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Foreign economic sphere and economic security of the country. Safety of foreign economic activity. Foreign economic security as the most important component of economic security
Thesis
Dissertation: content author of dissertation research: candidate of economic sciences, Borodovskaya, Marina Borisovna
Introduction.
Chapter 1 Foreign economic relations of Russia: the current stage.
1. Foreign economic relations as a factor in the country's economic development.
2. Foreign trade: development trend.
3. Capital migration (investment in Russia; capital flight from Russia).
4. The role of international economic organizations.
Chapter 2. National economic security: foreign economic parameters.
1. Foreign economic security as the most important component of economic security.
2. The main directions and indicators of ensuring the foreign economic security of Russia.
3. Foreign economic sphere of Russia and financial security.
4. The relationship between the openness of the country and its economic security.
Dissertation: introduction to economics, on the topic "Economic security of Russia in the field of foreign economic relations"
At present, Russia is on the path of forming a qualitatively new organization of economic relations and ties, economic mechanisms and institutional structures. The inclusion of Russia in the global economic system is an objective process of the country's integration into the system of world economic relations, the need to "open" Western markets for domestic products and increase the competitiveness of our industry. It is the potential of this increase in the context of the lack of alternatives to the task of realizing the comparative advantages of the Russian economy, the possibility of developing competitive industries of national specialization. This is the main benefit that Russia will receive from being included in the world economic processes.
Following the transformation of the previous socio-economic relations, there is an evolution of views on what the economy is as a self-developing system, what tasks in the field of foreign economic relations and economic security should be solved by the state and by what means.
The current situation in the domestic economy determines the relevance of systematizing the preliminary results of Russia's economic development at the turn of the century, makes it possible to compare the place in the world economy that the country occupied earlier and occupies today, to assess the scale of Russia's involvement in world economic relations and the degree of its security.
In this regard, it is important to highlight four main areas that require the most attention in the study of economic security.
First, foreign trade and its impact on the country's economic development. It has become almost universally recognized that foreign economic relations act as a powerful amplifier of development trends. In conditions of growth, these ties reinforce a favorable environment, stimulate technological progress in the country, lead to lower costs and improve the quality of products, promote progressive changes in the sectoral structure; in periods of recession and crisis, on the contrary, they exacerbate economic difficulties.
Second, capital migration and the problem of financial security. Consideration of this problem allows us to talk about the causes, motives and consequences of capital flight, as well as to study the quantity and quality of foreign investment, methods of attracting them and the reasons for their low volume.
Third, the impact of participation in international economic organizations on the development of the country's economy. Russia's economic relations with different regions of the world have their own specifics, especially today, due to changes both in Russia itself and in the outside world, as well as the fact that structural adaptation to the world economy of Russia is taking place in much more difficult conditions than in Western European or East Asian states ...
Fourth, the relationship between the country's openness and its economic security. Modern facts show that even countries that are successfully developing and integrating with the world economy are at great risk, completely opening their economies to international capital flows. But this does not mean a call for isolation, but only for the optimal opening of the country's economy.
In the domestic economic literature, issues related to foreign economic relations and economic security have recently been widely covered. It is traditional to consider individual aspects of these processes, while, however, the systematization of all issues into a single interconnected whole has not been achieved.
The problem of studying Russia's foreign economic relations and issues of its economic security is presented in detail in the works on general problems of the world economy and security issues of domestic authors: Abakin JL, Anikina A., Vasilyeva N., Glazieva S., Gusakova N., Ilarionova A., Kireeva A., Oleinikova E., Olsevich Y. Popov V. Porokhovsky A., Senchagov V., Sidorovich A. Faminsky I. Cherkovets O. Yasin E. et al., As well as foreign authors: P. Linderta, M. Pebro J. Sachs, Fisher S. et al. "
Official publications of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, publications in scientific journals, works of leading Russian and Western economists were used as a basis for the analysis and systematization. The study used official documents of the Russian government, materials and statistics from the Customs Committee, the Bank of Russia and other departments of the country.
The subject of this research is the economic security of Russia in the field of foreign economic relations. In this case, the object of the study is specific phenomena identified for detailed study in this work: foreign trade and its impact on the country's economic development; capital migration and the problem of financial security; the impact of participation in international economic organizations on the development of the Russian economy; the relationship between the country's openness and its economic security.
The purpose of the study is to analyze and systematize general trends in the functioning of foreign trade, capital migration and their impact on the economic security of the Russian Federation.
The implementation of the research goal involves the solution of the following tasks:
To study, summarize and systematize the main approaches to the problems of foreign economic relations of Russia and economic security, available in domestic and foreign literature;
Identify and analyze the main trends in the development of Russia's foreign trade and its impact on the country's economic security;
Establish the significance of financial security for countries with economies in transition;
Determine the role of international economic organizations in the development of the country's economy;
Explore the possibility of forming an open economy while maintaining the country's economic security.
The purpose and objectives of the study presuppose the use of the dialectical method, which makes it possible to systematize the problems of foreign economic relations and economic security not only at the moment, but also in development. At the same time, the work carried out an economic analysis of the country specifics of Russia in the conduct of foreign trade, capital migration and their relationship with economic security.
The theoretical basis of the research is fundamental work in the field of economic theory, monographs and articles of domestic and foreign scientists on methodological, theoretical and applied problems of foreign economic relations and economic security. For the purpose of comparative analysis, the work widely used legislative and regulatory documents, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. resolutions of the government of the Russian Federation, the State Duma, ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, the Central Bank and other government bodies of the Russian Federation.
The information base of the work was the reference and stagistic materials of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, materials of periodicals, analytical reports.
The dissertation attempts to systematize various approaches to the development of economic security in the field of foreign economic relations.
The scientific novelty of the topic is as follows:
1. The main trends in the development of foreign trade and its impact on the economic security of the country have been identified, which allows us to speak about the importance of foreign economic relations in ensuring the security of the country. A tendency towards a gradual decrease in the share of raw materials and materials and an increase in the share of mechanical engineering products in Russian exports has been determined.
2. The special importance of financial security for countries with economies in transition has been established, a comparative analysis of the relationship between capital migration and financial security in the transitional economy of Russia has been performed. Several main reasons for the low volume of foreign investment in the Russian economy are highlighted.
3. The role of international economic organizations in the development of the country's economy is analyzed and the significant impact of international organizations on the economic development of Russia and on its relations with different countries is proved. The priority country directions for Russia at the present stage are determined.
4. Investigated and theoretically substantiated the inconsistency of opening the economy and strengthening its economic security, especially in countries with economies in transition.
The main provisions and conclusions of the dissertation can be used in the educational process when reading courses on World Economy, International Economic Relations, as well as special courses on economic, financial and international security.
The main provisions of the work were reported at the scientific-practical conference New trends in political life and economic security of Russia at the Faculty of Economics of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia and were published in the form of abstracts in the materials of the conference in 1998; at the Department of Economic Theory, IPPK, Moscow State University, where two articles were also published in the collections of Problems in Transition Economics - the second and third editions; at the Department of Political Economy, Faculty of Economics, Moscow State University.
Conceptual approaches and conclusions of the research are reflected in publications on the topic of the dissertation, with a total volume of 1.5 pp.
The logic of the presentation of the material in the dissertation work is due to the purpose and objectives of the research. It allows to show their interconnection through the prism of analysis of foreign economic relations and economic security. For this, four main directions were identified, which were analyzed in each of the chapters in accordance with their influence on foreign economic relations and the country's economic security. Special attention is paid to the problem of Russia's inclusion in world economic relations and the impact of this inclusion on the country's economic security.
The approaching turn of the century seems to be, albeit somewhat formal, but a very convenient occasion to sum up the preliminary results of Russia's economic development in the outgoing century, to compare the place in the world economy that the country occupied a century ago and occupies today, to assess the scale of truly enormous shifts that have occurred during it’s time to articulate critical lessons.
Dissertation: conclusion on the topic "Economic theory", Borodovskaya, Marina Borisovna
Conclusion
Radical economic transformations, cardinal changes in the geopolitical position of Russia after the collapse of the USSR, the formation of a qualitatively new basis for the interaction of the domestic economy with the world economy, the implementation of a set of measures to bring the economy out of the crisis significantly strengthened the relationship of the areas of economic security identified by the author in the field of foreign economic relations.
Inclusion in world economic processes is a complex and lengthy process for every national economy, including the Russian one, but it corresponds to the leading trends in world development and national interests.
With the internationalization of production, national economic security is increasingly closely linked with international economic security. This was clearly demonstrated not only by the financial crises spreading out across the world, regardless of the level of development of the economy of the country that is affected, but also by the military conflicts that have swept the European and Asian continents over the past three years. It should be noted that hostilities are often a certain precondition for surges and falls in quotations on the stock and commodity exchanges of the leading countries of the world.
Behind the concept of internationalization of economic life today stands the effective functioning of a multi-level world system of economic ties, uniting individual countries into a world complex, in which the degree of closeness of their economic interaction is in accordance with the level of economic progress they have achieved. The study of the patterns of the formation of these ties and the prospects for their further development gives grounds to assert that the general trend of the world economy is the movement towards economic convergence and the unification of individual countries into a single world economic complex.
As a result of the expansion of world economic ties, the total volume of resources at the disposal of the country changes, their material form is transformed, and the possibilities of borrowing knowledge are enhanced.
It is necessary to develop a concept of economic security, which is based on the highest contractual national-state interests. In this regard, it is inextricably linked with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe future of the country, of the socio-economic model that should be formed as a result of the ongoing changes and which acts as a social ideal.
When determining specific instruments and mechanisms for ensuring economic security, it is necessary to take into account the threats to economic security formulated above, as well as take into account the short-term or pre-term nature of the action of these threats, the possibility of their prevention in the present period and not allowing them in the future, given that Russia is on the path of formation open economy, liberalization of foreign trade.
The paper presents an analysis of a number of modern trends in the development of foreign economic relations and economic security. It should be emphasized that the analysis is based both on the works of Russian and foreign scientists who have been studying this problem for several years. as well as on the systematization of statistical data published by official Russian and foreign publications.
The current trends highlighted by the author indicate that. despite the predominance of fuel and raw materials in Russian exports, which, of course, is a reflection of the country's real competitive advantages in the international division of labor in the last decade. Russia began to enter the international market of goods and services with modern mechanical engineering products, finished products and, of course, highly qualified specialists in applied and theoretical fields.
When developing a promising foreign economic policy, the import policy should be formulated in a new way. The approach to imports should be differentiated depending on the national economic and social importance of a particular product; a decisive course is needed to develop import-substituting and vital industries for goods that Russia can and should produce itself in sufficient quantities.
The highest dog of the state and its key function are to ensure the stability of society, its self-preservation and development, to reflect possible threats to the country's security. At the same time, anticipation of emerging dangers is of decisive importance, rather than passively following events. In order to implement such an approach in practice, it is necessary to clearly define the system of indicators, or indicators of economic security. The development of a system of such indicators is one of the most important policy instruments for ensuring the country's economic security.
The problem of Russia's security in the foreign economic sphere is directly related to the success of solving the problems of financial stabilization and entering the trajectory of economic growth.
This is especially important at the stage of the transition to a market economy, characterized by weak protection of Russian producers from the expansion of imported goods into the Russian market, discriminatory restrictions on the export of their own products and the flight of Russian capital abroad.
One of the most important criteria for the economic security of countries with economies in transition is their financial security, which consists of such components as monetary security, which includes the whole complex of monetary and credit relations between the state and the outside world and its internal tightness, between which a certain relationship can be traced; attracting foreign investment, which, despite the unfavorable investment climate, the outflow of Russian capital from the domestic economy, low level of transport and telecommunications infrastructure and corruption, began to increase after the 1998 crisis; capital outflow abroad, the reasons for which are diverse and affect both the basic foundations of a transition economy, the specifics of monetary and financial instruments for regulating foreign economic activity, and the psychology of behavior of market entities. investors, their confidence in government policy, in the stability of the national currency, etc.
One of the main problems of countries with economies in transition is their particular financial instability during periods of global crises and cataclysms. as a result of which they suffer colossal financial losses. This can be prevented by using preventive measures to improve the economic, legal and political situation in the country. Otherwise, the aggravation of this problem, the delay in making the necessary decisions and documents can cause enormous harm to reforms in the country, undermine its economic security and independence.
Skillful and timely adoption of comprehensive measures on the above problems can help reduce the need for attracting foreign capital, resolving non-payments, quickly repaying the external tax, revitalizing the investment process and restructuring the economy, expanding the tax base and increasing tax revenues to the budget.
The work analyzed the role of international organizations in the development of the country's economy. It should be noted that Russia's economic relations with different regions of the world, of course, have their own specifics due to changes both in Russia itself and in the outside world.
By the end of the 20th century, several dozen economic integration groups emerged in the world. Thanks to these really and effectively functioning integration groupings, it can be assumed that in the near future world economic ties will be a set of macroeconomic groupings that use the advantages of economic integration in various combinations of types and forms.
The work identified several priority country and integration areas in Russia's foreign economic policy. Of course, one of the main directions is the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and integration groupings, which include these countries - the APR, APEC, ASEAN. Interaction with these countries and groups allows Russia not only to improve the structure of exports (high technology, weapons, machinery and equipment), but also to act as an equal partner in relations, which, by no means, can be said about relations with leading Western powers.
The next, undoubtedly important, direction is the relationship within the CIS, where Russia acts not only as a partner, but also as a leader. The export structure, of course, includes not only raw materials and materials, but also high technologies, weapons, machinery and equipment, component parts.
Russia's participation in international economic integration groups means agreement not only to comply with certain world trade standards, but also to significant changes within the country: in its economy and economic policy, including in the legal support of entrepreneurial activity, support for competition, and in the protection of property rights in all its forms and manifestations.
The interrelation of the country's openness and its economic security is clearly manifested during periods of world crises, exacerbation of military conflicts and other global cataclysms. Due to the fact that the opening of the country implies the liberalization of its economic policy, free access of foreigners to the domestic market and domestic entrepreneurs to the world market, mutual capital flows, i.e. the removal of almost all previously existing restrictions, the question arises about the optimality of opening the country's economy in view of ensuring economic security as a guarantee of the country's independence, the conditions for the stability and efficiency of society.
The main principle that governments should be guided by in finding a balance between economic liberalization and ensuring the stability of credit and financial institutions can be formulated as follows: depending on the specific conditions in a particular country, governments should have the moral right to postpone the lifting of restrictions (such as ceiling interest rates). rates that force lenders to lend only to reliable borrowers or control over the inflow / outflow of capital, which makes it difficult for everyone to access cheap and seemingly bottomless sources of external financing), if there are doubts about the ability to ensure due supervision of financial institutions and their stability.
The laws of a market economy do not automatically ensure prosperity, including in the field of foreign economic relations. In addition, under the current conditions, the rapid liberalization of the foreign trade regime was not justified.
The implementation of measures aimed at improving foreign economic policy and economic security should be carried out in line with the implementation of an active structural and social policy, strengthening the state's activity in the investment, financial, monetary sphere and the continuation of institutional transformations.
The current economic policy should lead to the creation of the main elements of an effective financial infrastructure and ensuring the financial stability of the state on the basis of a balanced budget system and a set of monetary policy instruments that ensure protection from adverse external influences. The implementation of measures in the field of structural policy will give the Russian economy a new impetus, ensuring the accelerated development of industries with a new technological order, the active use of the results of innovative activities, and a closer integration of Russia into the international system of division of labor. Purposeful and coordinated movement in all these areas will help maintain high rates of economic growth, consistently improve the living standards of the population, enhance the country's intellectual potential, increase the degree of openness of the Russian economy, as well as create the necessary prerequisites for ensuring pre-term economic stability of the state.
Dissertation: bibliography in economics, candidate of economic sciences, Borodovskaya, Marina Borisovna, Moscow
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6. Buglay V. Liventsev N. l International economic relations, M. 1996.
7. Buzgalin A. Transitional economy, M., 1994.
8. Vasilyeva N. Foreign capital investments and the Russian investment climate: problems and prospects, M. 1998.
9. Davidov O. Foreign trade: time of changes, M., 1996.
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15. Metekina N. World economy and its regulation, M., 1994.20. World Economy, ed. Lomakina V., M., 1995 21. World economy from 1945 to the present day trans. with fr., M., 1996.
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problems of ensuring the economic security of the state in the field of foreign economic activity
N. in. beketov,
doctor of Economics, Professor
m. E. Tarasov,
doctor of Economics, Professor, Yakutsk State University named after M.K. Ammosova
Economic security is the basis of national security and determines the prospects for the socio-economic, political and cultural development of Russia. In modern conditions, its provision becomes of paramount importance, since economic globalization means a qualitatively new stage in the development of international economic relations and the formation of a single economic space. This "pushes" countries with economies in transition to scientific development and practical implementation of a new paradigm of economic security, taking into account the peculiarities of interaction between subjects of foreign economic activity (FEA) in the context of globalization, including the criminalization of this area.
The criminalization of economic activity has always been viewed as a serious threat to the economic security of the Russian Federation. With different approaches to defining threats to economic security, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that the criminalization of economic relations is one of the most serious threats.
In the field of foreign economic activity, criminalization has become widespread due to a number of factors of a socio-economic, political, state-legal and cultural nature. In particular, these include ill-conceived market reforms, forced liberalization of the regime
Foreign economic activity, unfavorable investment climate, insufficient capital protection, high rates of inflation, imperfection of the regulatory and legal framework (first of all, legislation on state regulation of foreign economic activity, customs, tax, currency legislation), low efficiency of state control over foreign economic operations, results of intellectual activity, shortcomings in law enforcement, devaluation of universally significant values \u200b\u200band a decrease in the level of legal awareness.
Over the past less than two decades, the policy of the Russian state in the field of foreign economic activity has undergone fundamental changes. The initial stage of these transformations can be considered the publication of the Decree of the President of Russia dated November 15, 1991, No. 213 "On the liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of the RSFSR," which destroyed the monopoly of state structures on foreign trade contacts. Then the regulatory framework gradually begins to be updated, the system of state (primarily executive) power is being restructured, the powers of state bodies involved in the regulation of foreign economic activity are redistributed. The process of restructuring and modernizing the system of public administration and control continues to this day. However, to argue that a state mechanism has already been created that is absolutely adequate to the new
Threats and security
socio-economic, legal and cultural conditions, prematurely.
After the demonopolization of the foreign trade sphere, a large number of legal entities and individuals were involved in it. Currently, enterprises, regardless of their form of ownership, organizational and legal form, size of authorized capital and assets, field of activity, place of establishment, have the opportunity to participate in international economic exchange. Individual entrepreneurs also actively use this opportunity.
At the same time, the landslide devaluation of the ruble, the change in the scale of domestic prices at the start of economic reforms, and the elimination of a number of administrative barriers have created favorable conditions for obtaining super-profits, rapid growth and export of capital, and legalization of criminal proceeds. As a result, many companies with a dubious reputation turned out to be in the field of foreign economic activity, including those created for one-time speculative operations that have a criminal nature. The sphere of foreign economic relations has become one of the most criminogenic.
The criminalization of foreign economic activity can be viewed, on the one hand, as a process characterized by the gradual displacement of legitimate economic relations by their criminal varieties, and on the other, as a special social phenomenon due to the growth of the scale of foreign economic activity and the accompanying crime, the spread of delinquent behavior in this area.
The criminalization of foreign economic activity affects the entire system of social ties, norms and relations. The increased social danger of economic crime in general and crimes in the field of customs in particular lies in the negative impact on the institutions of society, in violation of the established procedure for the functioning of the economy and the activities of the state in the field of customs, tariff and non-tariff regulation.
The extensive development of crime, which took place in the first years after the liberalization of foreign economic activity, is gradually giving way to an intensive one. Experts note a noticeable increase in her "professionalism", expressed in the modernization of the methods of preparation, commission and concealment of foreign economic and related crimes, careful planning of criminal activities and effective counteraction to the criminal justice authorities. Offenses often acquire multi-episode
character, which allows us to talk about a stable criminal orientation of individual subjects of foreign economic activity and really consider illegal activities in this area as a professional and as an integral part of the shadow economy.
Scientific and technological progress and, above all, the widespread introduction of modern information technologies, the improvement of computer technology and communication means, contribute to the development of not only the legal, but also the shadow economy. The number of criminal offenses committed with the use of high technologies is increasing. Thus, the automation of the customs clearance process, the transition to electronic declaration of goods caused the emergence of crimes related to unauthorized access to computer networks and databases of customs authorities. In connection with the continuing introduction of electronic declaration into the practice of customs, an increase in the number of high-tech crimes, including those related to illegal access and changes to the databases of customs authorities, is possible. Often, criminal business relationships develop at a faster rate than legal ones.
A rather complex mechanism for committing a crime is typical for such criminal and legal delicts as tax evasion from customs payments, non-return of funds in foreign currency from abroad, illegal export or transfer of raw materials, materials, equipment, technologies, scientific and technical information, illegal performance of work (provision of services) that can be used to create weapons of mass destruction, weapons and military equipment. Certain types of smuggling are also distinguished by the most complex schemes for the implementation of criminal goals.
In some areas of criminal foreign economic business, the volume of illegal turnover continues to increase. Thus, in recent years, the volume of smuggling of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as well as the accompanying potent, toxic substances and precursors, has been increasing at an alarming rate. The escalation of illegal drug trafficking in most regions of the Russian Federation is obvious today. The results of criminal law, criminological and forensic studies indicate that for modern international drug trafficking, along with the trend
an increase in the number of psychoactive substances transported across the customs border is also characterized by a tendency to improve criminal activity.
The size of the volumes of smuggled weapons is also increasing. The number of international transactions infringing intellectual property rights is also on the rise.
“Traditionally,” a high level of corruption in foreign economic relations remains. Almost all the largest illegal foreign economic transactions are associated with bribery of officials of state bodies involved in the regulation of foreign economic activity, primarily customs. The involvement of customs officers in crimes dramatically complicates their disclosure. In addition, even revealed crimes committed by customs officials are not always properly punished.
Corruption is essentially a way of redistributing property, capital, material and intangible benefits or rights to them, a way of suppressing freedom, multiplying relations of economic and social inequality and injustice. And as a social, or rather, an antisocial phenomenon, it poses a special danger to society and the state, especially since it acquires a systemic, organized character.
A noticeable increase in the organization of criminal structures specializing in foreign economic activity should be regarded as the most dangerous trend. Many organized criminal groups and criminal communities are complex systemic formations with a clear hierarchy and distribution of roles, a high level of control, and ramified internal and external connections. This allows you to monopolize certain areas of both legal and illegal business.
The criminal metamorphosis of foreign economic activity in the context of globalization is catalyzed by integration processes, the creation of free economic zones, customs unions, the intensification of cross-border financial, commodity, passenger and information flows, and an increase in the number of foreign economic transactions. Unfortunately, globalization also has a shadow side. Criminal activity in the foreign economic sphere has also acquired a global character. The criminal network has significantly expanded, international criminal ties have been strengthened, the mechanism for the exchange of information between criminal structures of different countries is being improved, the desire to form transnational criminal
communities whose purpose is to maximize profits from illegal foreign economic transactions. In the shadow economy, criminal foreign economic activity occupies a leading position in terms of the scale of financial transactions and the amount of profit. This explains the desire of many criminals to enter the external market and gain a foothold in it. Criminal relations arising between the subjects of foreign economic activity have a significant impact on the criminalization of individual countries and entire regions of the world economy. Subjects of crimes in most cases are citizens of different states; actively participate in the international exchange of goods, information, works, services, and the results of intellectual activity. The structure and dynamics of foreign economic offenses, criminal logistics are determined by the situation in the exporting country, the importing country, and the transit country. Criminal foreign trade transactions are carried out under the influence of supply and demand in the world market. The emergence of stable and growing tendencies towards the globalization of criminal activity requires government agencies to implement a set of measures to counter it, especially in the foreign economic sphere.
The enormous profits generated by this criminal activity, according to many experts, are one of the financial foundations of the shadow economy. Crimes leading to an increase in foreign economic criminal activity cause enormous damage to the country's economy and make it mandatory for an integrated approach to the study of these destructive processes, an assessment of the total economic damage, an effective system of measures of state and interstate control over multifactorial crime that engulfs a number of countries.
Today, when there is a globalization of economic relations, the criminalization of foreign economic activity is becoming the most serious threat to the development of Russia, complicating the tasks of ensuring the country's economic security. In the current criminal and criminogenic conditions, the absence of effective state and general social measures to counter the criminalization of foreign economic activity may lead to the fact that the large-scale spread of criminal foreign economic transactions and related offenses, in particular corruption transactions, will create a threat of destructive changes not only in the economy, but also a threat in general for the national security of Russia.
The essence foreign economic security lies in the correspondence of the results of foreign economic activity to the national and state interests of Russia. The policy aimed at achieving foreign economic security should ensure the sustainable, independent development of the country as an integral economic structure, its natural economic growth based on rational and effective foreign economic relations, an innovative revolution in various spheres of human activity.
Foreign economic security is achieved by increasing competitiveness, adapting the national economy to the conditions of the world market, ensuring its manageability and adaptive susceptibility both to protective measures and to liberalization policies in order to ensure sustainable economic growth.
Let's highlight the most important tasks in the field of foreign economic activityaimed at ensuring economic security:
Regulation of the development of foreign trade while respecting the economic interests of Russia;
Further development of export potential by expanding the production of machinery, equipment and other high-tech goods, pursuing a policy of import substitution;
Supporting the interests of Russian exporters in foreign markets in order to restore and maintain their positions in the world commodity markets;
Pursuing a policy of reasonable protectionism in relation to Russian producers who are not monopolists in the domestic market;
Restructuring external debt to reduce the burden of debt servicing;
Stabilization of the ruble against freely convertible currencies.
Foreign economic policy can not only directly confront economic threats, but also play an independent role in changing the balance of economic potentials of participants in the international integration process.
Given the importance of ensuring economic security in the foreign economic sector, consider main trends emerging in the modern foreign economic sector of Russia.
Foreign economic relations of modern Russia make a significant contribution to domestic economic growth and largely determine the state and prospects of the domestic economy.
The main part of the products of basic industries (60-70% of liquid fuel, metal, chemical fertilizers, over a third of natural gas and timber materials) is currently sold in foreign markets, about 40% of consumer goods and more than 20% investment domestic market. Real receipts from foreign non-economic activity form a significant part of the financial resources of enterprises, as well as about 60% of the federal budget revenues.
The model of Russia's participation in international trade that has developed over the years of reforms is characterized by the exchange of mainly fuel and raw materials for products of the manufacturing industry for consumer and industrial purposes ... This model is characterized, as a rule, by a tendency to slowdown in economic growth and stagnation in exports, which are in direct and close relationship. The main reason for the consolidation of this negative trend is the progressive lag of Russia in the scientific and technical sphere and the renewal of the production base, the absence of positive shifts in the structure of the national economy and exports.
Still the basis of Russian exports (80-85%) are energy carriers (primarily oil and natural gas) and various types of raw materials and semi-finished products, the share of finished products does not exceed 15-18%, including mechanical engineering products - 10%. In terms of the specific weight of machinery and equipment, Russian exports are 3.5 times lower than industrialized countries.
Thus, the inclusion of Russia and the industrially advanced powers in the world economy occurs at different levels of the global market. Russia absolutely does not fit into the qualitative shifts that are taking place in international trade.
The emerging trends turn into extremely negative consequences, both for foreign trade and for the entire economy of the country:
Increasing bias in the domestic industry in favor of the mining and primary processing industries to the detriment of the processing industries;
Deterioration of the terms of trade for Russia due to the faster growth of world prices for finished goods than for raw materials, while the imported goods are paid for by the growing amount of (non-renewable in most of them) fuel and raw materials;
The growing lag in the rate of Russia's foreign trade exchange from world indicators (the share of Russia in international trade decreased over
1990s from 2.5 to 1.2%);
The growth of the real threat to the Russian economy as a result of its high vulnerability due to constant changes in the external economic situation and fluctuations in prices on the world oil market; in fact, the fate of Russian exports, the federal budget and the country's economic growth rates have become substantially dependent on a single export resource.
Structure russian imports also significantly differs from the structure of imports of developed and many developing countries. In terms of imports of foodstuffs and agricultural raw materials, Russia almost doubles its share in the imports of developed countries. Due to food imports, Russia forms almost half of the resources of the retail trade in food products.
At first glance, Russia's imports, if evaluated by the share of machine-building products, are quite comparable with the average indicators of industrialized and developing countries. However, a significant part of the import of such products accounted for not for investment goods , i.e., for example, for equipment for re-equipment of production, and for consumer durables (cars, household appliances, etc.).
Analysis structure of Russian export and import shows that its trade with the outside world is reduced mainly to the exchange of raw materials and semi-finished goods for finished goods and food products. Such an exchange is typical for those developing countries that have not yet completed stage of industrialization ... According to most experts, this type of international exchange does not give the country tangible impulses for economic growth and does not allow hopes for the prospect of leaving the peripheral zone.
According to Rybchinsky's theorem, given that world prices remain unchanged and there are only two sectors in the country's economy, the growth of one (raw materials) will inevitably entail a reduction in output in the other sector (manufacturing output). Consequently, the Russian economy can turn into a raw material appendage of developed countries, giving the domestic market to foreign TNCs that sell not the most modern products and developments of scientific and technological progress.
The concentration of investments in export raw materials industries leads to the deindustrialization of the Russian economy and to the loss of competitiveness, both in external and internal markets. Thus, export growth slows down the development of other industries. However, in the short term, the costs of oil production due to climatic conditions will increase (they are already higher than similar costs in Saudi Arabia), which makes the future of Russia in the international division of labor more difficult due to the practically absent development of manufacturing and declining profitability of export of raw materials.
It becomes obvious that, without government intervention, it is unlikely to enter the trajectory of real economic growth.
In the current conditions, special attention is paid to monitoring the main indicators characterizing the state of foreign economic activity:
Foreign trade turnover - the sum of exports and imports of goods, billion rubles;
Trade balance is the difference between exports and imports of goods. Positive balance - export exceeds import, negative balance - import exceeds export.
The share of commodity resources received by import in the total volume of commodity resources, including for the main groups of goods;
The ratio of total exports to GDP,%;
The ratio between the volume of exports and imports of products,%;
The ratio of the volume of the state's external debt to GDP,%;
The share of imports in domestic consumption,% including food;
The share of exports in the total volume of production and production,%;
Melnikov Alexander Borisovich
doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the Department of Economics and Foreign Economic Activity of the Kuban State Agrarian University [email protected]
Svitenko Mikhail Alexandrovich
graduate student. Kuban State Agrarian University [email protected]
Essence and
FEATURES OF ENSURING THE EXTERNAL ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE RF IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Aleksandr B. Mel'nikov
Doctor of economics, professor,
Head of the Department of economics and foreign trade activities, Kuban State Agrarian University [email protected]
Mikhail A. Svitenko
graduate student.
Kuban State Agrarian University [email protected]
Essence and features of
ENSURING THE FOREIGN TRADE SECURITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Annotation. This article examines theoretical approaches to the definition of the country's foreign economic security, reveals their essence and features of its provision in the context of globalization. The main key concepts that characterize the state's ability to withstand the impact of negative external economic factors, to maintain the independence of the national economy from outside influence in order to satisfy its interests are revealed.
Key words: security, independence, globalization, interests, competitiveness, sustainability.
Annotation. This article discusses the theoretical approaches to the definition of external economic security of the country, reveals their essence and peculiarities of ensuring in the context of globalization. The basic key concepts that characterize the state "s ability to resist the impact of external economic negative factors; to save independence of national economy from external influences in order to meet its own interests are detected.
Keywords: security, independence, globalization, interests, competitiveness and sustainability
In modern conditions, one of the main issues of the country's economic development is its economic security. Uneven socio-economic development, different levels of involvement in the international division of labor, economic domination of industrially developed countries lead to a decrease in the level of protection of their own interests of states and creates the possibility of economic pressure from more powerful partners.
Therefore, the protection of the country's economic interests is an important priority of economic policy for almost all states of the world, including the industrially developed ones. The identification and analysis of risks and threats in the field of economic security, as well as the development of measures to eliminate them, has been given special attention in the world since the 40s of the XIX century.
In Russia, the definition of the concept of "economic security" was first given in 1996 during the formation of the State strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation, which characterizes
was defined as “... ensuring such economic development, which would create acceptable conditions for the life and development of the individual, socio-economic and military-political
stability of society and preservation of the integrity of the state, successful opposition to the influence of internal and external threats. "
Moreover, this state is supposed to be achieved due to the foreign economic orientation, that is, “. effective implementation of the advantages of the international division of labor, the sustainability of the country's development in the context of its equal integration into world economic relations, prevention of critical dependence of Russia on foreign countries or their communities in vital issues of economic cooperation. "
The importance of the foreign economic activity of any state in modern conditions, as a factor in ensuring sustainable economic growth and its integration into the world economy as an integral economic structure, is determined by the growing external challenges and threats.
Currently, there is no common understanding of the concept of "foreign economic security", it is considered as an integral part of economic security, which, in
turn, the main element of the country's national security. The hierarchy of the state's national security is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 - The structure of the national security of the state
The national security of the country includes:
Military (defense) security - protection of the independence, sovereignty, state and territorial integrity of the country;
Economic security - ensuring stable development of the country's economy, protecting national interests, resilience to internal and external threats;
Socio-political security - ensuring a high standard of living of the people with the stability of the institutions of state power;
Environmental safety - protection of life, health and living conditions of people and other types of safety. In addition, in each of the presented structural elements of national security, one can single out the foreign economic aspect, predetermined by the fact that in the context of globalization, practically any national interest carries a certain foreign economic content.
The scientific literature presents many approaches to the definition of the concept of "external economic security".
Fokin N.I. offers the following classification:
Satellite approach. Foreign economic security is determined by the competitiveness of the national economy (energy, food, raw materials, migration, monetary and financial, food, environmental safety). This approach gives priority to strengthening the external economic security of the market and proceeds from the fact that it depends only on external factors (market conditions, resources, etc.).
Autonomous. Foreign economic security is defined as an independent, independent concept with its own content, which characterizes the protection of the country's economy from external threats, as well as the ability to respond to external economic challenges. The autonomous approach gives priority to strengthening the foreign economic security of the state and proceeds from the fact that it depends not only on economic, but also political, social, environmental, cultural, innovative and other processes taking place in the country.
Probabilistic. Combining both previous approaches according to the situation and characterizing foreign economic security as a combination of the influence of external and internal factors, ensuring the sustainable development of the country and the protection of its economy from external threats. The situational approach makes it possible to define foreign economic security as the competitiveness of the national economy, which allows one to defend against emerging threats, respond to new challenges and, on this basis, develop sustainably.
This classification characterizes the state of the national economy depending on external and internal factors, but does not take into account the interests of the real sector of the country's economy, to which V.K. Senchagov pays much attention.
He defines foreign economic security as the security of economic entities in the world market - "... because stability and civilization are" hidden "not in the prosperity of the speculative financial sector, but in the real production of goods, efficient work, employment of the population, satisfaction of its needs and the safety of life" ...
Thus, the reforms carried out in order to strengthen the country's foreign economic security should be focused on ensuring
the consideration of vital national interests. As a result, the country's economy should acquire the ability to function in a mode of expanded reproduction; the country should have sufficiently developed industries and industries that are vital for the functioning of the state, both in normal and in extreme conditions, ensuring reproduction regardless of external influences.
The reforms should lead to a real and civilized entry into the world economic community, the creation of a rational structure of foreign trade, providing access for domestic goods of the processing industry to the external market, the maximum permissible level of satisfaction of domestic needs through imports (taking into account regional characteristics).
I.V.Snimshchikova also pays attention to the real sector of the economy. Considering the approaches to the definition of foreign economic security, she writes: “at present, the concept of foreign economic security can be considered in two ways.
First, as the economic security of a new, supranational market in relation to a sovereign one, where the degree of integration processes, their cognition have reached such a level that all processes occurring in it directly or indirectly subordinate the sovereign processes of an individual country to their influence.
The EU countries can be cited as an example of a market of this type, with an indispensable indication that the uncoordinated activity of a separate state in such a system can become a source of threat.
Secondly, as economic security, which includes a set of national interests and a system of measures to protect them, associated with the implementation of the foreign economic policy of the state, integrated to one degree or another in the global market. The countries of this type include, first of all, the PRC and India.
The currently existing concepts of foreign economic security, used by the most developed countries, refer, as a rule, to the first direction in the field of foreign economic security ”.
Stasev M.A. defines foreign economic security as follows: “... this is to ensure such a development of economic processes in the country, which would create the necessary (acceptable) conditions and resources for economic stability and development of society, preserving the integrity and unity of all subsystems (including monetary, budget, credit, tax and currency systems), successfully confronting internal and external threats. "
Gusakov V.G. characterizes foreign economic security as “... creating conditions for the entry of the national economy into the international
native division of labor and achieving a balance of economic interests in the foreign economic activity of national entities and foreign partners. "
V.G. Gusakov considers attracting foreign investments to be one of the directions of external economic security, which will allow introducing and using new technologies, and ensuring an increase in the competitiveness of domestic products.
A number of authors - Zubkova M.L., Krylatykh E.N., Ivanova S.V., Goncharov V.D., Koteev S.V. considers foreign economic security in direct connection with foreign economic activity. However, the subjects of foreign economic activity in these works are generalized and as carriers of the country's special interests are not singled out for analysis. And foreign economic activity is considered by the authors as a set of organizational, economic, production, economic and commercial functions of economic entities oriented to the world market.
The list of possible definitions of the category "external economic security" can be continued, but in connection with the global changes taking place in our country and in the world in the field of international economic relations, mechanisms and institutions, methods of their implementation, it becomes necessary to clarify and add the found definitions of characteristics of foreign economic security ...
As a result of the changes that have occurred, both within the country and in the world economy as a whole, it is possible to identify some features of external economic security:
Offensive nature of challenges and threats;
Extraterritoriality of threats and objects of protection;
Strengthening the cognition of information and standardizing foreign economic processes;
Growth of the innovation component in commodity (goods-services) flows;
- "virtualization" of financial flows, the growth of their isolation from real reproduction processes; - low transparency of the sources of interests;
The growing role of the state as a regulator of foreign economic relations;
The dynamic nature in the context of globalization, expressed in the essential transformation of foreign economic security as a functional system, caused by the objective need to constantly improve the latter and the increasing role of it in the national security system.
Thus, it is possible to formulate the main key concepts of the category "external economic security":
- "interests" (national, state, public, individuals);
- "independence" (of the national economy from foreign markets, economic policy from outside influence);
- "competitiveness" (national
economy);
- "sustainability" (national economy, socio-economic development).
Generally speaking, the author proposes the following definition of external economic security - the ability of the state to resist the impact of negative external economic factors and minimize the damage caused by them, to maintain the independence of the national economy from outside influences, based on the development of economic processes that would create the necessary conditions for increasing the competitiveness of the national economy and sustainable social economic development in order to meet their interests.
Literature:
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996 No. 608 "On the State Strategy of Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)".
2. Goncharov V.D. Problems of the competitiveness of the agro-food complex of the Russian Federation and the factors of its increase / V.D. Goncharov, S.V. Ivanova and others // Encyclopedia of Russian villages Moscow, 2008, 384 p.
3. Gusakov V.G. Food safety, terms and concepts encyclopedia. ref. [and etc.]. Minsk Belarusian. science, 2008
4. Zubkova M.L. Assessment of the level of external economic security of the Murmansk region // Vestnik MGTU, volume 14, No. 2, 2011, pp. 441-446.
5. Krylatykh E.N. Innovative and investment factors of development and increasing the competitiveness of the meat and dairy complex of the Russian Federation / E.N. Krylatykh, K.G. Borodin, V.V. Rau, A.S. Strokov, E.M. Kelemetov, S.V. Koteev,
O.V. Artemenkov, S.V. Ivanova, V.D. Goncharov. Moscow: VIAPI them. A. A. Nikonova, 2010, 217 p.
6. Snemshchikova I.V. Some theoretical aspects of Russia's foreign economic security / I.V. Snemshchikova, E.M. Makovka // Society: Politics, Economics, Law (2012, No. 1).
7. Stasev M.A. Modern trends and analysis of changes in the level of foreign economic security of Russia // JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC REGULATION (Questions of economic regulation). Volume 2, No. 1. 2011
As for the external economic security of Russia, its provision, in our opinion, should be based on the following basic principles:
Protection of national economic interests and economic sovereignty;
The unity of the economic interests of individual subjects of foreign economic activity and the economic interests of the state;
Timeliness and adequacy of measures to eliminate and neutralize threats to national economic interests;
Equality of relations between subjects of foreign economic activity;
Compliance with generally recognized norms and principles of international law in foreign economic activity;
Resolving trade disputes through consultation and negotiation;
Systematic and evolutionary openness of the national economy.
1. The Decree of the Russian President of April 29, 1996 N 608 "About the State strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation (Basic provi-sions)".
2. Goncharov V.D. Problems of competitiveness of the agrarian and food complex of the Russian Federation and factors of its increase / V.D. Goncharov,
S.V. Ivanov, et al. // Encyclopedia of the Russian villages. Moscow, 2008.384 p.
3. Gusakov V.G. Food security, terms and concepts: ensycl. reference book. Minsk: Belarusian Science, 2008.
4. Zubkova M.L. Assessment of the level of the external economic safety of the Murmansk region // Bulletin of MGTU. Vol. 14, No. 2, 2011. P. 441-446.
5. Krylatykh E.N. Innovative and investment factors of development and increase of competitiveness of a meat and dairy complex of the Russian Federation / E.N. Krylatykh, K.G. Borodin, V.V. Rau, A.S. Strokov, E.M. Kelemetov, S.V. Koteev, O.V. Artemenkov,
5. V. Ivanova, V.D. Goncharov. Moscow: VIAPI of A.A. Nikonov Press, 2010.217 p.
6. Snimshchikova I. V. Some theoretical aspects of the external economic safety of Russia / I. V. Snimshchikova, E.M. Makovka // Society: Policy, Economy, and Right. 2012. No. 1.
7. Stasev M.A. Current trends and the analysis of changes of the level of the external economic safety of Russia // JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC REGULATION (Questions of regulation of economy). Vol. 2. No. 1. 2011.
8. Fokin N.I. Foreign economic security: concepts, experience, problems // Information and analytical bulletin No. 18 (216) "At the map of the Pacific", 2011
9. Economic security of Russia: General course: textbook; Ed. V.K. Senchagov, 2nd ed. M.: Delo, 2005.896 p.
8. Fokin N.I. Foreign-economic safety: concepts, experience, problems // The information and analytical bulletin № 18 (216) “At the map of the Pacific Ocean”, 2011.
9. Economic security of Russia: General course: textbook; ed. by V.K. Senchagov. 2nd ed. M.: Business, 2005.896 p.
is a process of control, which consists of preparatory and organizational, technological and evaluation and final stages.
The preparatory and organizational stage includes: development of local internal regulatory control documents, implementation of control planning and programming, normative and reference and methodological support of control practice, technical support of control work.
The technological stage involves the use of control methods, forms and tools, with the help of which the control results will be interpreted and systematized.
In the appraisal and final stage of on-farm control, the results of control are generalized and formalized with their subsequent transfer to the management of the economic entity for making effective managerial decisions, and then - monitoring their implementation, etc.
Consequently, the process of on-farm control in the meat processing industry is a system that functions with the use of material, labor and intellectual values. Therefore, this process must be rationally organized, i.e. all elements of the system must be ordered, brought into a single whole, function interconnected, is in functional dependence. Thus, we can talk about the scientific organization of the internal control process at meat processing plants.
Limiting the scientific organization of the process to the development and implementation of individual elements of the NOT,
in our opinion, it is not justified, since it does not contribute to the introduction of technical progress in the organization and methodology of internal control.
In today's conditions of conducting economic activities and developing the management system of organizations, the scientific organization of the internal control process should include the organization, management and maintenance of this process.
Thus, the scientific organization of on-farm control, labor and its payment in control activities consists in creating methodological and organizational prerequisites for the effectiveness of on-farm control in order not only to establish accounting and reporting data on the controlled object, but also for the active influence of control on the adoption of objective, scientific justified management decisions at meat processing plants to regulate the production process.
Literature
1. Logic and methodology of systems research. Kiev: Odessa: Vyscha school., 1977.
2. Ovsyannikov L.N. Audit and revision as methods of financial control // Desktop auditor of an accountant. 2000. No. 2.
3. Skobara V.V. Audit: Methodology and Organizations., 1998.
4. Horokhordin N.N. Methodology of internal audit in an organization // Audit statements. 2006. No. 6.
5. Horuzhy L.I., Bobkova E.V. Audit of production costs in agriculture // Audit statements. 2006. No. 9.
ROLE OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN THE FORMATION OF THE ECONOMIC SECURITY STRATEGY OF RUSSIA
A.A. YAKOVLEV, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
08.00.05 - Economics and National Economy Management Reviewer Doctor of Economics, Professor, Honored Economist of the Russian Federation A.E. SUGLOBOV
Annotation. A comprehensive assessment of the system of foreign economic relations of the state is given in the formation of a general concept of economic security (on the example of Russia). Taking into account the fact that the formation of a modern system of world economic relations is taking place within the framework of the "neoliberal" world economic order, the gradual democratization of the foreign economic sphere has allowed Western countries to restructure their national economies and take leading positions in the system of international relations. Comparison of macroeconomic indicators shows that Russia occupies a modest position
in the system of international exchange, which indicates the need to update certain elements of the complex of economic security (foreign economic aspect).
Key words: system of foreign economic relations, the concept of economic security, democratization of the foreign economic sphere, macroeconomic indicators, the system of international exchange.
ROLE OF EXTERNAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN FORMING OF STRATEGY OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF RUSSIA
Candidate of science (economics), assistant professor (Moscow university of Ministry of internal affairs, Russia)
Annotation. In this article complex valuation of the system of external economic relations of state in forming of general conception of economic security (concerning Russia) is taken. Because of forming of nowadays system of international economic relations in channel of neoliberal world economic order, staged democratization of external economic sphere allowed to western states to revise their national economies and to occupy leading positions in system of international relations. A comparison of macroeconomic indicators shows, that Russia occupies low positions in system of international exchange. Above mentioned says about actualization of some elements of complex of economic security (external economic aspect).
Key words: system of external economic relations, conception of economic security, democratization of external economic sphere, macroeconomic indicators, system of international exchange.
The modern stage-by-stage transition of Russia to a market economy system is accompanied by an automatic strengthening of the country's involvement in the global economy. These processes are taking place in the context of the liberalization of foreign economic activity and in conditions when the interdependence of states in absolutely all aspects of social relations is significantly increasing in the world. The corresponding changes were called globalization. Globalization is a very contradictory and complex complex that opens up a number of specific opportunities for a particular state. On the one hand, globalization, as a kind of progressive process, provides advances in the field of new technologies, which, if freely exchanged through industrial cooperation and trade and oriented towards meeting the needs of citizens, can contribute to the progressive development of all mankind. However, on the other hand, globalization also has a number of negative tendencies, which are manifested, among other things, in the displacement of market mechanisms by non-market types of activity, which in some cases leads to gaining advantages of strong states over weak ones.
So, within the framework of globalization, the structures of national production, as well as finance, as a result of an increase in the number of foreign economic transactions, become more interdependent. The specified interweaving of interrelationships can also lead to the emergence of a new system of international division of labor, in which the progressive development of national economic mechanisms is more dependent on the activities of economic entities of other states. The current level of global integration is significantly different
rented, both by countries and regions, and by individual markets. At the same time, industrialized states have much more opportunities to benefit from participation in this process as arguments. Countries that are not leaders, which include Russia and other post-Soviet states, cannot compete with the leading participants in global integration and are forced to adapt to the globalization process on the rights of third parties.
The formation of the modern system of world economic relations is taking place within the framework of the so-called neoliberal world economic order. At the same time, Russia and other CIS countries are experiencing a targeted impact from world economic centers (North America, Western Europe, Southeast and East Asia) and international economic organizations: IMF, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), WTO, etc. Neoliberal the globalization model is built on a rigid monetarist basis. The spontaneous market mechanism is proclaimed as the main regulator of development, and national economic sovereignty and a significant part of the state's functions to regulate the economy are considered its founders - dying categories1.
A phased, well-coordinated system of liberalization of the foreign economic sphere has allowed a number of Western countries to competently restructure their national economic complexes and take leading positions in the system of world economic relations. In other countries, including Russia and other CIS states that are currently undergoing a transitional period, liberalization is actually promoted and imposed by the West at an accelerated pace (excluding national
features). As a result, the inclusion of these countries in the world economy is complex and contradictory and is accompanied, as a rule, by an intra-economic crisis.
Comparison of the main macroeconomic indicators gives convincing grounds to state that in the modern world economy, Russia (and other post-Soviet states) occupy insignificant positions and are not the main participants in the international exchange system. Thus, the aggregate share of the CIS countries in world exports of goods is about 2% (including Russia accounting for up to 1.5%). Russia's share in world imports of goods is less than 1%. In the world trade in services, these states occupy even more unstable positions. In the cross-border movement of capital from the CIS countries, Russia is primarily involved, although its role in this area is insignificant. These indicators testify to the extremely weak contribution of the CIS countries to the formation of the modern world economy. Without additional reasoning, it becomes clear why, with a population of about 300 million people, these states remain in the last positions of the hierarchy of the world economic system.
The modern globalization of the world economy has a characteristic feature - a relatively dynamic development of international trade. The estimated value of world exports now exceeds $ 7 trillion. US dollars. In the world market, the exchange system occurs mainly in three groups of goods: finished goods, mineral raw materials and agricultural products. The position of each country in world economic relations is characterized, among other things, by the share of its merchandise exports. Taking into account the fact that Russia and the CIS countries are in different socio-economic conditions in comparison with the leaders of the world economy complex, an urgent and strategically significant task for them in the transition to a stable market system of economic development is the adaptation of existing national economic complexes to a common the process of globalization of the world economy. Adaptation in this case means, first of all, the need for an objective increase in national competitiveness (so that Russia and other CIS countries could take an adequate place in the world community). At present, “being competitive in the world community” for each country mainly implies the provision of consumer and price characteristics of a product or service comparable to the world level, regardless of which market they are intended for: internal or external. Such adaptation helps to increase the economic security of the countries of the former USSR, including Russia, to strengthen their positions in the world economic system.
Foreign economic relations of modern Russia make a significant contribution to the internal economic
economic growth and largely determine the state and prospects of the domestic economy. The main part of the products of the basic industries (liquid fuel, metal, chemical fertilizers, natural gas and timber) is sold in foreign markets today, up to half of the consumer and more than a fifth of the investment domestic market is provided through imports.
With the current structure of domestic exports, Russia is unable to keep pace with the advanced world in the dynamics of commodity exchange. Even in the products of the chemical industry, Russia does not have a wide range of products, exporting mainly fertilizers. All this turns into a number of negative consequences for both foreign trade and the entire economy of the country:
The bias in the domestic industry is increasing in favor of the extraction and primary processing of raw materials to the detriment of the processing industries;
• the terms of trade for Russia are deteriorating due to the faster growth of world prices for finished goods than for raw materials, while imported goods are paid for by an increasing amount of (mostly non-renewable) fuel and raw materials;
F the lag of the rates of foreign trade exchange of Russia from world indicators is growing (the share of Russia in international trade decreased in the 1990s from 2.5 to 1.2%);
The real threat to the Russian economy is growing as a result of its high vulnerability due to constant changes in the external economic situation and fluctuations in prices on the world oil market; in fact, the fate of Russian exports, the federal budget, and the country's economic growth rates began to depend significantly on a single export resource2.
The general structure of Russian imports is also significantly different from the structure of imports of a number of developed and developing countries. In terms of imports of food and agricultural raw materials, Russia exceeds its share in imports of large countries by about 2 times. At the same time, due to food imports, Russia forms about half of the resources of the retail turnover of the food sector. It can be noted that Russia's imports, if evaluated by the share of engineering products, are quite comparable with the estimated indicators of industrialized and developing countries. However, before the 1998 crisis, a significant part of the import of such products fell not on investment goods, but on consumer durables (cars, household appliances, etc.). Thus, Russia and other countries of the former USSR will have to decide to what extent the state, focusing on the general openness of the economy, can (and perhaps should) use a set of means
protectionism, protecting the domestic producer of both goods and services.
The current situation around the foreign economic activity of Russia is characterized by the strengthening of a number of new negative trends. The emphasis in the strategy of Western countries in relation to Russia is gradually shifting from the sphere of military-political confrontation to the economy. In cooperation with our country, one can clearly see the desire of Western partners to achieve unilateral advantages, curb the economic development of Russia, hidden penetration into strategically important industries to ensure the country's security, and eliminate competitive Russian producers from world markets3.
So, in the context of the globalization of the world economy, when global (global) markets (currencies, material and raw materials, labor, food) are almost constantly formed, the national economies of both Russia and other CIS countries have still not been able to develop a competent set of measures to protection of national and state interests (adequate to the current situation). Hence, many failures of these countries involved in the global market mechanism. Understanding the potential dangers associated with globalization and the need to adapt to the new conditions of internationalization of the economic sphere poses for Russia and the rest of the former Soviet Union the task of developing a joint coordinated foreign economic strategy. Its implementation within the framework of the CIS can become the optimal response to the conditions of globalization, it will make it possible to reveal and use the advantages of multilateral integration ties in order to adapt to the conditions of the global market mechanism with minimal losses.
The world economic positions of any country, including Russia, are to a decisive extent determined by the international competitiveness of the national economy. To be considered competitive in foreign trade exchange, it is necessary to ensure the optimal level of the system for protecting the interests of national producers, i.e. to achieve the creation of a complex of national economic security in the foreign trade sphere. Modern Russia has a significant industrial potential. However, most of its industries (mainly manufacturing) are not competitive enough. As a result, in the coming years it will also act in international trade as a supplier of raw materials and a consumer of finished products. The existing economic and foreign trade structures of Russia will not allow ensuring sustainable economic development and significantly strengthening its economic security, including in the foreign economic sphere.
The existing model of Russia's participation in international trade, unfortunately, does not contribute to a radical restructuring of the entire structure of the country's foreign trade turnover, primarily in the export direction, towards an increase in the share of engineering products and goods with a deeper degree of processing. Opportunities for stable economic growth and changes in the existing position of Russia on world markets largely depend on how the competitiveness of the entire domestic industry will increase. And this can be achieved only with an unambiguous turn of the country towards an innovative model of development through the intensive use of scientific and technical potential, full-scale development of high technologies and, accordingly, a significant restructuring of the production structure and foreign economic relations.
Further following in the wake of inertial processes for Russia is fraught with a slowdown in economic growth, a constant lag behind other countries in the field of scientific and technological progress, a decrease in both the efficiency and the level of competitiveness of domestic production, and, consequently, the well-being of the entire population, which ultimately can lead to to a complete loss of the country's ability to develop independently, to consolidate it in the positions of a raw material appendage of other advanced countries. To ensure the economic security of Russia in the global world, it will inevitably have to restructure the economic mechanism in the immediate strategic perspective and abandon the role of a source of resources in the complex of international economic relations. But this will require the development of a new foreign economic strategy focused on the consistent implementation of both existing and potential competitive opportunities on international markets.
1 Economic security of Russia: General course: Textbook / Ed. VC. Senchagova. 2nd ed. M .: Delo, 2005.S. 468.
2 Ibid. S. 472-473.
3 Ibid. P. 474.
Literature
1. Bogomolov V.A. and other Economic security: textbook. manual for university students studying in economics and management / Ed. V.A. Bogomolov. 2nd ed., Rev. and add. M .: UNITY-DANA, 2010.
2. Legal basis for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation: Monograph / Yu.I. Avdeev, S.V. Alenkin, V.V. Aleshin and others]; Ed. prof. A.V. Opa-leva. M .: UNITY-DANA, 2004.
3. Economic security of Russia: General course: Textbook / Ed. VC. Senchagova. 2nd ed. M., 2005.
4. Economic and National Security: Textbook / Ed. L.P. Goncharenko. M., 2007.
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