Cases n. Methods for determining the case. Dative and Accusative Meanings

- ● The dative of the addressee indicates the object to which the action is directed. Write to a friend. Give a child. Threaten the enemy. Help the sick. Let the kids. Send to relatives. Gift to the bride. Loyal to the homeland. ... They gave me a guide (Pushkin). ● ... ... Management Dictionary

dative - The case form, combined with a verb, noun, adjective and expressing object relations, attributive, etc. The dative of the addressee indicates the object to which the action is directed. Write to a friend. Gift for children. ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Dative - (Dativus). The general basic meaning is its idea of \u200b\u200bphysical or spiritual approximation (or proximity in general) of one object (concept) to another. The primary forms of common Indo-European dialectic are not always preserved by individual Indo-European peoples. languages. By virtue of… … Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

dative - See dativo ...

dative - dative … Russian spelling dictionary

dative - lingual. Indirect case form, expressing object, attributive, etc. relations; answers the questions to whom? what? ... Dictionary of many expressions

interest dative - See case of dative interest ... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

DATIVE - DATAL, dative, dative. In the expression: dative case (gram) case, which answers the question: to whom what? or in other cases (eg. in the adj.) depending on the word in this case. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

DATIVE - DATAL: dative case, which answers the question to whom (to what)? Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

dative - (case). Borrowing from st. sl. yaz., where it is a derivational tracing of the Greek. dotikē (ptōsis) "dative (case)", Suf. derived from didōmi "to give" ... Etymological dictionary of the Russian language

Books

• Buy for 2216 rub
• Dative strategy and models in case systemology. Monograph, Alexey Borisovich Chernyshev. This monograph is devoted to the theoretical understanding and systematization of the case category of the date. Using the approach of semantic universals and the principle of triadicity laid down by the system ...

In the third grade, students become familiar with the concept of "case" and learn that nouns change by case. Despite the fact that only 6 cases are studied in the school curriculum, for children this topic is one of the most difficult topics to study in elementary school. Children will have to learn cases and case questions, learn to ask the right questions in order to correctly determine the case of a noun in the text. Why determine the case? So that in the future, based on the case and declension of the noun, the endings of the words are correctly written.

Case - this is fickle a sign of nouns, i.e. nouns change (declined) in cases. Changing by cases means changing nouns by questions. There are six cases in Russian. Each case has its own name and answers a specific question. When a word is changed by case, the ending changes.

Cases clarify the role of nouns and their relationship to other words in a sentence.

List of cases

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

It is very difficult for a child to remember dry case names. He needs associations. Therefore, the acquaintance of the child with cases can be started with a fairy tale.

A tale about cases

Once upon a time there was Padezh.
He was not yet born, but they were already thinking what name to give him and decided to call him - Nominative.
Born - became Genitive. He liked this name even more.
He was a toddler, given food and toys, and became a Dative.
But he was a great mischievous person, he was blamed for all sorts of tricks, and he became Accusative.
Then he grew up, began to do good deeds, and they called him Creative.
He began to offer his help to everyone, soon everyone started talking about him and was now called Prepositional.
They said so when they remembered him, they even sang a song:
Nominative, Genitive,
Dative, Accusative,
Creative, Prepositional.

To memorize the order of the pages, use the mnemonic phrase:

Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered to drag the diaper.

Russian case table

Please note that in almost all cases the first letters can be used to recall the pivot word.

Genitive - parents
Dative - gave
Accusative - I see, I blame
Creative - I create

Case prepositions and semantic questions

Nominative - no prepositions. Semantic questions: who? what?

Genitive case: y, from, to, for, from, without, after, about (y), near (y), against, from under, from behind. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases: p. Semantic questions: where? where from? whose? whose? whose?

Dative case: k, po. Semantic questions: where? as?

Accusative case: about, through. Prepositions that coincide with the prepositions of other cases - in, in, on, for. Semantic questions: where? where?

Instrumental case: above, between, before. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - under, for, p. Semantic questions: where? as?

Prepositional case: o, v, pri. Prepositions that coincide with the prepositions of other cases - в, в, на. Semantic questions: where?

Cases are divided into direct and indirect

Direct case Is nominative. In a sentence, only a noun in the nominative case can be a subject.

Indirect cases - all others, except for the nominative. In a sentence, words in indirect cases are secondary members of the sentence.

To correctly determine the case of a noun, you need:

1. Find in the sentence the word to which the noun belongs, ask him a question;
2. On the question and the preposition (if any), find out the case.

Seagulls circled over the waves. Circled (over what?) Over the waves (etc.)

There is a technique that allows you to accurately determine the case only for the given questions. Let's formulate both questions. If we have an inanimate noun, we replace it in the sentence with a suitable animate one and pose a question. On two questions, we accurately determine the case.

I caught (who?) A cat. Replacing the cat with an inanimate object: I caught (what?) A feather. Whom? What? - Accusative.

I couldn't reach (who?) The cat. We replace it with inanimate.: I could not reach (what?) The branch. Whom? What? - Genitive

To correctly determine the case ending of a noun, you need to determine its case and declension.

Detailed table of cases and case endings of nouns 1,2,3 declensions

Russian Name Case	Latin Name Case	Questions and Answers	Prepositions	The ending
				Singular			Multiple Number
				1 sq.	2 sq.	3 sq.
Nominative	Nominative	Who! What? (there is)	--- ---	And I	Oh-e	---	Y, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	Genitive	Whom? What? (not)	without, at, before, from, with, about, from, near, after, for, around	S, -and	And I		Ov, -ev, -ey
Dative	Dative	Who? What? (ladies)	to, by	E, -i	U, th		Om, -am
Accusative	Accusative	Whom? What? (see)	in, for, on, about, through	U, th	Oh-e	---	Y, -i, -a, -i, -ey
Instrumental	Instrumental	By whom? Than? (proud)	for, over, under, before, with	Oh (th), She (s)	Ohm, -em		Ami, -ami
Prepositional	Prepositive	About whom? About what? (think)	in, on, on, on, on, at	E, -i	E, -i		Ah, -ah

How to distinguish cases in words with the same endings, forms, or prepositions

How to distinguish between nominative and accusative:

A noun in the nominative case is a subject in a sentence and has no preposition. And the noun in the accusative case is a minor member of the sentence, maybe with or without a preposition.

Mom (I. p.) Puts cucumbers (V. p.) In the salad (V. p.).

How to distinguish between genitive and accusative:

If the questions in the R. p. And V. p. (Whom?) Coincide, cases are distinguished by the endings of the words: in the R. p. The endings -а (z) / -ы (and). In the V. p. The endings are at (s).

Paw (who?) Marten - R. p. / see (whom?) marten - V. p.

If both the questions and the endings match, it is necessary to substitute any feminine word with the ending –а (i) - instead of words. Then in the R. p. The ending will be -ы (u), and in the V. p. The ending will be -у (u).

Paw (whom?) Of a bear - I see (whom?) A bear.

We check:

Paw (whom?) (Foxes) of a bear - R. p. - I see (whom?) (Fox) a bear - V. p.

How to distinguish between genitive and instrumental cases with the preposition "s":

If the preposition "s" coincides with R. p. And Tv. n. distinguish them according to case and semantic issues (where from? in R. n. and with what? in TV n.) and the endings of words in these cases.

Raised (from where?) From the ground - R. p. / Raised a box (with what?) With earth - V. p.

How to distinguish between dative and genitive cases, which are the same in pronunciation:

A word without a preposition in a dialectical phrase will coincide in pronunciation with a word in a dialectical one (they have different endings in writing). To distinguish them, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase with this word.

D. p. - wrote a letter to grandmother Natasha [and] - grandmother's name is Natasha

R. p. - wrote a letter to Natasha's grandmother [and] - this is Natasha's grandmother

How to distinguish between dative and prepositional cases, if they have the same endings and semantic questions:

In this case, you need to pay attention to the prepositions that are different for these cases.

D. p. - floats (where?) On the sea - prepositions to, on

P. p. - is (where?) In the sea - prepositions in, in, on

How to distinguish between instrumental and accusative cases when semantic questions and prepositions coincide:

In case of coincidence of semantic questions and prepositions from TV. n. and V. n. you need to focus on case questions and endings.

TV. etc. - hid (where?, for what?) behind the chest of drawers

V. p. - hid (where?, For what?) Behind a chest of drawers

How to distinguish accusative and prepositional cases when prepositions coincide:

If the prepositions of V. p. And P. p. Coincide, it is necessary to focus on questions.

V. p. - climbed (where?, On what?) On the pedestal

P. p. - stood (where?, On what?) On a pedestal

Poems about cases

I am the nominative
And there are no other people's clothes on me.
Everyone recognizes me easily
And the subject is called.
I don't like prepositions since childhood,
I can't stand being around me.
My questions WHO? So what?
Nobody will confuse it with anything.

And I am case Genitive
My character is sociable.
WHOM? WHAT? And here I am!
Prepositions are often my friends.
Prepositions are often my friends.
I look like an accusative
I happen sometimes
But in the text you will distinguish
Always two cases.

I am called the Dative,
I work diligently.
WHOM should I give it to? What to call for?
Only I can tell.

And I am the Accusative
And I blame the ignorant for everything.
But I love excellent students
For them, I catch "five".
Whom to name, what to play,
I'm ready to tell the guys.
Do not mind with excuses to be friends,
But I can live without them.

And I am instrumental
I am full of all hopes.
Be creative! - What? Be creative! - With whom?
I'll tell you - no problem!

And I am the prepositional case,
My case is difficult.
The light is not pleasant to me without pretexts.
ABOUT WHOM? ABOUT WHAT? I told?
Oh yes you need pretexts
Without them, I have no road.
Then I can tell
What is the dream about.

Nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, prepositional ...
All of them are difficult to remember.
Always keep in mind
Names. These are cases.

Nominative

He's a beginner
Questions - WHO? So what?
In it - mom, dad, elephant, playpen,
Both the school and the coat.

Genitive

Questions: No WHOM? WHAT?
I don't have a brother
And no hamsters ...
It's all mom's fault!

Dative

This is an apple, tell me
I will give it to WHO? WHAT?
Maybe Lena? Or Vitya?
No, perhaps no one ...

Accusative

Oh! In toys - a mess!
I don't understand myself in any way:
Blame WHO? So what?
A doll? Cubes? Lotto?

Instrumental

I want to compose songs.
WITH WHOM? WHAT should I study notes with?
Write to me with a pen or a pen,
Or with a colored pencil?

Prepositional

I think about WHOM? ABOUT WHAT?
About school, about verbs.
Rather, I think about
How tired of school ...

But now all the cases
I memorized it firmly.
Try to teach so too,
After all, knowledge is POWER !!!

Polak Frieda

The nominative is you
picking flowers,
and genitive - for you
the trill and clicking of the nightingale.
If the dative is everything to you,
happiness named in fate,
then the accusative ... No, wait,
i'm not easy in grammar,
want new cases
will I offer you? - Suggest!
- There is a counter-case,
there is a cognitive case,
loving, hugging,
kissing is a case.
But they are not alone and the same -
expectant and weary,
parting and painful,
and jealous is a case.
I have a hundred thousand of them,
and there are only six in grammar!

Kirsanov Semyon

Exclaimed the NOMINAL:
- My birthday boy is TOT,
Which is amazing
Learns science!
- THAT, - said the PARENT, -
I deny who
Can't live without parents
Put on your coat.
- TOM, - answered the DATAL, -
Bad name ladies
Who didn't love diligently
Do the lessons yourself.
- THAT, - said the ACCURATE, -
I will blame
Who is the book expressively
Can't read.
- WITH THAT, - said the CREATIVE, -
I'm only in tune
Who is very respectful
Refers to labor.
- ABOUT THAT, - said the PROPOSAL, -
I will offer a story
Who can do in life
Useful for us.

Tetivkin A.

Spring cases

Everything woke up from sleep:
SPRING is walking around the world.

As if we are blooming
Feeling the arrival of SPRING.

And I wanted to leave
Towards a young VESNA.

In the green foliage drown
And I will blame VESNA for this.

Nature breathes only one
UNIQUE SPRING.

A starling perched on a pine tree
Singing songs ABOUT VESNA.

Tell others about it
And you will repeat the cases.

Klyuchkina N.

Genitive

I ran away from home
I walked until the evening,
Dived from a tree into a snowdrift,
I dreamed of living without lessons.
For collection of snowflakes
I collected with my tongue.
Danced around the fire
And galloped around the yard.
Do I have to do my homework?
I didn't give a damn about it!
Here I am standing at the blackboard
And I sigh with longing.
But the genitive case
I won't forget, even if you cut it. (T. Rick)

Dative

If I had names
I gave to cases,
I would then be a giver
DATAL named!
And how I dream,
I dress up as Santa Claus
And I bring gifts to everyone:
Brother, sister, dog.
Who else? WHAT?
Chick, horse, catfish,
To a cat, a hare, a hippopotamus,
Crocodile and elephant!
I'm in a hurry to the locomotive
I'm flying on the ground, rushing!
I will deliver gifts to everyone
And then I'll be back home! (T. Rick)

Accusative

I am the Accusative
I blame everyone everywhere.
There is no hope
That I will not allow a blemish.
Substitute the word "see"
And define me.
- “If you want to know a lot,
Hurry up and learn to read! "
So that the ACCUSIVE remember
I learned ... to fly!
How to fly up to the ceiling
Yes, I'll wave through the threshold
I fly out the window
I'm keeping the course on the meadow.
I hate to blame
I will list everything.
WHAT will I see and WHO -
I'll name one!
I see the river, I see the garden -
I name everything!
I see a cherry, I see a plum.
How beautiful around!
They're building a club not far away
They paint a boat on the sand ...
Enough, I'm going back to school
I fly into the classroom light. (T. Rick)

Instrumental case

To keep up with everyone,
Come across as smart
I need to understand everything now
In the case CREATIVE.
What can I say for a long time.
So I decided ... to create!
Pencil, paper took
And I painted the landscape.
I am an artist, I am a creator!
Wow, what a fine fellow I am!
The bush is blooming in front of the castle,
A snake lives under a snake
A falcon flies over the road
Behind the fence, the horse neighs.
I create with a pencil
On your big sheet.
I decorated the view with difficulty
In the forest, a cloud over the pond.
Well, I'll turn the sheet
And I'll start to create again.
My hero goes to war
He wants to rule the country,
Hit enemies with an arrow
Pour resin over them from the tower.
Stop! Think with your head
Why go to war!
Better to end the matter with peace!
I'll close my album (T. Rick)

Prepositional

I miss in class.
Well, I'd rather dream.
I love to dream very much!
I wish I could become a princess!
I dream of a crown:
I will sit on the throne in it.
I dream of an elephant
To ride in the moonlight
I dream of earrings
I dream of boots.
In the evenings in the half-light
I dream of an eagle:
I will fly with him in the wild.
I will go to school ...
Oh, I already dream ...
ABOUT PROPOSED case! (T. Rick)

All existing cases of the Russian language

1) Nominative case - who?, What?
2) Genitive case - no one ?, what?
3) The dative case - to give to whom ?, to what ?, determines the end point of the action.
4) Accusative case - I see who ?, what ?, denotes the immediate object of action;
5) Instrumental case - I create by whom?, By what ?, defines the instrument, some types of temporary belonging (at night);
6) Prepositional case - to think about whom?, About what?

7) Vocal case. From the Church Slavonic vocative case, we only have the word "God!" (well, Father, mentor Ambrose, Panteleimone, etc. for those who read prayers). In modern Russian, this case occurs when we address: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, where it is formed by "circumcision" of the ending or a specially added ending: Vanyush (Tanyush), come out!

8) Local case. Usually used with the prepositions "Pri", "B" and "Na". Characterizing question: Where? What does it have to do with it? On what? - In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), At the shelf (not at the shelf) - but what about Holy Russia, Ukraine?

9) Separating case. Formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), There is a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set the heat (not heat), Add a move (not a move), Young man, no light is there?

10) Counting case - occurs in phrases with a numeral: Two hoursA (not even an hour has passed), Take three stepsA (not a step).

11) Suspension case - determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From the house. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; there was a severe frost.

12) Lens case - used exclusively with negation verbs: I do not want to know the truth (not the truth), I cannot have the right (not the right).

13) Quantitative-separative case - similar to the genitive case, but it has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set the heat (instead of heat), add a move (instead of add a move).

14) Waiting case - He's the genitive-accusative case: Wait (who? What?) For a letter (not a letter), Wait (for whom? What?) Mom (not mom), Wait for the weather by the sea (not the weather).

15) Transformative (aka inclusive) case. Derived from the accusative case (in whom? In what?). It is used exclusively in turns of speech like: Go to the pilot, Run for deputy, Marry, Become a son.

Nouns are widely represented in Russian. They can act as main and secondary members of the proposal. By using the cases of nouns, the speaker and writer can associate these parts of speech with others in the context of a sentence. Another category of noun is directly related to cases - its declension. By the way, the spelling correctness of what is written depends on the correct definition of which.

Case category

The case of nouns is a grammatical category that indicates the relationship of this part of speech to other words in the sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation coloration and even word order.

In modern Russian, there are only 6 case forms.

Case name	Case questions for nouns
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	Who? What?
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental
Prepositional	About whom? About what?

Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it lost its significance in the course of the development of language culture. Echoes of the vocative case remained in common parlance. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and meant the address: father, man. At the present stage of the development of the Russian language, it is implemented in the following colloquial addresses: Sing, Vasya, Tan, etc.

The meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative case

In addition to grammatical meaning, the cases of nouns are lexical. Let's analyze them.

Nominative case... This is the basic form of a noun. Used in academic literature (vocabulary entries). In this case, there is always a subject, also a word in it. the item can be an integral part of the predicate.

Example: Roses bloomed on time... Subject roses stands in the nominative case.

Another example: This tree is birch. Subject wood (Im.p., Predicate birch tree - the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).

Genitive meanings

Genitive... Can associate nouns with different parts of speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will mean:

• substance for which the measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
• affiliation: mom's shoesb;
• an object of some action: boiling water;
• definition relationship: beauty of the fields.

The genitive case is used with the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (whom?) a bull. With a cardinal number: a thousand (what?) rubles.

As for the verb and verb forms, this case applies in the following cases:

• denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: write out a receipt;
• used after verbs such as to be afraid, to strive, to depriveme and others: seek (what?) permission.

The genitive case is used when reporting the exact date. For instance: She was born on the sixth (what?) Of March one thousand nine hundred and eighty-two.

Dative and Accusative Meanings

Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. So, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents (compare: help around the house - direct object).

The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object before us: writing a poem.

Instrumental and prepositional cases

The noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:

• tool or method of action: punch (with what?) (way), beat (what?) with a hammer (tool);
• subject performing the action: written (by whom?) mom; washed (with what?) with a rag;
• is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (who?) a doctor.

The prepositional case is special, this is evident from its name. He always requires a preposition. May mean:

• topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about the work of Goethe; i think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
• time and geographic indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
• used to indicate the date, but not complete, but with the indication of the year: i was born (when?) in one thousand nine hundred and ninety.

Declination of nouns

To write spelling correctly, you need to know more than cases. The declension of nouns is of paramount importance. There are three types of declension in Russian, each of which requires specific endings. To determine belonging to one of them nouns, case, gender, you need to know first of all.

Nouns like homeland, earth, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by their femininity and the endings -а / -я. Also, these declensions include small nouns of the masculine gender: Vitya, grandfather, dad... In addition to the genus, they are united by the endings -а / -я.

The group of masculine nouns of the type is much more extensive: son-in-law, wolf, sofa... They have a zero ending. Such words refer to the second declension. This group also includes neuter nouns with the inflection -o / -e: sea, building, crime.

If in front of you is a feminine noun ending in a soft sign (zero ending), it will refer to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.

Nouns can have an adjective declension, that is, they change in cases like adjectives and participles. These include those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to the noun: living room meeting.

To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun belongs and ask a question.

For example, let's define the cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was driving on level ground.

Subject motorcyclist does not apply to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it stands in the nominative case. Determine the declension: the zero ending and masculine mean that the word is 2 declensions. Noun with a preposition by terrain depends on the word was driving... We ask the question: drove (where?) over the terrain... This is a question of the prepositional case. Terrain - feminine, ends in b, therefore the declension is third.

Declension of singular nouns

To determine with what ending it is required to write a noun, gender, number, case and declension must be known. The declension is hard and soft: the word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For instance: lamp - solid type; pan - soft.

Let's give examples of declension of nouns singular and pay attention to endings in some forms.

First declension

	Solid type	Soft type
Nominative			Provocation
Genitive			Provocations
Dative			Provocations
Accusative			Provocation
Instrumental			Provocate
Prepositional			About provocation

You should pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require staging the ending -e. In the noun na -ii, on the contrary, in these cases the ending -i should be written.

Second declension

	Masculine gender		Neuter gender
	Solid type		Solid type	Soft type
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If a noun ends in -th / -th, then in this case it is necessary to write -и.

Third declension

Pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after the hissing in the singular in this declension, it is required to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.

Declension of plural nouns

Let's analyze the cases of plural nouns.

	1 declension		2 declension		3 declension
	Solid type	Soft type	Masculine gender	Neuter gender
Nominative		Pans
Genitive		Casserole
Dative	Pictures	Casseroles
Accusative		Pans
Instrumental	Paintings	Casseroles	Barrakami
Prepositional	About paintings	About pots	About barracks

Nouns in the dative, instrumental, and prepositional cases have identical endings.

The endings -и / -ы or -а / -я have plural nouns. The first can be in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.

To distinguish the lexical meanings of plural nouns, different endings are used: sheet,but leaves (by the tree)and sheets (by the book).

Nouns like contracts, elections, engineers, officers, designers it is required to write only with the ending -ы. Another inflection is a violation of the norm.

Divergent nouns

The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changed in cases, they have the endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -name (for example, time stirrup), as well as the word way.

	Singular		Plural
Nominative			stirrups
Genitive	stirrups
Dative	stirrups		stirrups
Accusative			stirrups
Instrumental	stirrup		stirrups
Prepositional	about stirrup		about stirrups

Like nouns with 3 declensions, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.

Immutable nouns

Another special group of nouns is immutable. They are not put in the form of number and case. They always have the same form: without kimono (R. p.) - about kimono (P. p.); new kimono (unit h.) - purchased kimonos (plural).

How to determine, then, how the noun is grammatically expressed? The number, case, we look at the word to which it refers. Examples:

1. Pedestrians hurried along the new highway.

2. New highways have been laid.

In the first sentence, we determine the number and case by the adjective new (singular h., D. p.). In the second - also according to the adjective new (plural, Im.p.).

Immutable nouns are, as a rule, foreign words, like common nouns ( citro, cafe) and proper ( Baku, Hugo). Compound words (abbreviations) are also immutable. For instance: COMPUTER, NPP.

The Russian language has six cases that express certain roles of nouns in sentences: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. One of them is the dative case in Russian. It occupies a special place in comparison with other indirect cases, since it is opposed to them by the fact that it has its own semantics.

The dative case indicates the object to which the action is directed, to the addressee (for example, to write to the sister, to help the parents), to the object (for example, to enjoy the birth, to belong to the child), to the object of state and properties (for example, fidelity to what was said, loyalty to the owner). It expresses the attitude that determines the purpose of the object (a hymn to work), is used in impersonal sentences to convey the state of the subject (the child was unwell, he wanted to sleep). The dative case answers the question (you can sometimes mentally substitute the word “give”) “to whom?”, “What?”, “Where?”, “Where?”.

The dative case, in comparison with other indirect cases, can be used with fewer primitive prepositions ("k" and "po"). In the proverbial position, the dative case in Russian with the preposition "k" can perform the function of an informative-replenishing form (refer to the most famous sayings), have object meaning (respect for parents), have a definitive meaning (in place: go to the door; by time : warming by noon; by purpose and purpose: food for dinner).

In an unconventional position, the dative case with the preposition "k" has the meaning of a predicative attribute (the ability to sing), object meaning in determination (this dress lacks something bright), determinative and adverbial meaning of place and time (it got warmer in the evening). When using the preposition "by" in a proverbial position, the dative case has the following meanings: object (knock on wood, miss your brother), determinative with the meanings of place (to walk on the road), time (to sleep at night), reason (to say by mistake), goals (call to check). In an unconventional position, these are the values \u200b\u200bof a predicative feature (longing for the parental home), a subjective meaning (everyone has a book left) and a determinative meaning (the store is closed on Sundays).

The dative case is combined with such non-primitive prepositions: in contrast to (what was said), thanks to (mother), in spite of (himself), following (company), in spite of (fate), in relation to (professor), according to (contract), in accordance with (goals) ), judging by (quantity). With particular attention should be paid to the dative in which the names of the 1st declension (masculine and feminine gender, which end in "-а", "-я") depend on the name itself, in the dative case, the endings have "-е", "-и" in singular (for example, mom, wall, stories, aunt) and "-am", "-am" - in the plural (for example, mothers, uncles).

Nouns of the second declension (masculine and neuter with and ending in "-o") singular endings have "-y", "-y" (for example, window, table) and plural - "-am", "-yam" (for example, windows, tables) in the dative case. The nouns of the third declension (ending in the dative case, the endings have "-i" in the singular (for example, by night, by fabric) and "-am", "-yam" - in the plural (for example, at night, by fabric ).

Topic: "Changing nouns by case."

prepared

primary school teacher

Smirnova Zhanna Nikolaevna

Lesson topic: "Changing nouns by case"

Lesson type: lesson in the formation of new knowledge

The purpose of the lesson - to acquaint students with the change of nouns in cases.

To achieve the goal of the lesson, I set the followingtasks:

1. Subject:

To form an initial idea of \u200b\u200bchanging nouns by case

Introduce the nominative

Systematize knowledge about nouns

Summarize knowledge about the form of a word

Develop spelling vigilance, speech, memory, thinking

Cognitive UUD:

Form a need for new knowledge through a confrontation with a problem

To form skills based on the analysis of objects to draw conclusions

Form the ability to find answers to questions

To form the ability to generalize and classify according to characteristics

Regulatory UUD:

To form the ability to understand, accept and maintain a learning task, plan your activities

To form the ability to express your guess based on working with the material of the problem book

Communicative UUD:

Work in collaboration with a teacher, in pairs

Be able to correctly formulate your thoughts orally

Be able to listen to and understand the speech of others

3. Personal UUD:

To form the ability to regulate their own activities aimed at learning new material

To form cognitive activity, creative abilities of students

Evaluate your own educational activities, your achievements

During the classes

Organizing time (2 minutes.)

Russian language lesson. (Slide 1)

How would you like to see our lesson?(Interesting, informative, exciting)

I offer you two options for working in the lesson.

Read to yourself. (Slide 2)

Through the sleeves.

Tirelessly.

Read aloud.

Which one do you choose? Why?("Tirelessly" - diligently, diligently)

What are such interesting expressions called?(Phraseologisms)

Write down the number in your notebooks, great work. So let's get to work.

Repetition of the passed material. (10 minutes.)

Aimyaasuyoschsatvietalnoe (cards for each student)

What part of the speech will we continue to explore today? Tell me yourself, crossing out the lettersAND and Yo on cards.

What part of speech secrets will we continue to reveal?(Noun)

Let's remember what we already know about the noun? (A noun is a part of speech that answers the question who? So what? Indicates a subject. Has constant signs: it is animate and inanimate; own and common noun; feminine, masculine and neuter. Has inconsistent signs: number - singular and plural.)

Well done!

2. Vocabulary and spelling work.

Read the words to yourself.

Read aloud. Slide 3.

moro.

b. drywall

tra. wai

n. tukh

loan .ta

forest? face

n. juice

co? nce

Il? I

van? and

yag. Yes

Are all the words clear?

Explain the lexical meaning of the word "baggage". Where can you find out the meaning of this word?(In the explanatory dictionary)

Baggage - things, cargo of passengers, packed for shipment, transportation.

(Cargo, things, luggage)

Can the words written on the slide be classified as nouns? Prove it. (Answers the question Who? What? And denote objects)

What groups would you divide these words into?

Explain why you made this choice?(By attributes: own and common nouns, animate and inanimate, plural and singular, m, middle and f) Give examples.

Is it possible by spelling? Justify your answer.(Unstressed vowels testable and untestable; paired consonants, separating soft sign, double consonant, unpronounceable consonants, vowel after sibilants).

Give examples.

Write the missing letters in order on a line.

I will point with a pointer.

Slide 4.

Check

Evaluate yourself using the signal circles: green - I have mastered the passed material well, wrote it without mistakes; blue - the studied material requires repetition, 1-2 mistakes; red - experienced difficulties, made more than 2 mistakes.

Raise your hand, those who put the green circle? Well done!

Who put the blue circle? What needs to be repeated?

Who put the red circle? You need to be especially careful in class.

Connect these letters in order.

What word did you get?(Great)

Slide5

Great

Find synonyms for this word.(Great, good, great)

This will be my assessment of your previous work.

Fizminutka (1 min.)

Working on new material ... (20 minutes.)

Statement of the educational problem.

Read the topic of the lesson. Slide 6

Changing nouns by ...

How can this sentence be continued?(... by numbers)

Change the word "baggage" by numbers.(Baggage

luggage

Which part of the word has changed? (The ending)

And what has remained unchanged? (The foundation)

The student on the blackboard highlights the base and the ending.

What are these changes called? (Word form).

Is it possible to end the sentence differently?

Changing nouns by ...

Are you at a loss? We have a problem that needs to be resolved.

What educational task will we set for the lesson?(Find out how else they change nouns .) (Slide 7)

Let's do some research. To do this, we will try to go down the ladder from step to step, following mysterious tracks, and possibly discover new knowledge. (Slide 8)

Discovery of new knowledge by children.

a) work in a notebook-problem book

And our problem book will help us with this. Open with. 50 ex. 190

Read the assignment. (In the sentence you need to write the word “sister.” Decide whether you will leave the word in its original form or will you change it?)

Check with each other. (Pair work.)

What decision have you come to? Justify your answer. (We will change, since there will be no connection of words in the sentence.)

Let's take a look at the noun "sister." Name the spelling.

Try to insert the word “sister” into the sentences yourself.

Independent work .

Checking work

What suggestions did you get? Read it. (1) Sister came. 2) Sister is not at home. 3) The sister was given an assignment. 4) I see my sister. 5) I'm proud of my sister. 6) I talk a lot about my sister.)

How many times has the word "sister" been changed? (6 times)

What did you have to change from the noun "sister"? (The ending)

I wonder what caused the word to change?

Difficult to answer.

Look at the ladder. Maybe she will tell you the answer to the question? (Slide 8)

Let's check how the questions command. Let's change the noun "sister" orally. What questions will you choose?

Why did we ask who? (The word "sister is animate")

b) work in a workbook.

Change the word "sister" for the questions, highlight the endings and mark the spelling

We write in a column. The student is at the blackboard, the rest are writing in a notebook.

who? sister

whom? sisters

to whom? sister

whom? sister

by whom? sister

about whom? about sister

Are these related words or a form of the same word? (The form of the word, since only the ending changes.)

Why do they have different endings? (Various questions)

Now let's observe the behavior of another word: river from exercise 191. Do it yourself.

Independent work.

Checking work

Read the sentences you get. (1) We have a river. 2) And we have no river. 3) The river was given a name. 4) We saw the river. 5) We admire the river. 6) It's good to swim in the river.)

How many times has the word "river" been changed? (6 times)

What did you have to change from the noun?

What caused the word "river" to change?

Change the word for questions verbally.

Why did you choose the question "what"?

Ask questions for the word and write down the forms, highlighting the endings. Mark the spelling in the word "river".

We write in a column. The student is at the blackboard, the rest are writing in a notebook.

what? river

what? rivers

what? river

what? the river

than? river

about what? about the river

How many times have you changed the shape of a word? (6 times)

Have we changed words by gender?

Have we changed words by numbers?

So, this is some kind of new form of changing the name of nouns.

There may be many options, but only one is correct.

Where can you find the correct answer? (Ask the teacher, read in the textbook)

c) Acquaintance with the conclusions of the authors of the textbook.

Use the information in the tutorial page 77 (1 rule)

Inwardly

Aloud

What is the name of changing nouns on command of questions?

(Change by case)

Remember what learning problem we set at the beginning of the lesson?

(Find out how else nouns change)

How would you proceed with this sentence now? (Slide 9)

Changing nouns by case

In Russian, the change in cases is also called differently

declination.

What can be persuaded in life? (head, branches of trees).

And in Russian we inflect nouns.

What else have you learned about the word "case"? (Derived from the Greek word for fall)

Explain why I compared "steps" with noun changes?

(As the noun changes, it seems to fall from step to step.)

How many pairs of questions are commanders? (6)

Case is the master of the issue.

I want to tell you that each pair of questions, i.e. each case has its own name.

You are familiar with one case. Are you surprised? But this is so, because in all dictionaries, words are in the initial form.

What is the initial form of a noun? (This is the singular form that answers the questions who? Or what? There are never any prepositions with it)

This is the word inNominative case ... (Slide 10)

Let's check if this is so.

Let's read the message on page 77.

Why is the nominative case the most important? Why is he first?

(He gives a name to the object, names it. Requiring answers to the questions: who is this? What is this?

This is the initial form.)

Each case has a helper word. In the nominative, this is the word "is."

In writing, the names of cases are usually denoted in abbreviated form: uppercase and lowercase letters.

Consolidation of the studied material ... (6 min.)

1. Let's go back to the "ladder". 1 step is denoted by I.p.

What questions will the nominative form suggest to us? (Who what?)

Open your notebooks. Name the sentences in which the words "sister" and "river" are in the nominative case. Above these words, mark the abbreviated case.

2. Independent work.

Writing on the board:

I went fishing, birds fly away, sing a song.

Find noun phrases in the nominative case. Write abbreviated I. p.

Checking.

Summing up the lesson. (2 minutes.)

What's new about the noun?

How many cases are there in Russian?

What is the name of the first most important case?

Would you like to know the names of the other cases?

We will learn about this in the next lesson.

Homework. (1 min.)

At home, be sure to tell your parents what you’ve learned in class today. Do you think they remember the cases?

Are you curious to know how many cases are in other languages? Then your task is to find out.

Reflection ... (3 min.)

You have worked hard today. Express your impression of the lesson, starting with any of the following phrases:

Today I found out ...

It was interesting…

It was difficult…

I performed tasks ...

I realized that ...

Now I can…

I learned…

I managed…

I was able to ...

I'll try…

I was surprised ...

I wanted…

Thank you for the lesson!