu Bakr, Omar, Osman, Ali, Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingley, Jean Calvin.

Questions for self-test:

1. How do the concepts of culture and religion correlate?

2. What are the functions of religion?

3. What religions are called Abrahamic?

4. What religions are called monotheistic?

5. What is the essence of Buddhism?

6. What is the essence of Christian and Islamic faults?

7. When and where the world religions arose?

8. What confessions exist in Christianity?

9. What confessions exist in Islam?

WORKSHOPS

Seminar Plans for Students Ozo SC GMI (GTU)

Seminar 1. Cultural Science in the system of humanitarian knowledge

Plan: 1. The origin and meaning of the term "culture".

2. The structure of the culture and its main functions.

3. Stages of formation of cultural studies. The structure of cultural studies.

Literature:

When preparing for the seminar, attention should be paid to the etymology of the term "culture" and trace the historical development of ideas about culture: in antiquity, in the Epoch of the Middle Ages, in the era of Renaissance, in a new time and in modern times. Students can submit different definitions of the term "culture" and comment on what positions this or that definition is given. It is important to submit the classification of the basic definitions of culture. As a result, we will receive an idea of \u200b\u200bmultiplicity, the versatility of cultural definitions in modern cultural studies.

When preparing the 2nd issue, the student should consider the structure of culture and not only to know the main functions of culture, but also to understand how they are implemented in the life of society, to be able to bring examples. Students should explain why the function of socialization or inculturation is the main in culture.

The 3rd question implies an analysis of the structure of the cultural science as integrative humanitarian discipline. The identification of the process of folding the science itself, the study of the main stages of the formation of cultural studies as science will make sure its multilateral relations with ethnography, history, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and other sciences.

The discussion of all the issues of the seminar will allow students to make informed conclusions about the place and role of cultural studies in the humanitarian knowledge system of modernity.

Seminar 2. Basic concepts of cultural studies.

Plan:

Information and semiotic approach to culture. The main types of iconic systems of culture.

Cultural values, essence and types.

The concept of the norm in cultural studies, their functions and types.

Literature:

1. Baghdasaryan. N.G. Culturalology: Tutorial - M.: Yurait, 2011.

2. Culturalology: textbook / ed. Yu.N. Solonina, M.S. Kagan. - M.: Higher education, 2011.

3. Carmin A.S. Cultural Science: Summary - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010.

In preparing the first question, students should understand the difference in defining culture from the standpoint of an information and semiotic approach towards the definitions already known to them ("Culture is a special nebiological form of the information process"), which involves consideration of culture in three main aspects: culture as the world of artifacts , culture as a world of meanings and culture as a world of signs. The culture content always finds expression in the language. Language In the broad sense of this concept call any system of signs (means, signs, symbols, texts), which allows people to communicate and transfer to each other a variety of information. Systems of signs and information that accumulates with their help is the most important components of culture. Students need to be remembered by considering culture as a complex iconic system.

It is important to note that today the information and semiotic approach to understanding culture is one of the main in cultural studies. It is on it that the culture-cultural scientists Kagan M.S., Karmin A.S., Solonin Yu.N. et al., whose textbooks are recommended by the Ministry ofwear of the Russian Federation as basic.

Considering the main types of iconic systems, students should be collected by bringing examples for each of the types of iconic systems. Visuality and persuasive examples contribute to a better understanding and learning of the software.

Considering the issue of values, students must emphasize the role of values \u200b\u200bin culture, find out their nature and communication with the norms, mentality, to determine the types of values \u200b\u200band their classification. It is important to imagine a system of value orientation of the individual and the factors of its formation.

The concept of the norm in cultural studies depends on the degree and specifics of the normativeness of culture, the student should be familiar with the various classifications of norms and bring examples.

Seminar 3.Culture and religion.

Plan: 1. Religion in the cultural picture of the world. The main elements and functions of religion.

2. World religions:

a) Buddhism: origins, teaching, sacred texts;

b) Christianity: the emergence and foundations of Christian creed, denomination.

c) Islam: origins, creeding, denominations.

Literature:

1. Baghdasaryan. N.G. Culturalology: Tutorial - M.: Yurait, 2011.

2. Culturalology: textbook / ed. Yu.N. Solonina, M.S. Kagan. - M.: Higher education, 2011.

3. Carmin A.S. Cultural Science: Summary - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010.

4. Cultural Science: Uch. / Ed. G.V. Dracha. - Rostov / Don: Phoenix, 2012.

5. Culturalology. History of world culture / ed. A.N. Markova - M.: Uniti, 2011.

6. Kostina A.V. Culturalology: electronic textbook. - M.: Knourus, 2009.

7. Kvetkina I.I., Tuchielova R.I., Kulumbekova A.K. and others. Lectures in cultural studies. Uch. pos. - Vladikavkaz, ed. SC GMI, 2006.

Religion issues are closely related to culture. No wonder in the word Culture, the word "cult" - reading, worshiping to someone - or something. That is why the seminar occupation, founded on independent training of studentsProposed to explore the most common religions in the world. As for Christianity and Islam, we live in a region where both these denominations exist around us. According to his religious origin, many students relate to Christians or Muslims, and they are very not disconnectable to know the foundations of the religion of their ancestors.

When preparing 1 issue of the seminar, it should be understood that any religion acts as a fundamental factor in public life. Raised from mythology, religion inherits its fundamental place in culture. At the same time, in a developed society, where art, philosophy, science, ideology, politics form independent areas of culture, religion becomes their overall, system-forming spiritual basis. Its influence on the life of society was and remains very significant, and in some periods of history - decisive. Students should be able to not only list the basic elements of religion, but also comment on their content. And also to tell in detail about the basic functions of religion.

Unlike other world religions, Buddhism is often interpreted as a philosophical and religious doctrine, the religion "without soul and without God" - Siddhartha Gautama (563 - 486-473 BC) - Buddha, i.e. The "enlightened" was the historical face, the son of Tsar Shakyev, a small tribe who inhabited in the foothills of Himalayas. He was deed for followers after death. Speaking about the origins of Buddhism, students should know that he has grown out of ancient Indian brahmanism. Buddhist philosophers borrowed a rebirth idea. Today Buddhism is not only religion, but also ethics, and a certain lifestyle.

Shortly before the death of the Buddha, the principles of his teaching formulated: "Four noble truths", theory of causality, impermanence of elements, "middle way", "octal path". The task of students not only to list, but also be able to disclose the content of these principles, making the conclusion that the final goal is to achieve Nirvana. Students should be understood that Nirvana (explain the term) is the highest state of spiritual activity and energy that is free from low-lying attachments. Buddha, reaching Nirvana, preached his teaching for many more years.

The history of Christianity is described in detail in many textbooks and benefits. In the preparation of this part of the question, it is important to present the origins of the emergence of a new religion in the course of Judaism, the difference of Christianity from Judaism and the foundations of Christian creed (Nagorno sermon of Jesus, a symbol of faith). The Bible can be represented in the 2rd main parts - the Old and New Testament. Moreover, students must have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe essence of the New Testament as a new agreement of God with people. Students should also form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe 3-major branches of Christianity - Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Protestantism and the main differences between them.

In preparing the issue of Islam, it should be noted that Islam as the youngest of world religions absorbed a lot from Judaism, and from Christianity, so Islam and rank abrahamic religions. Muhammad (Magomed) - the Prophet Islam, the last Messiah (according to Muslims), opposed to Arabic pagan, with the help of the new faith, promoted not only the ethnic, but also state consolidation of Arabs. This explains the fact of the presence of the idea of \u200b\u200b"Jihad" in the initial Islam ("Gazavat"). Students must trace the historical evolution of this idea and the modern embodiment of it in Islamic Fundamentalism (in particular, the flow of Wahhabism). The essence of Islam was the recognition of the 5 "Pilts of Islam", which students should not only state, but also clarify. The history of the creation of the Quran and Sunny, their role in the life of believers should also be traced. Students need to have an idea and the main currents of Islam - Sunnisme and Shiism.

Basic references to the course:

1. Karmin A.S. Cultural Studies: a short course - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010. - 240 s.

2. Culturalology: textbook / ed. Yu.N. Solonina, M.S. Kagan. - M.: Higher education, 2010. - 566 p.

3. Baghdasaryan. N.G. Culturalology: Tutorial - M.: Yurait, 2011. - 495 p.

additional literature:

1. Cultural studies: uch. For bachelors and specialists / ed. G.V. Dracha et al. - M.: Peter, 2012. - 384 p.

2. Markova A.N. Culturalology. - M.: Prospekt, 2011. - 376 p.

3. Kostina A.V. Culturalology. - M.: Knorus, 2010. - 335 p.

4. Gurevich P.S. Culturalology: uch. pos. - M.: Omega-L, 2011. - 427 p.

5. Stolyarenko LD, Sayagin S.I. and others. Cultureology: uch. Pos. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2010. - 351c.

6. Viktorov V.V. Culturalology: uch. For universities. - M.: Fin.UN-T with right. RF, 2013. - 410 p.

7. Leliefovich V.R. Culturology: uch. - Method. Address for universities. - Minsk: Rivsch, 2013. - 363 p.

Offered Tops Abstracts:

1. Cultural anthropology as an integral part of cultural studies. F. Boas. 2. Methods of cultural research. 3. Semiotics as science. 4. Culture as text. 5. The essence and function of the culture language. 6. Multiplicity of cultural languages. 7. Symbol as a product of a culture language. 8. Symbol in science and art. 9. The role of the value component in the life of people. 10. Value core of culture and factors affecting its formation. 11. The problem of the ratio of values \u200b\u200band personality motivation. 12. The problem of the ratio of the values \u200b\u200bof the Individual and Society. 13. Meaning of mentality. 14. Mentality and national character. 15. Primitive and antique mentality. 16. Mentality in the Middle Ages. 17. Anthropological structure of culture. 18. "Cultural Environment" and "Natural Wednesday", their real correlation in human life. 19. The role of a gaming principle in culture. 20. Culture and intelligence. 21. The historical dynamics of the existence of culture. 22. Beauty as an essence of art. 23. Art and scientific picture of the world. 24. Perception of artistic work. 25. Art and religion. The concept of "dehumanization" of the art of H. Sortie-and-Gasset. 26. Art in the modern world. 27. Tradition and innovation in culture. 28. The laws of history and development of culture. 29. The problem of historical and cultural typology. 30. Ethnic and culture in the concept of L.N.Gumilev. 31. Ethnocultural stereotypes. 32. Semiotic types of cultures Y.Lotman. 33. Youth subculture. 34. Counterculture as a mechanism of sociordynamics. 35. Countercultural phenomena. 36. Primitive painting. 37. Myth as a cultural phenomenon. 38. Myths in the life of the ancient Greeks. 39. Myth and magic. 40. Characteristic features of the myth and the logic of mythological thinking. 41.Socultural functions of myth and myths in modern culture. 42. Russia in the East-West system: confrontation or dialogue of cultures. 43. Russian national character. 44. Orthodox motives of the culture of Russia. 45. Westerners and Slavophiles about Russian culture and historical fate of Russia. 46. \u200b\u200bChristian temple as a focus of spiritual and cultural life. 47. The secularization of Russian culture in the 17th century. 48. Features of the culture of education in Russia. 49. The typological model of the F. Nitsche culture. 50. The concept of cultural and historical types of N.Ya. Danilevsky. 51. Typology of culture O.Spengorler and A.Tunby. 52. The theory of socio-cultural dynamics P.Sorokina. 53. K.Jaspers about a single way to develop humanity and its main stages. 54. The main threats and dangers for culture in the 21st century. 55. Technique as a sociocultural phenomenon. 56. Prospects for the interaction of culture and nature in 21 V. 57. Protection of cultural monuments. 58. Museums of the world and their role in the preservation of the cultural heritage of mankind. 59. Cultural universals in the modern world process.

Hello, dear friends!

Currently, there are a huge number of religions in the world that give people strength and faith in the future. In today's article I would like to tell you about what faith and religion are?

A lot of warrior and disagreement occurred due to the fact that a person who determined with his faith and finding a source of belief, ceases with respect to other points of view and religion. But does it make sense to find out who is right or more accurate in the context of such an individual approach to the question?

It doesn't matter what the person believes, the main thing is that he finds the light and seeks him! Living in harmony with me and carrying creative energy into the masses, people can be called people. And it does not matter exactly what the name of the religion is based on his acts.

The classification by types occurred due to the desire of religion to separate modern and ancient trends. Today you can allocate religions on several types: tribal, world and national.

Many of the peoples of the world called God with different names. And in each conviction always lay her truth. For some Easter rabbit, it could act as the highest forces of Being and the Universe and, at the same time, others had the right to consider the true pagan rites, which sometimes contradicted the majority canons of the religious system of Christianity.

Atheism has acquired rights for its formation relatively recently. Totemity and taking themselves as a person, similarly occupied a place in the frame of self-expression. If before the person was on earth, and the gods in the sky, today agnosticism, as faith "between faith," projects completely different statutes of thinking and understanding the world.

I would like to talk about some of the religions in more detail. To your attention, I want to submit a list of different religions of the peoples of the world. You certainly be familiar with one of them, but with some will come across for the first time.

Buddhism

Buddhism is one of the oldest religions in the world originated in India. Thanks to its founder, Siddhartha Gautam, familiar to us, as a great Buddha, people all over the planet still seek to find consolation in a true understanding of the words "awaken" or "enlightened".

Buddhist philosophy is based on the exercises on "noble truths". There are only four of them. The first explains the existence of suffering, the second - talks about his reasons, the third - calls for liberation, and the fourth - teaches how to come to him.

Buddhism dogmas and the very understanding of life can be called the river or the flow of intangible particles. It is their combination that determines the being existing on Earth and in the universe.

The challenges of Karma carry rebirth and therefore, it is worth with respect to which acts made a man in a past life. The ideal of Buddhism can be boldly called moral. His essence is ridiculed into the motto " Do not harm. Nobody!».

And the main goal is considered to achieve the state of Nirvana - then you mean full peace and peace.

Brahmanism

This religion is also rooted in India. She gained development thanks to Vediation. What does she teach about? The most important thing is the awareness of the Divine beginning of the whole urgent and tangible, called revelations about Brahman.

And also about Atman - a unique and personal spirit. Experts of Vedas played an invaluable role in the formation of brahmanism as free flow. In the religious system, the initial role was assigned to them.

The main idea was based on the conviction and propaganda that people are unique and find a second identical - impossible. From childhood, you mean my own unique strength, mission and task since childhood.

Brahmanists were distinguished by complex and religious rites. And rituals occupied the bulk of their lives and were strictly controlled.

Taoism

This religion has opened the masses thanks to China and its founder of Lao Tzu sage. Thanks to the philosophy, which resulted in the work of the whole life of the founder - "Dae De Jing", religion is devoted to 2 concepts.

The word "Dao", which can be interpreted as a tool or method and letter "DE", which means grace, pushed the thinker to the deep rethinking of the model of this world.

According to his thoughts, it can be concluded that the universe controls even more powerful force. The essence of its occurrence is full of secrets and mysteries, and at the same time, its influence leads to being for harmony.

The main goal of religion is the approach of man to immortality. According to the adherents of Daus, it is it that helps the personality to reveal all the power of the religious contemplation of the naked beauty of the world. And help to achieve such a state of eternal life respiratory and gymnastic trainings, alchemy, soul and body hygiene.

Jainism

Jainism is a religion that arose on the Industan Peninsula. Vardahaman is the great founder of religion. And precisely because of his vision, Jainists are convinced that no one created our world. He existed forever and continue his way no matter what.

What is the main thing? The most valuable and true is the desire for self-improvement of your own soul, strengthening its strength. The teaching states that it is because of such labor over himself, there is a liberation of the soul from all worldly.

Also religion is not disposed of faith in the resettlement of souls. Jaine believe that the success of this life is directly related to how you behaved in the previous one.

It is worth mentioning that the practice of asceticism is very significant in understanding religion, as such. The final purpose of the individual is to interrupt the cycle of rebirth. That you mean achieve nirvana and gain harmony. And this can only make ascetic.

Hinduism

Hinduism is a whole system of beliefs or the laws of the Hindus. It is distinguished by the fact that it does not carry certain and established dogmas. Characteristic features or signs of the followers of Hinduism are the authoritarity of recognition of Vedic exercises and, therefore, the brahmanical west of the worldview.

I want to note that only the person who can boast of at least one Indian Parent has the right to confess Hinduism.

The main idea of \u200b\u200bfaith that confessable - this is followed by some disposal settings. Karma, as a deed and Sansara, like a wheel of being, should be overcome by individuals for complete and true liberation.

Islam

I could not not mention this world religion, originated in Arabia. The Prophet Mukhamed, who spoke in Mecca, is considered to be its founder. According to his convictions, as well as thanks to the statements, after his death they created work. In the future, he became the Holy Book of Islam and to this day wears the famous name - Koran.

What is the essence? The main teaching states the following: " No god besides Allah" And the angels and other essences of the highest worlds are not free, but in full submission to him.

Also, Muslims are convinced that their religion is the right one, since Muhhamed is the last prophet, whom God sent to Earth. Knowledge and wisdom of previous religions, in the view of Muslims are not reliable due to the fact that people repeatedly rewrite and deformed sacred knowledge.

Judaism

This is the earliest religion that appeared in Palestine. She got widespread mostly among the Jews. Faith in a single God, as well as the immortality of the soul and afterlife, is closely connected with the perception of the Jewish people, as the personification of the Messiah and the carrier of the Divine Revelation.

The sacred books of Judaism include Torah, a huge number of works of the prophets and interpretations, which are collected in the Talmud.

Christianity

It is one of the three most powerful religions in the world. Arriving in Palestine, and after the spreadsheet to the Roman Empire and in Europe. She won the hearts of many believers living on the planet Earth.

Belief in the fact that God sent to Earth of his son Jesus Christ, who righteously lived, suffered and died as an ordinary person underlies the religion.

The main book of religion is the Bible. It preaches the doctrine of three horses of a single God: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Especially Christians belong to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe first sin and to the second coming of Christ to Earth.

Polytheism

Polytemism is faith in many gods. This can be called a certain system of beliefs, a whole worldview or soil for disagreements. Religion is based on faith in several deities, which are collected in the Pantheon from the goddesses and of course, the gods.

Polyteraisis refers to the type of theisms and opposes monotheism, then you mean, faith in one, one God. And at the same time, he also dispels with the judgments of atheism, where the existence of any higher forces is denied.

In fact, such a term was introduced by Filon Alexandyrius because there was a need to create a certain difference between paganism from paganism. Since at that time the pagans called all those who did not confess Judaism.

Jedish

Rather, the philosophical current than religion, I could not mention it! Jedi believe, the comprehensive energy field created by all living beings, which surrounds and penetrates everything alive, and work on the development of their extrasensory abilities, approximately as Jedi Knights from the film "Star Wars". There are no cult action and dogmas in GEDAZ, and about half a million, especially in America and the United Kingdom, has already been registered for this flow.

And the code of the Jedi says the following:

No emotions - there is peace.
No ignorance - there is knowledge.
No passion - there is a serenity.
No chaos - there is harmony.
No death - there is power.

So most likely, the Jedi direction is largely reminiscent of Buddhism.

In conclusion, I will say that in my opinion, the central idea of \u200b\u200ball religions is one: the existence of the power and subtle, invisible worlds, as well as spiritual improvement of a person. All religions in my opinion come from ancient esoteric knowledge. So, it will be joyful when everyone will believe that he most like that, and also gives the same freedom and the rest. After all, first of all, you need to remain people!

In this philosophical note, I put a point.

Before meeting on the blog, while so far!

Religion is a definite worldview, seeking to know the highest mind, which is the root cause of all existing. Any belief opens a man's meaning of life, his purpose in the world, helping to find a goal, and not an impersonal animal existence. There are always many different worldviews. Thanks to the eternal human search, the root causes were formed by the religions of the world, the list of which is classified according to two main criteria:

How many religions in the world?

The main world religions are recognized, Islam, Buddhism, each of which is divided into numerous large and small branches and sects. It is difficult to say how many religions, beliefs and beliefs in the world, due to the regular creation of new groups, but according to some information, thousands of religious flows are numbered at the present stage.

World religions are called so because they came out far beyond the limits of the nation, countries have spread to a huge number of nationalities. Non-level professing within few people. The basis of a monotheistic view is the belief in one God, and the pagan suggests several deities.

The largest world religion, which emerged 2,000 years ago in Palestine. There are about 2.3 billion believers. In the 11th century, a division into Catholicism and Orthodoxy took place, and in 16th from Catholicism, Protestantism was separated. These are three large branches, the rest of small there are more than a thousand.

The main essence of Christianity and its distinctive features from other religions are as follows:

Orthodox Christianity adheres to the tradition of faith with apostolic times. Its bases are formulated by the universal cathedrals and dogmatically fixed in the faith symbol. The teaching is based on the Holy Scripture (mainly the New Testament) and the Sacred Tradition. Services are committed in four circles, depending on the main holiday - Easter:

• Daily.
• Sedmichny.
• Movable annual.
• Fixed annual.

In Orthodoxy, there are seven basic sacraments:

• Epiphany.
• Miropomanazing.
• Eucharist (Communion of the Holy Holy Tyne).
• Confession.
• Cutting.
• Wedding.
• Priesthood.

In the Orthodox understanding of God one in three persons: Father, Son, Holy Spirit. The Lord of the World is interpreted not as an angry Avenger for the offense of people, but as a loving Heavenly Father, caring for his creation and giving the grace of the Holy Spirit in the sacraments.

A person is aware of the way and the similarity of God, with a free will, but fallen in the bunch of sin. Wishing to restore the former holiness, the Lord helps to get rid of passions on this path.

Catholic teaching is a major direction in Christianity, common in Europe, Latin America and the United States. This creed has a lot in common with Orthodoxy in the understanding of God and relations between the Lord and the person, but there are fundamental and important differences:

• infallibility of the head of the Church of Pope;
• The sacred legend is formed from the 21st Ecumenical Cathedral (in Orthodoxy are the first 7);
• the distinction between the clergy and the laity: People in San are endowed with Divine grace, they are given the role of shepherds, and the Miryans are herd;
• the doctrine of the indulgence as a treasury of good deeds committed by Christ and Saints, and Dad, as the governor of the Savior on Earth, distributes the forgiveness of sins to whom wishes and who needs it;
• adding your understanding in dogmat about the Holy Spirit emanating from the Father and Son;
• making dogmas on the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary and its bodily ascension;
• the doctrine of purgatory as a mean of the human soul, cleaned from sins as a result of heavy tests.

And also there are differences in understanding and committing some sacraments:

A result of the Reformation in Germany and spread throughout Western Europe as a protest and desire to transform the Christian Church, having relived from medieval ideas.

Protestants agree with Christian ideas about God as the creator of the world, about human sinfulness, about the eternity of the soul and salvation. Share the understanding of hell and paradise, rejecting the Catholic purity.

Distinctive features of Protestantism from Catholicism and Orthodoxy:

• minimizing church sacraments - before baptism and communion;
• there is no division into clergy and laity, each well-trained person in the issues of the Holy Scripture may be for himself for the other priest;
• worship takes place in his native language, built on a joint prayer, reading Psalms, sermons;
• no worship of saints, icons, relics;
• the monasticism and the hierarchical device of the church is not recognized;
• salvation is understood only by faith, and good deeds will not help justify themselves before God;
• the recognition of the exclusive authority of the Bible, and each believer at its discretion interprets the words of Scripture, the criterion is the point of view of the founder of the church organization.

The main directions of Protestantism: Quakers, Methodists, Mennonites, Baptists, Adventists, Pentecostals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons.

The youngest world monotheistic religion. The number of believers about 1.5 billion people. The founder is the prophet Mohammed. Sacred book - Quran. For Muslims, the main thing is to live on the prescribed rules:

• make prayer five times a day;
• observe the post Ramadan;
• create alms 2.5% per year from income;
• make a pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj).

Some researchers add the sixth responsibility of Muslims - Jihad, manifested in the struggle for faith, zeal, zeal. Five types of jihad stand out:

• internal self-improvement on the way to God;
• armed struggle with unbelievers;
• fighting with their passions;
• separation of good and evil;
• taking action against criminals.

Currently, extremist groupings are used by jihad sword as an ideology that justifies their bloody activity.

World pagan religion, denying the presence of a deity. Founded in India Tsarevich Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha). Briefly comes down to the teachings about the four noble truths:

1. All human life is suffering.
2. The desire is the cause of suffering.
3. To defeat suffering, you need to get rid of the desire with the help of a specific state - Nirvana.
4. To get rid of the desire, you need to follow the eight basic rules.

By the teachings of the Buddha, buy a calm condition and intuition, clean the mind will help:

• proper understanding of the world as a lot of suffering and grief;
• gaining solid intent to cut their wishes and aspirations;
• speech control, which should be benevolent;
• committing virtuous actions;
• the effort does not harm living beings;
• expulsion of evil thoughts and mood for good;
• awareness that the flesh of a person is evil;
• perseverance and patientity in achieving the goal.

The main directions of Buddhism are Cryana and Mahayana. Along with him, in India, there are other religions, common to varying degrees: Hinduism, loose, brahmanism, Jainism, Shivaism.

What is the most ancient religion in the world?

For the ancient world, polytheism was characterized by polytheism. For example, Sumerian, Ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman religion, Druidism, Asatru, Zoroastrianism.

Judaism is one of the ancient monothetic beliefs - the National Religion of Jews, based on 10 commandments, data from Moses. Home Book - Old Testament.

Judaism has several branches:

• litvaki;
• hasidism;
• zionism;
• orthodox modernism.

There are also various types of Judaism: conservative, reformist, reconstructive, humanistic and updated.

To date, it is difficult to give an unequivocal answer to the question "What is the most ancient religion in the world?", Since archaeologists regularly find new data to confirm the emergence of various worldviews. It can be said that beliefs in the supernatural were inherent in humanity at all times.

A huge variety of worldviews and philosophical beliefs from the moment of the emergence of humanity does not allow the opportunity to list all the religions of the world, the list of which is regularly replenished with both new currents and branches from the already existing world and other beliefs.

There is hardly an adult man who would not think about his place in life, about the role that fate prepared him, about the purpose of his appearance in this world. Regardless of whether a person prays or considers himself an atheist, he believes. It is the faith that determines the degree of religiosity. Hence the conclusion itself, the people are religious. But the religion of a separate person can be its own, sometimes unique. Pay attention to which there are religions in the world.

Christianity

It originated among the Palestinian Jews in the 1st century of our era. The name comes from the Greek "Christ", which means anointed. Christ is called Jesus, who lived in the 1st century of our era. From the time of its foundations, a new era began to count. The most numerous religion of the world. There are 2.1 billion followers.

Jesus Christ is the founder of Christianity. God in the form of a person in which the entire essence of Christianity is concluded. He descended to the ground to save a person from the power of sin, heal the human nature with his resurrection after execution. It is, so the resurrection of Jesus Christ is the central dogma of Christianity.

It has three basic branches - Orthodoxy, Protestantia and Catholicism. Source of creed - Bible. Features: Saving the soul in the refusal of sins of the spoiled world, oppose the sinful joy of strict asceticism, refusal from arrogance and vanity in favor of humility and humility. The remuneration will be the life after the arrival of the kingdom of God. He teaches that, unlike other religions, Christianity is given by God, and not created by people.

Islam

What world religions are militant? First of all, Islam. With Arabic translates as "Pokhan Allah". The followers of Allah (God) call themselves Muslim ("Pokhan Allah" translated into Arabic). In Russian, this word was interpreted into a Muslim.

Islam arose at the beginning of the 7th century in the western part of the Arabian Peninsula, where the city of Mecca and Yasrib flourished (subsequently renamed Madinat - "City of the Prophet"). Abbreviated name of the city - Medina. The territory of modern Saudi Arabia.

Muslims Islam is perceived as a lifestyle. The most significant moment is the role of the right - Sharia, which is completely, to the smallest detail, regulates the life of Muslim. Islam sets a high identity ideal, the purpose of which is to save, through intellectual, physical and spiritual self-improvement, and the main task is to humility to God.

Moral values: a special role of a man, older in age and the situation, community and family. Islam supports the theory of the equality of people before God and implies a relevant attitude towards the people of "Scriptures" - Christians and Jews.

Islam was not the religion of oppressed, but religion of conquerors and winners. The ideal foundation for a centralized state and conducting an irreconcilable struggle against opponents of Islam. Presented a tough idea of \u200b\u200ba political organization and power in society. Prescribes to pay good - good, for evil - evil. Teaches generosity and help poor.

Buddhism

Since 1996, there has been from 360 to 500 thousand followers of Buddhism from 1996. Buddhism is the oldest religion of many others - originated in India in the 6th century BC. His founder had four names, but today they use the name of the Buddha - the highest among the gods. Starting from the 1st century, our era, Buddhism is divided into two currents (Cryana and Mahayan) due to the fact that supporters did not find harmony on the question of which people are worthy to get to the highest paradise - Nirvana.

Buddha - "awaken". This is not the name of the personality, but the state of mind. Buddha is a World Teacher, explaining four noble truths that contribute to everyone to achieve enlightenment. This is the noble truth of suffering, the noble truth of the cause of suffering, the noble truth of the end of the suffering and the noble truth of the path leading to the termination of suffering.

The highest goal is to achieve nirvana - eternal peace and bliss, freedom from all kinds of pollution, including moral. Saving a person - in the hands of the person himself and the Buddha can no longer save anyone. Love and mercy to all living beings without exception.

Judaism or what kind of religion is ancient

The most ancient religion is common, mainly among the Jews. Takes his beginning in the 10th century BC. A vivid example of the unity of religion and statehood. The rejection of Jesus Christ and the waiting for the arrival of another ruler, referred to in Christianity by Antichrist, in the past, the cause of the state and spiritual catastrophe of the Jews, led to the scattering of them throughout the world. As a modern religion was formed at the end of the first - beginning of the second century of our era. The main principle is the recognition of a single God.

With the advent of Christianity and Muslim, they are actively conflict with them, considering these two religions as their distortion. Christians and Muslims also did not express special sympathies, and attached to the persecution of Jews for their dedication to the apostate religion.

The international reference book "Religion of the World" indicates that there were 20 million Jews in the world in 1993. But these data may be unreliable, since in 1996 other sources brought numbers of about 14 million people. 40% of all Jews live in the United States, 30% - in Israel.

Hinduism

Formed in the 1st century of our era. It is not similar to any of those that religions exist in the world. First of all, the fact that it does not represent a holistic teaching and was created in the process of the synthesis of several religious beliefs. He has no scripture. This was reflected in the psychological warehouse of Hindus. An unthinkable compound of commitment to beliefs with the unprincipled behavior, the desire to achieve social status and envy to those who managed to achieve this. Hinduism does not have a single authority in religious issues.

Confucianism

Ethical and political teaching, founded by the thinker of the ancient China by Confure. According to the teaching, a respectful son is obliged to take care of his parents throughout life. Parents should be served and pleased, for their good to be ready for everything, and, to honor them, regardless of the circumstances. In addition, the doctrine called for the upbringing of a highly powerful person who would be honest and sincerely possessed straightforward and fearlessness, modesty and justice. Restraint, love for people, dignity and selflessness must decorate such a person.

Jainism

Religion, who adopted the concept of karma and liberation for all Indian religions at the end of the way - Nirvana. Does not recognize the gods. He considers the soul of man with an imperishable, and the world is initial. Body envelope is given to the soul based on the results of previous lives. The soul may endlessly to improve and achieve alliness, and eternal bliss.

To comprehensively consider the question in which countries what religions are very problematic in one article, because in the world of religions and religious teachings a great set. But, the main most mass directions are completely presented.