Suffixes are all. Spelling of noun suffixes. Emotionally expressive suffixes

To make out a word by its composition means to make itmorphemic analysis , or indicate which morphemes the word consists of.Morpheme - the minimum significant part of the word.
Let us recall what parts a word can be split into:

Root

the main significant part of a word that related words have.

In Russian, there are words that consist of one root:mushroom, metro, lane about, isle, weather and.
Also, there are words consisting of two roots:warm aboutmove, waters aboutpad, myself aboutvar.
Of three roots: watersabout mude lay downmotherfucker.
Of four roots:electrabout shineabout watersabout lay downenie.

Suffix

significant part of the word that comes after the root and is intended for the formation of new words.

Some words may have two suffixes: podberezovhic - suffixes - ov - and - uk - .

Console

this is the significant part of the word, which is located in front of the root and is intended for the formation of new words.

The ending

it is a variable part of a word, it serves to connect words in a sentence.

So, in order to parse a word by its composition, it is necessary to find the ending in the word, for which it is necessary to change the word.

For example, in the wordthe trip.

Changing the word: trip oh , or trip at , then you can see - the variable part -and . Let's frame it, it isthe ending.

Next, we find the root, for this we select a single-root word -by rides , per rides ... Comparing these words, we see that part of the word does not change.rides ... That's what it is root.

Then we find prefix, for this you need to pick up the same root words again -by rides, under ride. It can be seen that the prefix is \u200b\u200bin front of the root, i.e. in our case it is part of the wordby .

Finally, we findsuffix, which stands after the root and is intended to form a word, in our case it is part of the wordto .

We made it:

Now let's look at the most common noun suffixes:

The most common adjective suffixes are:

Suffixes for verbs:

Samples of parsing words:

school

1. Highlight the ending, looking for the same root words: schooloh, school. The endingth.

2. Find the root: school -schoolsand, schoolnick. Root school

3. Looking for a suffix: coldnoh, youth nth - adj. Suffix in the word prikolnth - n.

4. Now the prefix:atmanor, atmarine. That is, the prefixat.

boletus

1. End, change the word: aspen, aspenam, boletus ov... The ending and .

2. Root: boletus -aspenand, aspennick. Root aspen .

3. Suffix: nut ovoh, aspen ovth, - ov -. And the suffix - uk -: birch uk, moss uk.

4. Prefix: underblanket, underbirch. Consoleunder .

He called the noun "the bread of the tongue". Indeed, without using this part of speech, it is impossible to build sentences. Objects, things, events and states, people and animals, feelings and emotions - we convey all this in speech using nouns.

When writing the words of this part of speech, you should adhere to the rules. Endings and suffixes cause the greatest difficulties. How to write noun suffixes correctly will be discussed in the article.

Suffixes with uniform spelling

The correct spelling of many morphemes of the Russian language obeys the morphological principle, that is, they are written uniformly in all words and word forms. There are such suffixes for nouns. You just need to learn them.

These are such suffixes as IZN, OT, IN, OST, OTN, OVN and some others. Cheapness, high cost, whiteness; kindness, redness, simplicity; silence, depth; short, youth, pride; running, tumbling; chatter and so on. Such suffixes are mainly characteristic of words formed from adjectives and verbal words.

It is recommended to memorize the spelling of words formed from verbs using the suffixes ИВ and ЕВ, for example, "fuel", "mash", "varevo", "circle" and others. You cannot apply any rule to them, they must be remembered or checked against a dictionary.

Suffixes IK and EK

Suffixes of nouns IK and EK serve to form a diminutive form and sound the same when pronounced. They should be written according to a very simple rule. If during the declension of the word the vowel "runs away" - then this is the suffix EK, and if it persists, then this is the suffix IK. A classic example, which schoolchildren are very fond of and easily remember, is a lock and a key. We bow the words and see:

• lock - lock (the vowel "ran away");
• keyIK - keyIKa (the vowel remained in place).

Applying this rule, you must first correctly find the suffix in the word. For example, in the word "ball" there is a root BALL and the suffix IK familiar to us, in the word "pilot" there is a knee YEARS and a suffix CHIK, and in the word "boy" there is no suffix at all, but only a root and a zero ending. It is important to remember: there are no nouns with the CHEK suffix in Russian!

• Output.To choose IK or EK, you need to see if the vowel falls out in the form of indirect cases.

Suffixes EC and IC

The spelling of the suffixes of the nouns ЕЦ and ИЦ is similar to the previous paragraph of the rule. Here, too, when declining, the vowel drops out of the EC morpheme, but remains in the IC morpheme. But there is one more nuance. EC is written in masculine words: young, handsome, foreigner. Accordingly, the IC will belong only to the words of the feminine gender: beautiful, blizzard, sloth.

Everything here seems to be simple. But what about neuter words, attentive readers will ask? They even have a vowel when declining anywhere. And here another principle works, and you need to pay attention to the stress. If the stress falls on the ending, we write EC: coat, letter. If the shock is the base of the word, we write the suffix ИЦ: dress, nameITSe, jamITSe.

• Output.Suffixes EC and IC depend on the genus of the word. If we ate a word of the neuter gender, we look at the stress.

Suffixes IChK and EChK

Suffixes of nouns IChK and ECK are also found in affectionate and diminutive names of both animate and inanimate objects. Distinguishing from is very simple. IChK is written in those words that are formed from the forms with the IC suffix: ladder - ladder, sister - sister, mill - mill. ECHK is used in all other words, including affectionately diminutive forms of proper nouns: crumb - crumb, cat - kitty, Olya - OLECHKA.

• Note... The use of the names TanICHK, MANICHK and other similar ones is found in works of fiction, but is not standardized.

It should also be borne in mind that there is no YCHK suffix in Russian.

• Output.The spelling of the ECHK and HCI suffixes depends on the presence of the IC suffix in the base of the word from which the given noun is derived

Suffixes ONK and ENK

Spelling the suffixes of nouns with the affectionate meaning ОНЬК and ЕНЬК rarely causes difficulty, because they are usually clearly audible when pronouncing. But still, let's generalize: ONK should be written after a hard consonant, ENK - after a soft or hissing one. Scythe - kosonka, birch - birch, but daughter - daughter, night - night, Julia - Yulenka. Exceptions are the diminutive versions of the words "mom" and "dad": only mom and dad are allowed, despite the fact that the base of these words ends in solid consonants. It is also necessary to remember the spelling of words that do not obey the rule, "zaINKA", "PAINKA", "baINKi". They are written in a special way and are vocabulary.

• Output.The suffixes ОНК and ЕНЬК depend on the softness / hardness of the preceding consonant.

Combinations IN-K and EH-K and suffixes INK and EHK

Noun suffixes are also interesting in that it can be difficult to distinguish them correctly. Words have similar meanings, but are formed with different suffixes. For example, the words "pea" and "snowflake" denote a diminutive form of an object, but the first is formed from the word "snow" using the morpheme INC, and the other - from the word pea-in-a by adding the suffix K.

• The combination IN-K is written in words formed from feminine nouns with the IN suffix: ballerIN-Ka - from ballerIN, busIN-Ka - from busIN.
• The combination EN-K is found in words formed from nouns ending in -NYA: cherry-Ka - from cherry, cherry-Ka - from cherry and so on.

The suffixes of the nouns INC and EHK are difficult to explain with any clear rule. YNK is found in words denoting female persons: beggar, nun, French and others. Accordingly, in words that do not have such a meaning, the INK suffix is \u200b\u200bwritten: throatINKA, smesINKA, zadorINKA. If the questionable suffix is \u200b\u200bin the unstressed position, it is best to check the dictionary.

• Output.The spelling of suffixes and combinations EHK (EH-K) and INC (IN-K) depends on the morphemic composition of the word or is regulated by the dictionary.

The letters O-E in the suffixes of nouns in the position after the sibilants sound the same, which is why it is this spelling that causes the most difficulties, and it is with it that the most errors are associated. In fact, the rule is very simple.

In the suffixes of the nouns OK-EK, ONK-ENK, ONOK-ENOK and the like, under stress is written O, without stress is written E. Examples of stressed positions: rechONKA, mezhvezhONOK, circle. Unstressed suffixes: daughter, river and others.

As you can see, O-E after hissing nouns in suffixes is very easy to distinguish!

But there is one nuance (after all, the Russian language does not recognize rules without exceptions). This rule does not apply to words formed from verbs. In them, regardless of the place of stress, you should always write E (most often such suffixes are in the stressed position, which is what they are misleading). Overnight - we write E, because from the verb "to spend the night", condensed - we write E, because from the verb "thicken", stew - is explained similarly.

• Output. Suffixes of nouns after sibilants depend on the place of stress (except for verbal words).

Suffixes CHIK and SHIK

Suffixes of nouns cause difficulty in writing not only vowels, but also consonants. A striking example is the hissing nouns CHIK and SHIK in suffixes, which often sound the same in oral speech. Most often, these suffixes form words with the meaning of a profession or occupation: "roofer", "scout", "stacker", etc. How can you distinguish them?

The suffix CHIK is written only after the letters D, T, Z, S, F: the getter, the clerk, the deserter. The morpheme SCHIK is written after all the other sounds: STONE, RECRUITER, etc.

It is noteworthy that the soft sign is never written before the suffix CHIK, and before the CHIK it is preserved only in one case - after L: sawer, roofer, layout designer.

• Output. The choice of the suffix CHIK or SHIK depends on the preceding consonant.

Н and НН in noun suffixes

Double vowels are found in words of any part of speech, including nouns. How to determine how many H to write in the suffixes of this part of speech?

• One N is written if the noun is formed without adding the suffix N from a word whose stem ended in one N: youth - from young, spicy - from spicy, and so on.
• Two H is written at the junction of morphemes, that is, if a noun is formed from a word with a base on H by adding one more H: CHANGER - from change with the addition of NIK, PRICE - from the price with the addition of NIK.
• NN is also written if the noun is formed from an adjective or participle that already had a doubled N. in its composition. CONFIDENCE - from confident, restraint - restrained.
• Output.The spelling of one or two H in a noun depends on the morphemic composition of the word, as well as on the number of H in the word from which it is formed.

Let's summarize

The suffix method is the main way of word formation of nouns. Probably, this explains the richness and variety of suffixes of this part of speech. Here are such common morphemes as OST, EK, ONK, but there are also rare or outdated suffixes, for example, YAD in the word "mokryad", YSH in the word "foundling" or UN in the word "runner".

The difficulty is that all suffixes that form nouns require the application of a special rule, as well as knowledge of the morphemic composition of the word and the method of word formation. Therefore, when studying the spelling of nouns, you will have to turn to dictionaries very often.

Spelling of noun suffixes includes a number of rules. We have already analyzed the spelling of H and HH, so the remaining rules can be conditionally divided into two types of rules:

1) Spelling of consonants in noun suffixes;

2) Spelling of vowels in noun suffixes.

Spelling of consonants in noun suffixes.

1) Suffix -chik spelled in nouns whose stem ends in consonants g, h, s, d, t:

Counter, pilot, scout, storyteller.

Note... Consonants k, h, c, which the stem of the noun ends with when adding suffix -chik alternating with -t-:

Distribution - Dispenser, Intelligence - Scout.

2) Suffix -Schik written in nouns whose stem ends in all other consonants:

Welder, ring worker, nuclear engineer.

Spelling of vowels in noun suffixes.

1) Suffix -chik or suffix -check?

The suffix -chik is written in cases where the suffix for case declension remains unchanged:

Key - key - key; boy - boy - boy.

If the vowel drops out during declension in cases, then in the nominative case we write suffix -ec:

Lock - lock - lock.

Attention... There is no suffix -check in Russian!

2) Suffix -enk- and -onk-.

If the stem of a noun ends in a soft consonant or consonants w, w, then the suffix is \u200b\u200bwritten -enk-:

The soul is darling, the dawn is the dawn.

If the stem of a noun ends in solid consonants other than w, w, then the suffix is \u200b\u200bwritten -onk-:

The lip is a sponge, a fur coat is a little fur coat.

Words to remember. Goody, goody, goodbye.

3) Suffixes -ich- + -k- get nouns with stems ending in -its- (in this case, there is an alternation of -ts / -ch-):

A bird is a bird, a button is a button.

The rest of the nouns get diminutive suffix -ech-:

Seed, Manechka, name.

Note... There is no unstressed suffix -yachk- in Russian!

4) Suffixes -in- + -k- are written in nouns with a stem ending in -in-:

pea - pea; machine - machine.

Combination of suffixes -en- + -k- forms a diminutive form of nouns that end in -nya and -na (in which, in the plural form, genus. not written soft sign):

Arable land - arable land - arable land; pine - pine - pine.

5) Suffix -ets (o) is written in neuter nouns, the stress in which falls on the ending:

Letter

If the stress in such nouns falls on one of the syllables of the stem, then the suffix is \u200b\u200bwritten -its (e):

Words in Russian are formed with the help of significant parts: prefixes, suffixes. Suffixes are divided into derivational and formative. In addition, they can indicate tense for verbs, gender, number and case for nouns.

Meaning and types of suffixes

Each part of speech has its own suffix, which has its own specific meaning. For example, for nouns:

• suffix - etscan denote a person and an object of masculine gender, belonging to a group: owner, Italian,
• suffix - ukhas a diminutive function: a table, a spout,
• with the help of this necessary significant part of the word, words are formed that denote masculine persons by belonging to a certain activity. Linguist, florist - such words in which the suffix - istplays an important role in determining the type of occupation in which the named persons are engaged,
• words that have suffixes with which you can name someone or something gently and affectionately. Such suffixes include: - to- (skin), - oshk- (window), - ear- (darling), - chick- (finger). And also: - c-, -shk-, -yushk-.

Adjectives have a fairly varied list of suffix meanings. A few examples will suffice.

• Suffixes -an- (-yan-)participate in the formation of adjectives with the meaning of the material from which the object is made (wood, leather).
• The meaning of belonging is expressed in adjective suffixes - ev (-ov): brothers, locksmith.
• Geographical affiliation is indicated by suffixes -ensk- (-insk-)... For example, Cuban and Penza.

Verb suffixes are not so numerous, but their significance is great. Only one letter in the suffix -l- can form the past form of the most interesting and complex part of speech. For example, you can name only a few verbs: knew, howled, threw. Some of the verb suffixes indicate an action that is directed by the person himself towards himself. These are suffixes - sit- and -b- (enjoy).

The indefinite form of the verb is easy to recognize by the suffixes - ty, -be, -whose... There are many such words. In just a few of them: come, sing, bake.

You just need to remember the suffixes of pronouns and adverbs, so that, thanks to the knowledge gained, you can recognize these parts of speech.

Coloring and emotions in suffixes

Suffixes with emotional and expressive connotations stand apart from the series of morphemes participating in the formation of new words. This coloration can be varied, from diminutive to contemptuous. Between them, an affectionate and exaggerated coloring is possible, expressing one's attitude to an object, hero or phenomenon. People have different attitudes to the world around them, so the color changes. It can be sharply negative or, conversely, positive.

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