Why rivers flood in the spring. Geographical dictation The Far East is washed by the seas of the Pacific Ocean ………………………… Why the rivers of the Far East flood in summer

The territory of the Far East stretches along the Pacific coast for 4500 km. It is located in the zone of contrasting processes and phenomena. As already noted in our review, heterogeneous blocks of the earth's crust, various air masses, cold and warm sea currents interact here, representatives of northern and southern flora and fauna coexist nearby. All this determines the great diversity of natural conditions.

The Far East is located in the zone of interaction of large lithospheric plates. The Pacific plate moves under the continental Eurasian plate. This is reflected in many features of nature. So, almost all mountain structures stretch parallel to the Pacific coast. The ridges of the Koryak Upland and the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka are bent towards the continent. The southern outer arc of mountain structures is bent towards the ocean and consists of the Eastern ridge of Kamchatka and the ridge of the Kuril Islands. These islands are the tops of the highest (about 7000 m) mountains rising from the bottom of the sea. Most of them are under water. Most of the mountain structures of the Far East were formed in the Mesozoic .. Evidence is in the intense earthquakes and seaquakes, the centers of which are located both in the depths of mountain structures and at the bottom of sea basins and deep-water depressions - trenches. Seaquakes are accompanied by the formation of giant waves - tsunamis, which rapidly collapse on the Far East coast, causing catastrophic destruction.

The arched ridges also include volcanic mountains. The largest of them, Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 m), systematically throws out ash and lava. Volcanic processes are accompanied by geysers, numerous sources of thermal waters. In Kamchatka, they are used to heat buildings and greenhouses, and generate electricity.

Many mountains of the Far East are composed of solidified lavas, tuffs, pumice and other volcanic rocks.

In the south, there are mountains, highlands and plateaus formed as a result of the build-up of the continental lithospheric plate from the east due to the oceanic one. Therefore, the western parts of the mountain structures are composed of more ancient folds than the eastern ones. So, Sikhote-Alin from the west consists of Mesozoic folded structures, and from the east - Cenozoic. The Sakhalin mountains are fully represented by the Cenozoic folded structures of the earth's crust. The intrusion of igneous rocks into sedimentary strata led to the formation of deposits of iron, polymetallic and tin ores. Sedimentary rocks contain deposits of coal, oil and gas.

The climate of the entire Far East is determined by the interaction of continental and sea air masses of temperate latitudes... In winter, cold air streams rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High. Therefore, winter in the Far East is very harsh and dry. In the northeast, along the edge of the Aleutian minimum, the cold continental air of Eastern Siberia interacts with the relatively warm sea air. As a result, cyclones often occur, which are associated with a large amount of precipitation. There is a lot of snow in Kamchatka, blizzards are not uncommon. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, the height of the snow cover in some places can reach 3 m. Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin.

In summer, air flows from the Pacific Ocean. Marine air masses interact with continental air masses, as a result of which monsoon rains fall on the entire territory of the Far East in summer. As a result, the largest Far Eastern river Amur and its tributaries overflow not in spring, but in summer, which usually leads to catastrophic floods. Destructive typhoons from the southern seas often sweep over coastal areas.

The interaction of continental and sea air masses, northern and southern streams, a complex relief in which mountains and lowlands, closed basins are combined - all this together leads to a variety of the vegetation cover of the Far East, to the presence of northern and southern species in its composition. In the northern lowlands, there are tundras, into which larch forests enter from the south along the rivers. Most of Kamchatka is occupied by sparse forests of stone birch and larch, and thickets of dwarf cedar with alder and lichens grow along the mountain slopes.

Northern Sakhalin is characterized by sparse larch forests, and southern Sakhalin is characterized by impenetrable thickets of bamboo and spruce-fir taiga. On the Kuril Islands, in Primorye and Priamurye, where summers are warm and humid, coniferous-deciduous forests of a rich species composition grow. They consist of Korean cedar, spruce, fir, linden, hornbeam, Manchurian walnut, pear, and many other species. The dense thickets of trees are intertwined with lianas, grapes and lemongrass. There are many medicinal herbs in the forests, including ginseng.

Northern and southern animal species are found in the Amur and Primorye regions. Siberian species such as reindeer, elk, sable, squirrel live here, and such southern species as the Amur tiger, sika deer, black deer, and raccoon dog. Seal, fur seal and sea otter are characteristic of the Kuril Islands.

In most of the Far East, agriculture is difficult. But on the southern plains with fertile black earth and brown forest soils, wheat, rice, soybeans, potatoes and vegetables are grown.

Topic: "Far East"8th grade

Geographic dictation

1. 
   The Far East is washed by the seas of the Pacific Ocean …………………………. ……………………… ......................................... ............................................
2. 
   The relief of the Far East - …………………………… .t.c. - this is the area …………………………………………………………………………… ..
3. 
   The ridges of the Far East are elongated - ……………………………………

1. 
   not finished , this is evidenced by …………………………………………………………
2. 
   The climate of the Far East …………………………………………… ..
3. 
   Precipitation falls here more often in the form of …………………………………….
4. 
   The largest river in the Far East is ……………………… It has large tributaries ……………………………………………………………
5. 
   Rivers overflow during …………………………………………… ..
6. 
   In Primorye special forest , it is called "Ussuriyskaya taiga" - in fact it is …………………………………………………………………….
7. 
   colder , because ………………………………………

Answers:

1. 
   The Far East is washed by the seas of the Pacific Ocean - ... (Beringovo, Okhotsk, Japanese).
2. 
   The relief of the Far East -…. (mountainous)since - this is the area ……… .. .... (Cenozoic folding).
3. 
   The ridges of the Far East are elongated - ……… (from north to south or along the coast).
4. 
   Mountain building in the Far East not finished , this is evidenced by…. (earthquakes, volcanism).
5. 
   The climate of the Far East ... ... (monsoon).
6. 
   Precipitation falls here more often in the form … (Rain)… (summer, winter, spring).
7. 
   The largest river in the Far East - …… (Amur). It has large tributaries ... (Zeya, Bureya, Ussuri).
   Rivers overflow during ... (monsoon rains).
8. 
   In Primorye special forest , it is called "Ussuriyskaya taiga" - in fact, it is ... ... ( mixed forest).
9. 
   Vladivostok is located on the same latitude as Sochi, but summer is in Vladivostok colder , because …… (cools the Pacific Ocean, over which sea air is formed in summer (the ocean did not have time to warm up in summer), brought by the monsoons).

To the lesson "Natural resources of the Far East" 8th grade

Geographic digital dictation
Arrange figures for natural complexes , if the feature corresponds to the complex.
Chukotka:

Kamchatka:

Sakhalin:

Commander Islands:

Ussuri taiga:
Signs:

1. 
   Grow here: Amur velvet, manchu nut , Amur grapes, etc.
2. 
   This territory of the Far East was discovered by Vladimir Atlasov.
3. 
   This is the coldest part of the Far East.
4. 
   There are many active volcanoes in the Eastern Ridge.
5. 
   The origin of the ridge is volcanic.
6. 
   The population uses thermal waters as a recreational resource.
7. 
   “Everything here is not like ours. All the same, but not that. Squirrels are not red, but black. Magpies are blue. "
8. 
   Here on the island A.P. Chekhov.
9. 
   The highest peak of the Far East is Klyuchevskaya Sopka.
10. 
    The researchers of this natural complex - the famous traveler N.M. Przhevalsky and writer V.K. Arseniev.
11. 
    Here they say “12 months winter and the rest of the time is summer "
12. 
    The attraction of this PTC is a grandiose fir grove.
13. 
    There are large seals rookeries here.
14. 
    Lake Khanka is the largest lake in the Far East.
15. 
    In 1995, an earthquake destroyed the city of Neftegorsk.
16. 
    The natural unique of the Far East - the Valley of Geysers is located in this PTC.
    This territory occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of the number of endemics.
17. 
    Here, most of the territory is occupied by the subzone of coniferous-birch park forests with a predominance of stone and Japanese birches.
18. 
    The population grows rice and soybeans.
19. 
    Vitus Bering is buried in one of them.

Answers:

• 
  Chukotka: 3.11
• 
  Kamchatka: 2,4,6,9,12,16,18
• 
  Sakhalin: 8.15
• 
  Commander Islands: 5.13.20
• 
  Ussuri taiga: 1,7,10,14,17,19

In August 2013, there was a grandiose flood, which affected 98 thousand residents. The Amur, the largest river in these places, emerged from its banks. The scientists called the flood the largest in the last hundred years. The river flooded territories thirty kilometers from its usual channel.

The scale of the tragedy made many people think about why the Amur spills, and whether it is possible to somehow prevent the disastrous consequences of the flood.

A bit of theory

Rivers that are in with pronounced seasons of the year or originate high in the mountains, among glaciers, always have high water and low water. In nature, there is an eternal water exchange. Moisture evaporating from the oceans turns into clouds that carry precipitation. Rain falling to the ground penetrates and saturates rivers, which, in turn, carry their waves into the sea. Therefore, before figuring out why Cupid spills, you need to understand what he eats.

River specificity

We are accustomed to the fact that the floods near the rivers of Russia occur in the spring, since the overwhelming majority of them are fed by snow. When it gets warm, melt water overwhelms the Volga, Oka, Dnieper and similar blue arteries. Low-water periods (the smallest falls in them in the summer and the first half of autumn, when there is little precipitation. But the Amur is not such a typical river. It flows in the monsoon climate zone, characterized by the fact that in summer east winds blow from the Pacific Ocean.

It is in the climatic features that one should look for the answer to the question of why Amur spills.

Winters in this region are harsh, but little snow. Somewhere in November in the Amur basin, as well as on its tributaries - Zeya, Bureya, Ussuri and Sungari - freeze-up begins, which breaks open only in early May. For almost half a year, these rivers receive only underground food - from groundwater and springs. Because of the winter with little snow, spring floods are not observed on local rivers.

But when the summer monsoons begin to blow, bringing downstorms and typhoons from the Okhotsk, the water level in the Amureya, its tributaries, rises sharply, since the feeding of these rivers is mainly rain-fed.

Is it possible to prevent a disaster

If the Amur floods every summer, then why exactly August 2013 is inscribed in the history of Russia as a black date? There is also such a geographical concept as flood. It comes from the riot of the elements and has a sudden, very sharp character. Flooding occurs due to heavy and prolonged downpours (for example, when the monthly precipitation falls in 1-2 days) or due to a sharp melting of snow in the mountains. And in 2013, a typhoon was added to the effect of the wet summer monsoon. An important factor was that the storm drove back into the mainland the river waters from the shallow estuary. and dam break. Thus, it is not enough to know why the Amur spills, one must also realize that August-September is the time of typhoons.

Can the problem be solved? Yes, as the experience of many countries shows. The same Chinese, whose settlement territory runs along the other bank of the Amur, are investing a lot of money to strengthen it from erosion. In Europe, a cascade of reservoirs is installed in the upper reaches of rivers and on tributaries. This saving chain makes it possible to accumulate excess water, so that later it will gradually be lowered down during low water periods. We need to learn from this experience, and not be content with the fact that the level of Cupid for today is within the normal range.

This lesson will allow students to form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe peculiarities of the nature of the Far East. To acquaint with the history of discovery, exploration and settlement of the territory of the Far East. To deepen knowledge about the interconnections of natural components. Show the uniqueness of the nature of the Far East. To form the ability to work with different sources of information.

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Lesson Far East: Land of Contrasts

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

To form an idea about the peculiarities of the nature of the Far East. To acquaint with the history of discovery, exploration and settlement of the territory of the Far East. To deepen knowledge about the interconnections of natural components. Show the uniqueness of the nature of the Far East. To form the ability to work with different sources of information.

Equipment:

Maps: physical Russia, maps of the Far East, climatic, tectonic Russia, pictures, tables, books (documentary film). The nature of the Far East. Sheets - programs on the desk.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

II. Reiteration. Homework check

Test tasks

1. The first information about Eastern Siberia appeared in Russia:

a) in the X century; b) in the 15th century; c) in the 18th century; d) in the 19th century.

2. Mangazeya, founded in 1601 in Western Siberia, was later transferred to the mouth of the Lower Tunguska and renamed in 1782:

a) to Turukhansk; b) to Norilsk; c) to Krasnoyarsk.

3. The Central Siberian Plateau is located:

a) on a fashionable stove;

b) on the folded area;

c) on an ancient platform;

d) on the shield.

4. The highest mountains of Eastern Siberia:

a) Sayan; b) Byrrranga; c) Altai; d) Pamir.

a) the city of Munku-Sardyk; b) Belukha; c) Stone; d) Victory.

6. Climate of Eastern Siberia:

a) continental;

b) monsoon;

c) sharply continental.

7. The greatest glaciation is observed:

a) on the western slopes of Altai;

b) on the eastern slopes of the Sayan Mountains;

c) on the Putorana plateau.

8. Coldest place in Eastern Siberia:

a) peninsula;

b) Lake Baikal;

c) Oymyakon.

9. In the hollows in winter the air temperature is lower than on the slopes of the mountains, because:

a) in the basins, the temperature is inversion;

b) warm air does not penetrate here;

c) because the anticyclone dominates in the basins.

10. Air over Lake Baikal in winter:

a) warmer than in Transbaikalia;

b) does not differ from the surrounding territories;

c) colder than in Transbaikalia.

11. Dome-shaped hills with an ice core:

a) tarry;

b) traps;

c) Bulgunnyakhs;

d) turmoil.

12. About what natural phenomenon did the explorers write to the tsar: "And in Yakutsk ... you do not like grain arable land - the land, sir, in the middle of summer does not melt everything"?

a) about ice;

b) about the snow cover;

c) about permafrost.

13. The first woman to participate in the Great Northern Expedition was:

a) the wife of V.V. Pronchishchev;

b) the wife of V.A.Obruchev;

c) the wife of Commander Vitus Bering.

14. Taiga soils in Eastern Siberia:

a) podzolic;

b) taiga-permafrost.

15. Taiga of Eastern Siberia is dominated by:

a) light coniferous;

b) dark coniferous.

16. Endemics of Lake Baikal are:

a) seal;

b) omul;

c) golomyanka;

d) grayling.

Answers: 1 - b; 2 - a; 3 - c; 4 - c; 5 B; 6 - c; 7 - a; 8 - c; 9 - a; 10 - a; -in; 12-in; 13-a; 14-6; 15-a; 16-a, c.

Learning new material

Guys, today we have studied the main features of the nature of the Far East. This is the last natural region of Russia. Today we will independently study the Far East, using the text of the textbook, atlas maps, books, paintings.

You are members of an expedition to the Far East. The most amazing land, mysterious, contrasting: here you can see polar bears and tigers, brown and Himalayan bears, lichens and lianas. Only in the Far East of Russia there are active volcanoes and geysers. On the table, each student has module sheets:

1. Let's get acquainted with the composition of the Far East. Find the following objects on the physical map:

Seas: Beringovo, Okhotsk, Japanese, Chukchi.

Bays: Anadyr, Shelikhova, Peter the Great, Penzhinskaya Bay

Capes: Dezhneva, Lopatka.

Islands: Wrangel, Ratmanov, Commander, Kuril, Sakhalin, Shantar.

Peninsulas: Chukotka, Kamchatka

Volcanoes: Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Koryakskaya Sopka, Shiveluch, Tolbachik, Alaid.

Ridges: Sredinny, Dzhugdzhur, Bureinsky, Sikhote-Alin.

Highlands: Chukchi, Koryak.

Plains: Zeisko-Bureinskaya.

Work together with a neighbor on the desk, taking turns showing the found objects.

2. Using the tectonic map, determine the age of the earth's crust. Answer the questions:

Why there are active volcanoes in the Far East and I happen to be! strong earthquakes?(In the Far East there is a young earth's crust; the boundary of lithospheric plates passes here.)

Why is mountainous relief prevailing here?(The territory of the Far East is located in the area of \u200b\u200bCenozoic folding, and the folded areas correspond to mountainous relief forms.)

3. You found out that the Far East belongs to the area of \u200b\u200bthe Cenozoic folding. So the age of the Far East is ...(young). A tectonic territory is a mobile territory, since it is located ...(on the border of lithospheric plates).

Earthquakes are frequent here and ...(volcanic eruptions),giant waves appear in the sea - ...(tsunami). Remember the 1995 earthquake that wiped out the city ...(Neftegorsk).

4. Let's find minerals of the Far East.
On Sakhalin - ...(oil, coal, gas).

Primorye is rich ...(polymetallic ores, tin).In Kolyma, in Chukotka, they extract ...(gold).

5. What is the type of climate in the Far East? Read the textbook (R: § 44; B: §41).

The climate of the Far East is greatly influenced by: A long ...(north) to ... (south). The Far East stretches from the Arctic Circle to ... the latitude of Sochi. Therefore, the climate here ...(arctic to moderate).

The Pacific Ocean has an impact on the coast because ...(the ridges are stretched along the coast and are an obstacle to the moderate seaair).

The winds prevailing here - ...(monsoons). They determine the main feature of the climate: precipitation is heavy and falls ...(in summer). Snow falls in winter ...(few).

6.Rivers and lakes of the Far East.

Using the physical map, find the rivers: Amur, Zeya, Bureya, Selemzha, Up "uri, Anadyr.

Lake ... (Khanka) is the largest.

The rivers frightened the first settlers. I was especially frightened by the swiftness, unprecedented abundance of water in the Amur, sudden floods, the most powerful of which happens not in spring, but ...(in summer).

7. What is the peculiarity of flora and fauna?

Natural zones in the Far East from tundra in the north to mixed forests in the south - they are called ...(Ussuri taiga).

There are many endemics in the Far East: ginseng, Amur velvet, Manchurian nuts, Amur grapes, lemongrass, Korean cedars, white, black, yellow, and iron birches. In the forest there are tigers and brown bears.

The views of the north and south are mixed. Why?

8. Test yourself.

I know what Khanka, Ussuri taiga, tsunami, monsoon, Sikhote-Alin, ginseng, Klyuchevskaya Sopka, geyser are.

I can explain. Why do the rivers of the Far East overflow in summer and spring?

Why are earthquakes and volcanism still here?

Assignments for contour maps:

1. Designate on the contour map:

a) the composition of the territory of the Far East: Khabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Territory, Amur Region, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Commander Islands, Kuril Islands, Wrangel Island;

b) straits: Beringov, La Perouse, Tatarsky, Nevelskoy, Kunashirsky.

2. Mark the landforms on the contour map:

a) Chukotka, Koryaksky highlands;

b) ridges: Dzhugdzhur, Sredinny, Sikhote-Alin.

3. Indicate the direction of the summer monsoons, the permafrost boundary, the Valley of Geysers, Lake Khanka, the Ussuri Territory, the Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant.

Homework

R .: §44; B .: §41.

Prepare messages:about Kamchatka; about Chukotka; about Sakhalin; about the Commander Islands;Primorye