After the war, the USSR developed a situation that was close to catastrophic. In economic terms, the country spent approximately 700 billion rubles during the war - at least a third of the national wealth of the USSR at that time. In fact, the collection of agricultural products has decreased twice as fast. The waste of human labor resources was colossal. The security of the rural state was reduced to zero. The country emerged from this situation and in a short time reached the pre-war level of development, and then surpassed its performance.

SRSR after the war: geopolitical situation, socio-economic development

1945, opening a new side in the history of the XX century. The developments in the world arena after the end of the war developed so dramatically and rapidly and led to such changes in the entire system of international transactions that they can be assessed as their own revolution. volitional character. The geopolitical structure of the world, as a result of the defeat of Germany and its allies, new centers emerged, and the world became bipolar. In the restoration of the Zahid-Skhid forces, the leading role now belonged to the United States of America and the Radian Union. The USSR not only emerged from international isolation, but achieved the status of a leading world power. The United States, which suffered less for other participants in the war conflict, after the war began to play the role of “first fiddle” in the international right. This real convergence of forces, which divided the world into two blocks, for a number of reasons, lost its organizational structure in the form of NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

The war changed the face of the world and destroyed the primary change in the share of rich peoples. The hidden threat brought them closer, gave them another plan for a huge super-chicken, rendered the old witchcraft and the struggle of egos unnecessary. The catastrophe of the world, which does not take into account the destruction of life from the suction systems, as its paradox revealed the light priority of human values, the idea of ​​light unity. Immediately after the end of the war, this idea began to be realized, softening in the lava of recent allies and the flowing fuse of especially active revanchists. And the “warmth of the war” that came to replace the warming, the onset of atomic psychosis could not completely throw off the reality of the idea of ​​the “Sleeping House”. This very idea began to weave a process that would later be called convergence. And we need to know that the current policies have turned out to be attuned to the realities of the post-war world, the lower power is an alternator.

Having firmly opened the “window to Europe”, she hastened to lower the “curtain”, threatening the country with the dangers of isolation, and therefore, lack of freedom. Our spivtichniki were unable to figure out what was truly going on in the world, and then mournfully marvel at how the enemy, who had recently fallen, quickly rose to his feet, making a new, better life. , and the survivors, as before, were fed on starvation rations, and indeed all all sent to the Legacy of the War. So it was. However, this does not mean that it is not enough. Victory gave Russia the opportunity to choose - to develop at the same time from the civilized world and as previously to joke about “its” ways in the traditions of socialist society. The point is not in what was the alternative to the post-war development of the country, but in the alternative trends that have (or have not) turned this development around. Economic policy of the USSR. T. 1. M., 1972. The very fact of the military victory raised to an unprecedented height both the international prestige of the Radyansky Union, and the authority of the regime in the middle of the country. Traven 1945 r. - against the authority of Stalin, who in the knowledge of most of today’s people was angry with the overcoming, and who accepted it as a little not bearing the divine providence. Mass knowledge endowed him with mystical power, sanctifying everything that was identified with him - either the authority of the system or the authority of the idea on which the system was based. Such was the super-significant role of Peremoga, who brought with her the spirit of freedom, but at the same time created psychological mechanisms that would block the further development of this spirit, mechanisms that became conservatives of positive matrimonial processes that arose in a special spiritual atmosphere in Eternal fates. Sirikh B.M. History of the state and law of Russia: the Radian and current periods. M., 2009.

The war, which passed through the territory of the region, took away the heavy destruction. The Supervisory State Commission, charged with calculating material surpluses acquired by the SRSR during military operations and as a result of spending on the war, estimated it at 2569 billion rubles. A number of constructed places and villages, industrial enterprises and salvage bridges were protected, it was determined that the amount of waste was lost in the sea and steel, the size of the shortening of the automobile fleet and the number of thinnesses. However, nowhere was it reported about the number of human expenses (not to take into account the figure of 7 million people popularized by Stalin in 1946). There is still debate among historians about the magnitude of the human costs of the Radyansky Union in the Other World War. The remaining research is based on the demographic balance method. Human losses assessed according to this method include: all those killed as a result of military and other actions of the enemy; died as a result of the increase in the mortality rate during the war both in front and in the front-line conflict and in the occupied territory; these people from the population of the SRSR on 22 June 1941, who were deprived of the territory of the SRSR during the war and did not return until the end (not including military servicemen stationed outside the borders of the SRSR). The total number of people spent during the Great White War became 26.6 million. Sirikh B.M. History of the state and law of Russia: the Radian and current periods. M., 2009. The problem of the transition from war to peace, which faced every human being in one way or another, was perhaps the greatest concern of the front-line soldiers. The severity of expenses, material savings, which are worried about a small guilt of the system, for front-line soldiers were accompanied by additional difficulties of a psychological nature associated with the switching of new orders of peaceful ploughing. Therefore, demobilization, as was happening at the front, presented many people with serious problems. For us, the younger ones (1924---1927 people), that is. those who went to the front from school without having achieved a profession or a stable living status. War became their common right, and their common mind was the right to fight and fight. In addition, this generation suffered the most numerically, especially in the First Military District. The war broke out until the end of time, broke the centuries-old cordons, and several generations actually united together - “a generation of conquerors”, who created, in such a way, a new society, uniting the complexity of problems, attitudes, bazhan, pragnen. Of course, this solidarity was evident (during the war there was not and could not be an absolute unity of those who fought), but the spirit of front-line brotherhood, the benefits of the war, has long been recognized as an important factor that flows into the entire war wow atmosphere. Strumilin S.G. Drawings of the economic history of Russia and the USSR. M., 1966. After the war, there inevitably comes a period of “healing of wounds” - both physical and mental - a complex, painful period of returning to a peaceful life, in which there are urgent everyday problems, for example, the problem of everyday life, family (for the atoh for rocks war (wasted), sometimes melts into the ranks of the insecure. The basic psychological attitude at that time for front-line soldiers was the task of settling down to a peaceful life, fitting in before the new one, learning to live in a new way. Isaev I.A. History of the power and rights of Russia I. M ., 1996.

The influx of war on the economy of the region cannot be assessed without looking at what was spent. The scale of human spending and the size of material surpluses have rightly confronted the economy with the problem of a shortage of labor and the need to renew the existing industrial base and infrastructure. Strumilin S.G. Drawings of the economic history of Russia and the USSR. M., 1966. Similar problems, although not on such a scale, confronted almost all the regions where the war took place. Prote, assessing the possibilities of the war economy, the Fahivites realized that the countries had spent a lot, and that they had won the war. In the wake of the collapse of the larger world, communications suffered, other indiscretion lived, and congestion, caused by severe fatigue, was much smaller. As for investments in the production of military products, they have increased significantly in all countries. In addition, the work on new particles has stimulated the development of scientific thought, and most of the scientific ideas generated in secret laboratories could be successfully used in a peaceful economy.

Economical advances like we experienced in the 50s. All industrial countries, including the USSR, are one of the inheritors of this unique technical and scientific potential. Due to the structurally damaged economy, due to the important development of the industrial complex, the USSR has fundamentally changed the distribution of the industrial base. As a result of the evacuation, a new industrial complex was created at the end of the region, the basis of which was formed by defense enterprises, which signified the future role of this region in the location and development of the military-industrial complex. Successful renewal of the economy after the war was based on the implementation of three main tasks: reconstruction (renewal of the constructed), reconversion (transfer of the military production to the production of large-scale products i) the improvement of the financial situation. One of the most controversial facts, which is actively discussed in scientific and popular literature, is the story about the engines of the post-war renewal of the SRSR and, most importantly, about the role of the modern engines that ensured the war reconstruction economy of the region. There is still no exact data about the obligations of modern expenses (in the penny and natural ranges), please look at the bases of indirect developments, compiled by the fakhivs, after knowing that the war has a renewed Radyansky economy The necessary calls - Lend-Lease provisions and reparations from the perils of the countries - played This is the real role. The main obligations of these supplies consisted of equipment, technical materials and documentation. Isaev I.A. History of the power and rights of Russia. M., 1996. The amount of material assistance received by the USSR from Lend-Lease can be judged by the import duty, which in 1945, according to official data, amounted to 14,805 million rubles. The supply, for example, of Lend-Lease locomotives even during the war allowed them to cover their costs to a large extent, and the increased capacity of sea, road and air transport for this reason outweighed the advance ratio. The average figures marked a great explosion in the post-war development of various regions of the country: the industry of the areas that were occupied was eliminated in 1945. less than 30% of the pre-war volume of its products, and industry in a number of similar regions, however, the work of evacuated enterprises, however, exceeded its pre-war level. already the coming year 1946. to a real drop in the growth rate of industrial products, reaching more than 77% before 1940. It took three years (p. Gross industrial output amounted to 118% before 1940). U 1945 r. The sown area became more than 75%, and the gross harvest of grain crops (comorous harvest) was twice as small, lower than in 1940. The program for the development of the rural government, transferred to the planned plans of the fourth five-year period, was not implemented; less than 1952 Grain production in the region reached pre-war levels. Failures in the agricultural sector were explained at this time not only by the legacy of the war; The reasons for these failures need to be looked for in the very conceptual directness of the policy of military renewal. Central to this policy was the idea of ​​a radical renewal of heavy industry. The rural dominion, and the role of the industrialists who work for profit, was clearly assigned a role. Astapovich Z.A. The first visits of the Radyans' kingdom at Galuzia Pratsia. -M.: Derzhpolizdat, 1958. With the priorities of the war economic development, the development of the fourth five-fold plan - the renewal plan - the government of the region actually turned to the pre-war model of development and pre-war methods of implementation economic policy. This means that the development of industry, which is primarily important, will not be detrimental to the interests of the agrarian economy and the related spheres (as a result of the similar division of budgetary funds), and there is a lot in what for them rakhunok, fragments of the pre-war policy of “pumping” assets from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector (due, for example, to an unprecedented increase in taxes on the rural sector in the post-war period). The wartime renovation of the economy meant the recovery of the financial system. Confused finances and progressive inflation are problems that almost all countries that were at war had to face. That's why we stretched out 1944-1948. a number of European countries carried out penny reforms: initially in Belgium, then in Holland, France, Great Britain, Germany, Austria and others penny reforms were introduced progressively under the hour of war, the normalized (card) system of population regulation. At the same time, in order to fight inflation (penny reform), the card system was not necessarily avoided: in Great Britain, for example, the card system continued until 1954. Astapovich Z.A. The first visits of the Radyans' kingdom at Galuzia Pratsia. -M.: Derzhpolizdat, 1958. The Radyansky government, in its plans to carry out penny reform and the binding of cards (which became a kind of symbol of the wartime) went ahead of the leading European countries, demonstrating that they are not without the power of the state. successes, and “advantages of socialism.” It was planned to start collecting cards in 1946. However, the low level of life of the population and the food crisis of 1946, the cause of which was the dry spell, prompted the Radyansk government to hasten plans and postpone the change of cards to the end of 1947. At the same time, pennies were spent on the cards that were collected. The exchange of pennies began on April 15, 1947, old pennies were exchanged for new ones at a rate of 10:1. p align="justify"> The payment exchange was facilitated by deposits in funds (up to three thousand rubles - for partners one to one). Propaganda presented the reform as a major blow to the “speculative elements,” which is indeed the category. Dealers of the shadow economy began to ensure their preparation, immediately disaggregating their investments or converting the preparation into gold, at a cost. Those who suffered after the exchange of pennies, first of all, were people who did not save money on their savings, but who were less prepared: among them, the most important thing became not “speculators”, but high-ranking workers, the technical intelligentsia, for borrow from wasteful producers, rural dominion and others. At the same time, regardless of costs, the reform of 1947 brought about stabilization of the financial situation in the country. The preparation of the card system was completed. The government of the region decided to replace the cards if the current supply of food and industrial goods could not satisfy the population's free supply.

In Moscow and Leningrad, due to special decisions at the time of the start of trading without cards, necessary commodity reserves were created. In other places, already in the first days and months after the removal of cards, people were faced with a shortage of essential goods: bread, cereals, oils, fruits, etc. cards The European powers, in the midst of the financial recovery of their economies, were running out of resources. Financial assistance from the United States, as provided under the Marshall Plan, played an important role in securing the wartime renewal of Europe. The USSR received American loans quickly, but it was not cleared up from political arguments: accepting the “Marshall Plan” meant for Stalin to lose control over the countries of Western Europe, which was tantamount to the collapse of the Radian bloc, which swearing The Radyansk service was not going to pay such a price for financial assistance. The renewal of the state was achieved with the help of internal funding. The restriction of government finances further aggravated the problem of choosing priorities: while industry was important to cope with the renewal program, the level of people’s lives changed less noticeably. Post-war life was completely returning to a peaceful course. Pasherstnik A.E. The right to practice. Draw from Radyansky law. M., 1951.

Sovereign mechanism 1945 - beginning of 1950

Born in 1947 under the Radya of Nationalities and the Radya of the Supreme Union of the USSR, a commission of legislators was created to approve, which were vested with the strict right of legislative initiative.

The role of the Supreme Presidency of the USSR is becoming increasingly important. So, before his birth in 1947. the denunciation of international treaties of the SRSR, the establishment of honorary ranks of the SRSR, the assignment of military ranks, diplomatic ranks and other special ranks were announced.

The system of municipal councils was improved. In the meantime, permanent committees were created between them.

Immediately after the end of the war, the State Defense Committee was liquidated, and its functions were transferred to the RNK of the USSR.

Born in 1946 The Rada of People's Commissars of the SRSR was reorganized into the Rada of Ministers of the SRSR, and the People's Commissars into ministries.

Born in 1946 The Institute of the Prosecutor of the SRSR abandoned the name of the Prosecutor General of the SRSR. Lelchuk B.S. Industrialization of the USSR: history, evidence, problems. M., 1984.

With the end of the war, the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command began its foundation. Born in 1946 The Robotnicho-Selyanska Chervona Army was reorganized into the Radyanska Army.

21st April 1949 The Rada of Ministers of the SRSR adopted a resolution “On the establishment of sovereign agreements”, it was established that the basis for the establishment of the sovereign agreement is the sovereign economic plan.

September 26, 1948 The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR issued the Decree “On the right of citizens to purchase and own individual housing units.” This is an important document, which is of great importance for solving the living problems of the Radian communities.

Born in 1948 The population of the population was prohibited from having love with foreigners, which was an anti-democratic result of the development of Stalin’s policy of isolationism.

Born in 1947 The Radian Union carried out a penny reform, the main step of which was the denomination of the Radyan ruble. In 1950 Radyansky Karbovanets was transferred from dollar to gold parity. Pasherstnik A.E. The right to practice. Draw from Radyansky law. M., 1951.

Post-war renovation and development of the USSR (1945-1952)

The Radian Union ended the war with great expenses. At the fronts, in the occupied territory, over 27 million Radyan citizens perished. 1710 places were built, over 70 thousand. s_l and s_l, 32 thousand. industrial enterprises. Direct layoffs caused by the war accounted for 30% of the national wealth.

Birch born 1946 The Verkhovna Rada of the SRSR adopted the fourth five-fold plan for economic development. The plan was to reintroduce people's rule, and to increase the pre-war level of industrial production by 48%. The People's State planned to invest 250 billion rubles. (How much for three pre-war five-fives).

At the onset of the war, the entire economy was reorganized into the military way, and the production of consumer goods was virtually suspended. A huge mass of pennies, not backed by goods, accumulated in the hands of the population. To relieve the pressure of this mass on the market, in 1947. penny reform was carried out. The pennies that were in the hands of the population were exchanged at the ratio of 10:1.

The reform allowed the rationing system to be scrapped and the fate of war averted. Since the 1930s, sovereign positions have been carried out on the population. They made harsh decisions, but allowed to improve the financial health of the region.

The renewal of industrial production proceeded at a rapid pace. Born in 1946 A sharp decline is expected, associated with the conversion, and since 1947. a steady rise begins. Born in 1948 The pre-war level of industrial production was shifted, and by the end of the five-year period, the rate of 1940 was increased. Growth was 70%, replacement of the planned 48%. This was achieved for the purpose of renewed production on the territories created under the fascist occupation.

After the war, the USSR continued its course, indicating an increase in the country's industrial capacity during the first five years.

There will be industrial giants: Kaluz Turbine Plant, Minsk Tractor Plant, Ust-Kamenogorsk Lead-Zinc Plant, etc. State reserves since 1953 have increased compared to pre-war levels: color metals - tenfold; naphthoproducts – 3.3 times; vugilla - in 5.1 times.

The Baltic republics, Moldova, the outlying regions of Ukraine and Byelorussia, which fell into the hands of the USSR before the war, are being transformed from agricultural to industrial.

The nuclear industry is rapidly being created. Born in 1948 In the Urals, the Mayak plant (Chelyabinsk-40) became operational, and the first Soviet nuclear reactors - converters for removing plutonium - were built. The Mayak plant became the first nuclear center of the region. Here, the first kilograms of plutonium-239 were removed, from which the charges of the first atomic bombs were prepared. In parallel with the development of nuclear weapons production, the missile industry is developing.

The race has now flared up, fiercely against capitalism and socialism, the renewal of the reconstituted people's state of the USSR and, first of all, has won colossal sums for the development of the industry, which have been richly reflected in the war years Fewer profits went directly to the development of the light and grub industry - the production of live goods increased significantly, There was a shortage of the most necessary things.

The rural dominion had a folding camp. As a result of the legal obligation, the allocation from the fourth five-year period for this development was directly allocated to only 7%. Like the rocks of the first five years, the main thrust of the modernization and subsequent industrialization of the region fell on the village. The power was concerned about industrial developments and received taxes and obligatory supplies for 50% of the products of collective and radgospіv. Purchasing prices for agricultural products have not changed since 1928, while prices for industrial products increased 20 times during this hour. According to the workdays, the collective worker was paid less for the river, and the worker was paid for a month.

Like the 40s. the plots were surrounded by high taxes. The villagers began to get rid of their thinness, cut down fruit trees, and pay taxes on the leftovers. The villagers could not leave the village because they did not have enough passports. However, the rural population quickly felt the rapid development of industry - villagers were recruited for work, factories, and logging. In 1950 The rural population has decreased by the same amount since 1940.

In the cruel birch of 1954, a program for the development of virgin and fallow lands was adopted. Before Siberia and Kazakhstan, more than 500 thousand were destroyed for the introduction of additional lands. volunteers (most importantly juveniles). Over 400 new radiological centers were created in similar areas. Part of the grain harvest on newly developed lands accounted for 27% of the extra-union harvest.

With the onset of the Cold War, the internal policy of the USSR sharply intensified. The situation of the “military encampment”, the “surrounded fort” highlighted the order of the fight against the external enemy, the presence of the “internal enemy”, the “agent of world imperialism”.

The other half is in the 40s. Repressions against the enemies of Radyan's rule were renewed. The greatest was “Leningrad on the Right” (1948), when such prominent figures as the head of the Derzhplan M. Voznesensky, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union A. Kuznetsov, Presovmin of the RRF M. Rodionov, head of the Leningrad Party were arrested and subsequently shot cultural organization P. Popkova in.

Once the state of Israel was created after the war, a massive migration of Jews from all corners of the world began there. Born in 1948 In the USSR, arrests of representatives of the Jewish intelligentsia began, the fight against ruthless cosmopolitanism began. In Sichna, born 1953. A group of doctors from the Kremlin hospital, Jews by nationality, were blamed for having killed the secretaries of the Central Committee, Zhdanov and Shcherbakova, through the wrong treatment, and were preparing to kill Stalin. These doctors never worked under the orders of international Zionist organizations.

Wartime repressions did not reach the scale of the 1930s, although they were intense show processes, but they continued to be widespread. It is clear that in the national formations of the peoples of the USSR, 1.2 to 1.6 million people fought in the war for Hitler’s Germany. Also, the number of reprisals for spying with the enemy is great - it’s completely clear. There were massive reprisals against the army (by order of Stalin's head, everyone who was killed was relegated to the category of celebrants of the Fatherland). The war and the important post-war situation in the country have also led to a colossal increase in criminality. Until today, 1953, the Gulag accounted for 2,468,543 deaths.

After death I. Stalin was created a collective kerivnitsa by the regional party. G. Malenkov became the head of the Ministry, and L. Beria, V. Molotov, N. Bulganin, L. Kaganovich became its protectors. K. Voroshilov became the head of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and N.S. became the post of Secretary of the CPRS Central Committee. Khrushchev. The relaxation of domestic politics has begun. Well, on April 4, 1953, she underwent rehabilitation with doctors. People began to return from the camps and send them away.

U Lipni born 1953 The plenum of the Central Committee discussed “Beria’s right”. L. Beria served as a member of the security forces and internal affairs agencies, and was the central leader of repression. Behind the accusations are “spiritualism with imperialist intelligence services” and “minds about the method of renewed insurgency of the bourgeoisie.” L. Beria and six of the closest soldiers were sentenced to execution.

After the execution of L. Beria, mass rehabilitation of those convicted for political crimes began. The press begins to have a first fear of criticizing the “cult of specialness,” aka I. Stalin is still unclear. A period begins in history called the “Wedlig”.

The re-examination of the “Leningrad reference” supports the position of G. Malenkov. The fierce one was born in 1955. In 2010, he was appointed from the Head of the Ministry of Ministers, and M. Bulganin was appointed to this office. This led to a change in the balance of power at the top - N.S. was placed in the first position. Khrushchev.

As a result of another light war, the balance of forces in the world changed. The countries that fought before the Radyansky Union increased their territories due to the successive powers.

The situation in the middle of the sunset has changed. The aggressor countries - Germany and Japan - became aware of their defeats and lost their role as great powers, and the positions of England and France significantly weakened. At the same time, the United States, which controlled about 80% of the gold reserves of the capitalist world, was inflowing, and 46% of the world's industrial production fell on its part.

A feature of the war period were people's democratic (socialist) revolutions in the countries of Common Europe and the lower countries of Asia, which, in support of the USSR, began before the emergence of socialism. The world system of socialism was established in people from the USSR.

At the dawn of the World War, a single anti-fascist coalition was formed - an alliance of great powers - the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and France. The presence of a sleeping enemy helped to create differences between capitalist countries and socialist Russia, and compromises were found. However, the Other World War was replaced by a “cold war” - a war without combat. The term “Cold War” was coined by US Secretary of State D.F. Dulles. The essence of it is a political, economic, ideological confrontation between the two socio-economic systems of socialism and capitalism, balancing between wars.

The basis of the confrontation was the differences between two superpowers – the USSR and the USA. Born in 1949 The Eastern Atlantic bloc of NATO is being created near Western Europe. According to Stalin, he wants to create a system of solid defense of the Black Sea channels of the SRSR and Turechchina, to establish a solid guard by the allies of the colonial Volodynia of Italy in Africa (under which the SRSR planned to attack the military-naval base in Libya).

The confrontation between the capitalist and socialist camps is heating up on the Asian continent. Born in 1946 A huge war broke out in China. The Kuomintang army under Chiang Kai-shek tried to occupy territories controlled by the Communists. The capitalist countries supported Chiang Kai-shek, and the Radian Union supported the communists, who transferred to them a large number of captured Japanese armor.

The residual disintegration of the “world” into two opposing socio-economic systems is associated with the hanging of 1947. With the United States' receipt of the “Marshall Plan” (in the name of the US Secretary of State) and the sharply negative positions of the good USSR.

In opposition to the bloc of capitalist countries, an economical and military-political union of socialist countries began to form. Born in 1949 the Rada of Economic Mutual Assistance was created - the body of economic cooperation of the socialist powers; u travnі 1955 r. – Warsaw military-political bloc.

After the adoption of the Marshall Plan in Western Europe and the establishment of the REV, two parallel light markets emerged in Western Europe.

Bags of the Great German War Defeat of fascism The international authority of the SRSR (the main part of the military German bloc was on the Radian-German front, the military SRSR reduced 507 German divisions, 100 divisions of their allies, defeating the Kwantung Army) 11.20.4. d – the trial of fascists and fascism near the city of Nuremberg, the USSR, turning Pivdenny Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, annexing the territories of Transcarpathia and the Kaliningrad region. The norms of international law and peaceful development on the basis of the activities of the UN and for the sake of the Security of the Development of Military-Technical Thought have been developed. Can you name the appearance of a nuclear war like the side effects of the Great Patriotic War and Other World Wars?

Paths of economic renewal: Zhdanov and Voznesensky (Ker. Derzhplan) Renewal based on evidence NEP Introduction of elements of a market economy, development of rural areas Malenkiv, Beria, Stalin Renewal for the rate of return to the planned economy Control of the power P'yatirich plans IV P'yatyr - 1946 -19 rr

The task of the fourth five-year period is to renew and increase the pre-war level of the economy. Pershochergov development of important industry. Development of scientific and technological progress. Advancement of defense. Raise the living level of the population.

Dzherela renewal Pumping of new goods from the village to the city (low purchasing prices for agricultural products: milk was bought for 25 kopecks, at sales - 2 rubles 70 k; 1 kg of yalovychin - 14 kopecks - at the distribution - 11 r 40 k) Reparations from Germany (+ labor force, equipment, technology) Work in connection with the Gulag Labor interest

Bags of economic and social development for the IV five-year period of 1946 r_k - collected to the Radnarkom, created for the sake of Ministers in 1947 r - collected cards 1947 r - penny reform (10: 1) Renewed permits and 8-year working day Advancement of education (introducing new schools and VU) Updated over 6 thousand. Before 1950, industry exceeded the pre-war level by 73% y/y, compared to the pre-war level in grain products.

In 1952, at the 19th Century of the Party, the CPSU (b) was renamed to the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the 19th Century of the Party, taking place from June 5 to June 14, 1952 at the meeting hall of the Supreme Council of the SRSR in Moscow. Here are some facts: 1. The first meeting of the party after a 13-year break. 2. VKP(b) was renamed to CPRS; 3. Changes were made to the Statute of the party - the Politburo of the Central Committee was dissolved, the Presidium of the Central Committee was created with 25 osіb; 4. The Directives of the five-fold plan for the development of the USSR for 1951 - 1955 were approved. 5. XIX Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) - CPRS is a single meeting of the party, the materials of which were published in parallel.

Problems of the renewal of the people's rule: 1946 – 1947 born. – famine (death of nearly 1 million people) During the war – loss of a significant part of the productive population Reintroduction of light industry Living problem Short expenditures on the social sphere Large expenditures on economic support of the countries Skhid New Europe

Look at the historical situation and give feedback on the question. After the end of the Great German War in the Soviet Socialist Republic, the Soviet Union began to realize that the political regime may be compromised, the country must develop in a democratic way, without the grip of power, totalitarianism and repression.

In what way did the harmonious-political life in the USSR begin to develop? Indicate at least 3 direct developments. The pre-war model of the development of the region has been established. The main directions of development: The Kerivnitstvo region will follow the course of the pre-war development of the economy with supercentralization of management, an important development is important. behind the development of scientific thought, the undesirable rulers of science (genetics, cybernetics, psychology) To suppress democratic sentiments in the marriage, mass repressions were renewed, as representatives of various faiths of the population knew

Why was this path organized? Name at least 2 reasons. The elections were aimed at developing the most consistent with the essence of the suspense-political system created in the USSR. The importance of the post-war economic situation, the urgent task of the rapid renewal of the state necessitated the over-centralization of everything. Their strength is not only in the economic sphere. In the minds of the “cold war” that has begun, the “curtain” has risen, not it was allowed to mix with the outside world; the evaluation of official ideology could be carried out only in the most extreme ways

Below is 2 glances at activity I. V. Stalin after the end of the Great German War: 1. I. V. Stalin is a great leader and admirer, under his leadership the post-war period of the USSR transformed into a secular power, having created and weakened the social. A list of the region's record successes after the end of the war. 2. In the post-war period, the totalitarian Stalinist regime, having reached its apogee, established total control over all areas of marital life. How beautiful is this point for you? Provide at least 3 facts, state what you want to argue for, the point of view you have chosen

When selecting the 1st point of view: During the post-war period, the authority of Stalin in the land and the world significantly increased. Under Stalin’s rule, in a short time the people’s rule of the USSR was restored, having suffered at the hands of the Second World War, grandiose development plans are planned in the region for the renewal of access and the 8-year Robotnik day Regardless of the difficult period, significant costs were seen in the development of science and education in the USSR, practically without compromising the US nuclear missile potential

When choosing the 2nd point of view: Regardless of the “democratic impulse of the war,” the Stalinist regime began to enforce. doctors" Criticism and persecution of the creativity of writers, composers, filmmakers Ideological campaigns: "fight against cosmopolitanism" The GULAG system has reached its maximum development

The harshness of the Stalinist regime The war broke a hole in the “solid curtain” that the USSR was isolated from other countries since the 1930s. Participants in the European campaign of the Red Army (and there were at least 10 million people), mobilized for work to Germany, residents of the German-occupied regions of the SRSR (up to 5.5 million) were able to The threads of that world, about “unfolding” and “ they were told that death was imminent before the war. The victory of the people during the war gave rise to hopeless hope and recovery. The villagers were insured for the dissolution of collective state societies, the intelligentsia - for the weakening of political dictatorship, the population of the allied and autonomous republics - for the snake Well, national politics. These sentiments were laid out on the sheets before the party the main reasons for the strengthening of the political regime were the “democratic impulse” of the war and the breakdown of the “solid dependence”.

Strengthening the Stalinist regime Repression against the massive army population and people forcibly abducted before Germany Strengthened by Law No. 7. 8 terms of strengthening - up to 25 years In 1943 -44 rubles. near Sibir, Porivn. Asia was inhabited by Crimean Tatars, Chechens, Ingush, Kalmiki, Balkars - about 900 thousand. chol. – By order of the Minister of State Security in 1951. resettlement of people deprived of settlement for 1947 -1948. Bulo was arrested for about 2 thousand. priests of various denominations, born in 1948. - Zhukov was taken from prison to the head commander, removed from the Central Committee and sent to command the Odessa military district. fight against cosmopolitanism: (The cosmopolitan respects the whole world with its paternalism.) The issue in cosmopolitanism was prior to the issue in

Political processes on the right" 1949 -52 rub. “In Leningrad they began to arrest the leaders of the Leningrad party organization. Over 2 thousand were arrested for the “Leningrad right”. osіb, called in attempts to "protest Leningrad to Moscow." 200 people were put on trial and shot, including Voznesensky.

Political processes 1952 -53 rub. “on the right of the doctors” (on the right of the doctors-truders) On the right, printed by the security authorities In 1952 - beginning of 1953, a fate against the group of Moscow doctors, most important to the honor of the high-ranking townspeople of the SRSR, for calling in their efforts in the battle of Stalin, Dimitrov and others. On the right there is little anti-Semitic character and there was a part of the campaign to “fight cosmopolitanism” that was carried out in the USSR from 1947-1953.

14th sickle 1946 r. resolutions of the Central Committee of the party were adopted about the magazines “Leningrad” (the editors were shocked) and “Zirka” (the magazine was closed), for the publication of the works of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko Pursuit of literature

The next target for re-examination are the composers: Prokofiev, Khachaturian, Muradeli. A campaign against formalist composers begins. The campaign revolved around the exclusion of low-talented people from the Group of Composers

Cinema and theater 4th spring 1946 The resolution of the Central Committee of the Party about “ideless” films was issued, and the fight against the films “Great Life”, “Admiral Nakhimov” and another series of “Ivan the Terrible” by Eisenstein began. At the same time, the repertoire of theaters by foreign authors is criticized for putting on plays.

Foreign policy of the USSR. Cold War Cold War period 1946 -1989, accompanied by political, economic, ideological confrontation (confrontation) of two political systems, the USSR and the USA, as well as their allies. The beginning of the “cold war” - 5 Berezny 1946 r. Churchill's language at Fulton (USA) “Zalizna visa” - “streaming doctrine” (Truman Doctrine)

Bipolar light Under the pressure of the SRSR edge of Skh. Europe, which had established pro-communist orders, was encouraged by the assistance of the United States. In the spring of 1957, six countries of Western Europe created a European economic partnership. The space between the two systems was fixed to the created military-political and economical blocks: 4 kvt. 1949 r. 12 powers, together with the United States, created the NATO military bloc. SRSR and 7 regions Skh. Europe signed a low military agreement in 1955. The Union abandoned its name - the Allied Forces. And in the countries of Common Europe, a similar organization - the Rada of Mutual Economic Assistance - was created back in 1949.

The race of development - increasing the nuclear missile capacity of the USA 1945 r testing of the atomic bomb 1952 testing of the thermonuclear device 1958 launch of a piece satellite 1958 test of the ICBM 1960 satellite 1957 test of the ICBM 1963 r. submarine ships with ballistic missiles Bipolar (double-polar light). This is the name given to the world order that existed from the 1940s to the end. 1990's through the creation of two protracted suspinal systems.

A great number of people came to say goodbye to the leader... ... At the people's memory of Stalin's funeral, it was recorded with languid embossing on Trubnaya Square, in which many people perished. From which Stalin’s opponents inevitably inflict an evil reprisal: the dictator and, after death, the desire to suck human blood. . .

With the death of Stalin, 5th February 1953. An entire era in the life of the USSR has ended. The absence of legislatively fixed mechanisms for the transfer of supreme power led to a protracted crisis.

Homework Know the features and results of the war economy Characteristics of the political regime and current policies in 1945 -1953.

Regardless of those that the SRSR, having recognized the fate of the war even after great losses, will not weaken the Viyshov in the international arena, but will become even stronger, even earlier. In 1946-1948 pp. In the powers of Converging Europe and Asia, communist orders came to power, and they set a course for the development of socialism behind the Radian symbol.

However, the foreign powers pursued a power policy in relation to the Soviet Union and the socialist powers. One of the main features of their streaming was atomic zbroya, the monopoly on Volodynia, which the United States took advantage of. Therefore, the creation of the atomic bomb became one of the main goals of the USSR. The robots beat the physicist I. V. Kurchatov. The Institute of Atomic Energy and the Institute of Nuclear Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR were created. Born in 1948 The first nuclear reactor was launched, and in 1949 The first atomic bomb was tested at the test site near Semipalatinsk. The work with her SRSR was secretly helped around the end of the day. Thus, the world has a new nuclear power, and the US monopoly on nuclear weapons has ended. From now on, the conflict between the USA and the USSR had a lot to do with the international situation.

Economic renewal.

The material costs of the war were even greater. The USSR spent a third of its national wealth from the war. The rural dominion was in deep crisis. Most of the population was in dire straits, and they were supported by the card system.

Born in 1946 The Law on the Five-Party Plan for the Renewal and Development of People's Dominion was adopted. There was a need to speed up technical progress and strengthen the country's defense forces. Post-war five marked by great oblivion (GES, DRES) and the development of road and transport infrastructure. The technical re-industry of the Radiansky Union was supported by imported possessions from German and Japanese enterprises. The highest rates of development were achieved in such fields as ferrous metallurgy, naphtha and vugilla production, and the production of machines and work stations.

After the war, the village fell into an important position, a lower place. At the kolgospas, arduous efforts were made to prepare bread. Just as previously the collective workers gave only a part of the grain “to the fire chamber”, now they were often anxious to give all the grain. Dissatisfaction in the villages grew. The Maidan crops were quickly passing. Due to the deterioration of technology and the lack of working hands, field robots were carried out with delays, which negatively affected the harvest.

The main risks of post-war life.

A significant part of the housing stock appeared to be destroyed. The problem of labor resources was acute: immediately after the war, there were a lot of demobilization workers, but there were still no workers left in the enterprises. It was possible to recruit robot workers from villages and vocational schools.

Even before the war, decrees were adopted, and continued after it, for which workers were prohibited, under pain of criminal punishment, from being voluntarily deprived of employment.

To stabilize the financial system in 1947. The Radyansky order carried out the penny reform. Old pennies were exchanged for new ones at a ratio of 10:1. After the exchange, the number of pennies among the population changed sharply. Recently, a number of times have reduced prices for mass-produced products. The card system was abolished, food and industrial goods were openly sold at separate prices. Most often, prices were higher than ration prices, and therefore significantly lower than commercial ones. The collection of cards was painted by the town's population.

One of the main goals of post-war life was the legalization of the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. U Lipni born 1948 The church celebrated a 500-year celebration of self-birth, and in honor of which a crowd of representatives of local Orthodox churches gathered in Moscow.

Vlad after the war.

During the transition to peaceful life, structural changes arose in the order. At the spring of 1945 Bulo was beveled by DKO. 15 Bereznya 1946 r. The Radnarkom and the People's Commissariats were renamed the Rada of Ministers and ministries.

Birch born 1946 The Bureau for the Sake of Ministers was created, becoming its head L. P. Beria . He was also entrusted with monitoring the work of the internal authorities and security authorities. Achieve a significant position in the servicing industry by taking A.A. Zhdanov, who has taken up the obligations of a member of the Politburo, the Organizing Bureau and the secretary of the party, born in 1948. he died. Positions changed overnight G.M. Malenkova, who had previously taken a very modest position in the government authorities.

Changes in party structures were reflected in the program of the 19th century of the party. At which point the party won a new one - the replacement of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and began to be called Communist Party of the Radyansky Union (CPRS).

SRSR in the 50s - beginning of the 60s .. XX century.

Changes after the death of Stalin and the XXth Congress of the CPRS.

Stalin died on February 5, 1953. The leader’s closest associates voted for the establishment of collective leadership, and the struggle for leadership flared up between them. Minister of Internal Affairs Marshal L.P. Beria initiated the amnesty, whose term became three more than five rocks. He placed his henchmen in several republics. Beria also advocated softening the policy for collective hospitals and advocating for defusing international tensions, reducing the drainage from the closing edges.

Prote vlitku 1953 r. Other members of the high party ranks, in support of the military, organized a riot and brought down Beria. There were no shootings. The fight is not over. Malenkov, Kaganovich and Molotov were removed from power, and G.K. Zhukov was removed from power as Minister of Defense. May everything work with the initiative N.S. Khrushchov, born in 1958 having begun to rise to party and state positions.

The fierce one was born in 1956. The 20th meeting of the CPRS was held, which included an analysis of the international and domestic situation, and the development of the fifth five. At the departure, the food about the vikrity of the cult of Stalin’s person was destroyed. The speech “About the cult of specialness and inheritance” was delivered by N.S. Khrushchev. He spoke about Stalin’s numerous violations of Lenin’s policies, about the “illegal methods of investigation” and purges that harmed innocent people. There was talk about the pardons of Stalin as a sovereign figure (for example, the announcement of the start of the Great German War). After his departure, Khrushchev’s testimony was read all over the country at party and Komsomol gatherings. This change shocked the people of Radyan, who began to doubt the correctness of the way in which the country had gone since then Yellow revolution .

The process of de-Stalinization of the marriage was carried out step by step. With Khrushchev's initiative, active cultures were denied the opportunity to create their creations without total censorship control and harsh party dictatorship. This policy abolished the name “vidliga” after the name of the popular writer I. Yerenburg.

During the “war” period, the culture underwent significant changes. The creation of literature and mysteries have become deeper and broader.

Reforms in the economic sphere. The development of people's rule.

The reforms that were carried out in the 50s - on the cob of the 60s. XX century, Mali has a super-cheerful character. At the right time, Stalin outlined the economic milestones that the country was obliged to reach in the near future. For Khrushchev, the SRSR was the leader at this stage, but in the minds that changed, their achievement did not have such a significant effect.

The decline in the people's rule of the USSR began with changes in the Iranian sector. They wanted to establish favorable prices for agricultural products, change the tax policy so that collective workers would receive financial benefits from their products. In the future, there was an increase in the penny income of collective state hospitals, pension security, and a relaxation of the passport regime.

Born in 1954 the initiative of Khrushchev began development of virgin lands. Later they disliked the former Gospodar’s way of life of the collective state workers. Khrushchev established that they would be for the rural bourgeoisie of the local type and carry out other visits to improve their living conditions. The relaxation of the passport regime opened the floodgates for the migration of the rural population to the city. Various programs were adopted to improve the effectiveness of the agricultural dominion, and Khrushchev often sought a panacea for the growing culture. The greatest popularity came from his attempt to transform corn into the “queen of fields.” The need to grow, regardless of the climate, has given way to agriculture, and the Khrushchev people have lost the nickname “corn farmers.”

50 rocks. XX century characterized by great success in industry. The production of important industries has especially grown. Great respect was given to these galusians, who ensured the development of technology. The country's sustainable electrification program is of great importance. New GES and DRES were put into operation.

The striking successes of the economy prompted certainty from Khrushchev and the possibility of an even greater acceleration of the pace of development of the region. There was a thesis about the new and residual socialism in the USSR, and at the beginning of the 60s. n. XX century set course for everyday life communism , so that every person can satisfy all their needs. Zgidno adopted in 1962 At the XXII Congress of the CPRS, the new program of the party was to complete the existence of communism until 1980. However, the serious difficulties in the economy that began at the same time clearly demonstrated to the citizens of the USSR the topicality and adventurism of Khrushchev’s ideas.

The difficulties in the development of industry were largely related to the ill-conceived reorganizations of the remaining forces of Khrushchev’s rule. Thus, most of the central industrial ministries were liquidated, and the management of the economy passed into the hands of Radnargospіv, creations in several regions of the country. This innovation led to a breakdown of ties between regions and led to the introduction of new technologies.

Social sphere.

The order of low-level inspections to promote goodwill to the people. A law on state pensions was introduced. In the middle and highest initial mortgages, the payment for the beginning was cut off. Robot workers in important trades were transferred to a shorter working day, without changing their salaries. The population received various pennies of assistance. The material income of workers has increased. At the same time, with the increase in wages, there was a reduction in prices for mass-produced goods: other types of textiles, clothes, goods for children, birthday books, etc.

In the same way, many huge funds were created to pay for the various relief benefits. For the use of these funds, a lot of people can start from schools and universities. The working day was shortened to 6-7 years, and before and after Holy Days the working day was even less stressful. The workday has become shorter by 2 years. 3rd October 1962 All contributions from the salaries of workers and service workers were affected. From the end of the 50s. XX century Sales of goods have begun to arise due to the trivial merchandising on credit.

Endless successes in the social sphere at the beginning of the 60s. XX century They were accompanied by negative phenomena that were especially painful for the population: the first necessity products, even bread, were available from store shelves. There were a number of demonstrations by workers, the most prominent of which was the demonstration in Novocherkassk, with the strangled troops standing in a standstill, which led to many casualties.

Foreign policy of the USSR 1953-1964.

Foreign policy was characterized by the struggle to improve the development of the USSR and international security.

The little regulation of the Austrian diet is of international importance. Born in 1955 With the inception of the SRSR, Vidnya signed a Sovereign Treaty with Austria. Diplomatic messages were also established with the FRN and Japan.

Radian diplomacy actively sought the establishment of internationally significant ties with all the powers. The Ugric uprising of 1956 became suvorim, as it was strangled by the Radian army. Mayzha at the same time with the Ugric Pods in 1956. Vinik Suetska crisis .

5 serpnya 1963 r. Moscow signed an agreement between the USSR, the USA and Great Britain on the prohibition of nuclear testing on land, in the sea and in water.

The relationship with most socialist countries has long been in order - they clearly obeyed Moscow’s instructions. U travni born 1953 The USSR renewed its shares with Yugoslavia. The Radyan-Yugoslav Declaration was signed, which endorsed the principle of non-submission to the world, non-delivery of the Ranko justice.

The main foreign political theses of the CPRS were recognized by critics of the Chinese communists. They also blocked the political assessment of Stalin's activities. Born 1963-1965 The PRC made claims to the low border territories of the USSR, and a vigorous struggle broke out between the two powers.

The USSR actively merged with the countries of Asia and Africa, which won independence. Moscow helped the countries that were developing and create their national economies. The fierce one was born in 1955. a Russian-Indian agreement was signed regarding the development of a metallurgical plant in India for the aid of the USSR. The USSR provided additional assistance to the United Arab Republic, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Cambodia, Syria and other countries of Asia and Africa.

SRSR from the other half of the 60s to the beginning of the 80s. XX century

The fall of N. S. Khrushchov and the jokes of the political course.

Development of science, technology and education.

The USSR has increased the number of scientific institutions and scientists. The Union Republic had its own Academy of Sciences, which was subordinated to a whole system of scientific institutions. Significant successes have been achieved in the development of science. 4th anniversary 1957 r. The launch of the world's first artificial satellite of the Earth was completed, and then the spacecraft reached the Month. 12th April 1961 The first human spaceflight in history took place. Pershoprokhid TsSM space becoming Yu.L. Gagarin.

There were new and powerful power plants. Flight engineering, nuclear physics, astrophysics and other sciences developed successfully. Science centers were created in many places. For example, in 1957 from Novosibirsk was prompted by Academistechko.

After the war, the number of schools changed catastrophically, one of the orders was the creation of new secondary primary schools. The increase in the number of secondary school graduates has led to an increase in the number of university students.

1954 r. Schools have renewed their preference for boys and girls. The tuition fees for high school students and students were also affected. Students were given a stipend. Born in 1958 The octagonal school was abandoned, and the decimal school was transferred to the 11th school. Nezabar the initial plan of the school included the production process.

Spiritual life is the culture of “blamed socialism.”

The ideologists of the CPRS quickly abandoned the idea of ​​Khrushchev until 1980. communism. This idea was replaced by the talk about “abuse of socialism.” It was respected that nations and nationalities would come together for the “blamed socialism”, a unified community was formed - Radyansky people. It was about the rapid development of the productive forces of the region, about the blurred lines between town and village, about the distribution of wealth on the principles of “Everyone for his benefit, everyone for his benefit.” There was a vote to transform the power of the dictatorship of the proletariat into a legal people's power of workers, villagers and the people's intelligentsia, between which the lines are also constantly being erased.

In the 60s-70s. XX century culture has ceased to be synonymous with ideology, its modernity has been lost. The ideological warehouse of culture came into the background, giving way to simplicity and breadth. Creations created in the provinces gained popularity - in Irkutsk, Kursk, Voronezh, Omsk and then. Culture was given a special status.

The ideological tendencies in culture were even stronger. The negative role of grave military atheism. They made efforts to restore the Russian Orthodox Church. Temples in the region were closed, priests were displaced and reduced in dignity. The German atheists created special organizations to preach atheism.

The Radyansky Union gained the status of a leading world power.

The world was divided into two blocks, one of which was part of the SRSR. The married life suffered from an emotional upheaval due to the experiences of the war. That very hour the totalitarian system continued to crumble.

The main task of the war period was the renewal of the ruined economy. Birch born 1946 The Verkhovna Rada of the SRSR adopted a plan for the reconstruction and renewal of the people's rule.

The demilitarization of the economy and the modernization of the military-industrial complex began. The priority area was the importance of industry, especially mechanical engineering, metallurgy, and the burning and energy complex.

Until 1948 Production has reached the pre-war level thanks to the heroic efforts of the peasant people, the costless progress of those who were subjected to the Gulag, the redistribution of timber for the production of important industry, the pumping of timber from the agricultural sector and light industry. and, the receipt of funds from the reparations of Germany, the harsh economic planning.

U 1945 r. The gross output of the rural dominion of the USSR reached 60% of the pre-war level. The order is trying to bring the galus out of the crisis with punitive attacks.

Born in 1947 A mandatory minimum of workdays was established, the law “For encroachment on the collective government and sovereign power” was enforced, and a tax was increased for the loss of thinness, which led to the 2nd mass slaughter.

It was shortened the area of ​​individual income of college workers. Payment in kind has changed. Collegians were encouraged to have passports, which demarcated their freedom. At the same time, the government was enlarged and control over them was strengthened.

These reforms were not without success, and even until the 50s. managed to reach the pre-war level of production of agricultural products.

The post-war situation put a strain on the implementation of democratic principles in the structure of the state.

1945 r. The State Defense Committee was affected. Re-elections took place for all the rivals, their calls and sessions became more frequent. The number of permanent commissions was increased, and the work of large and political organizations was renewed.

Born in 1946 The Rada of People's Commissars was reorganized into the Rada of Ministers, and the People's Commissariat into ministries. Just before the Constitution, direct and secret elections of people's judges were held. The 19th Party Congress took place. In 1946, development began on the draft of the new Constitution of the USSR. Born in 1947 The Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was presented with information about the draft new program of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Historical science was included in the “Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)”. The investigations and scientific cerebrates of such galusies of science as cybernetics, genetics, psychoanalysis, and Hvilian mechanics were subjected to brutal destruction and repression.

Composers became the targets of persecution and criticism from the side of the party: Prokofiev, Khachaturian, Muradeli and others.

Born in 1948 re-examination of “cosmopolitans” began. A ban on contacts and love with foreigners was introduced. Anti-Semitism exploded.

There have been changes in science and culture. Born in 1952 The seven-day school system was introduced, and evening schools began to open. The Academy of Mystery and the Academy of Sciences with these branches were established in the republics. The rich people have a postgraduate program. Regular television broadcasts began.

Looking at the positive destruction in the spheres of science and culture, the active implementation of policies in development began. The order and party began to control the scientific research of historians, philosophers, and philologists.