Why does the earth look blue from a spaceship? Is an alien spaceship heading towards Earth? What is hidden behind a mysterious interstellar object. "Promising elementary school"

Our planet is the only one in our solar system that has its own unique bluish color. All other planets, as well as their satellites, have solid light or grayish shades, while the Earth, even when viewed from Space, seems to be a blossoming source of life. But why the Earth appears blue from space, we will figure it out below.

Why the Earth is a blue planet

The emergence of such an unofficial name, which people often call our planet, is quite obvious. Indeed, in reality, opening any image of our planet from Space, you can see that for the most part it has a blue tint. This led to the fact that people today call the Earth the "Blue Planet".

Why the Earth is called the blue planet

By and large, the fact of why the Earth is called that way is also quite obvious. And in order to understand this, we, again, need to look at the photo of the Earth from Space. Fortunately, modern technologies allow us to find such photos in abundance or even look at the planet in interactive maps via the Internet.

It is easy to see that the Earth, mostly covered by the world's oceans, has a bluish tint precisely due to the waters prevailing on its surface. It is the color of the combination of rivers, lakes, and all kinds of water bodies that gives the planet this magical bluish tint.

However, this raises the question of why the ocean is blue, because water, as you know, is transparent. In this situation, many people assume that the ocean reflects the color of the sky, but this is a rather absurd hypothesis.

Why does the ocean from space appear blue

First, it is necessary to dispel the myth about the reflection of the color of the sky in the ocean by answering the question why the sky from Earth seems blue. The reason for this effect is that the rays of sunlight reaching us through the depths of the Cosmos are scattered in our atmosphere, and part of the blue color reaches our eyes.

And in the case of the ocean, about the same situation occurs - water also acts as a kind of screen, scattering solar radiation. Water molecules absorb both red, infrared and ultraviolet light. That is why everything seems blue underwater.

At great depths, by the way, a blue tint is absorbed, due to which we plunge into complete darkness. However, the ocean surface remains bluish precisely because of the scattering of red, infrared and ultraviolet light, and this leads to the fact that even from space most of our planet appears blue.

2.50: "Descent of the SA from heights from 90 to 40 km is detected and accompanied by radar stations".

Remember this radar data.

We will return to them when we discuss how and how the USSR could track the Apollo 50 years ago and why it never did it.

Live video

Include captions in Russian.

Manned spacecraft landing

Introduction

It should be noted right away that the organization of a manned flight is quite different from unmanned missions, but in any case, all work on conducting dynamic operations in space can be divided into two stages: design and operational, only in the case of manned missions these stages, as a rule, take significantly more time. This article deals mainly with the operational part, since work on the ballistic design of the descent is ongoing and includes various studies to optimize all sorts of factors affecting the safety and comfort of the crew during landing.

For 40 days

The first rough calculations of the descent are carried out in order to determine the landing areas. Why is this done? At present, the regular controlled descent of Russian ships can be carried out only in 13 fixed landing areas located in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This fact imposes a lot of restrictions associated primarily with the need for preliminary coordination with our foreign partners of all dynamic operations. The main difficulties arise when planting in autumn and spring - this is due to agricultural work in the planting areas. This fact must be taken into account, because in addition to ensuring the safety of the crew, it is also necessary to ensure the safety of the local population and the search and rescue service (SSS). In addition to the regular landing areas, there are also landing areas when stalling for ballistic descent, which must also be suitable for landing.

For 10 days

Preliminary calculations for the descent trajectories are being refined, taking into account the latest data on the current ISS orbit and the characteristics of the docked spacecraft. The fact is that from the moment of launch to descent, a fairly long period of time passes, and the mass-centering characteristics of the spacecraft change, in addition, a large contribution is made by the fact that, together with the astronauts, payloads return to Earth from the station, which can significantly change the position the center of mass of the descent vehicle. Here it is necessary to explain why this is important: the shape of the Soyuz spacecraft resembles a headlight, i.e. it does not have any aerodynamic controls, but to obtain the required landing accuracy, it is necessary to control the trajectory in the atmosphere. For this purpose, the Soyuz has a gas-dynamic control system, but it is not able to compensate for all deviations from the nominal trajectory, therefore, an extra balancing weight is artificially added to the design of the apparatus, the purpose of which is to shift the center of pressure from the center of mass, which will make it possible to control the descent trajectory, turning over the roll ... The updated data on the main and backup schemes are sent to the MSS. Based on these data, all calculated points are flown around and a conclusion is made about the possibility of landing in these areas.

For 1 day

The descent trajectory is finalized taking into account the latest measurements of the ISS position, as well as the forecast of the wind situation in the main and reserve landing areas. This must be done due to the fact that the parachute system is deployed at an altitude of about 10 km. At this point in time, the descent control system has already done its job and cannot correct the trajectory in any way. In fact, only wind drift affects the device, which cannot be ignored. The figure below shows one of the options for simulating wind drift. As you can see, after entering the parachute, the trajectory changes greatly. Wind drift can sometimes be up to 80% of the allowable radius of the dispersion circle, so the accuracy of the weather forecast is very important.

On the day of the descent:
In addition to the ballistic and search and rescue services, many other subdivisions are involved in ensuring the descent of the spacecraft to the ground, such as:

• transport ship control service;
• iSS control service;
• the service responsible for the health of the crew;
• telemetry and command services, etc.

Only after the report on the readiness of all services, the flight directors can make a decision to carry out the descent according to the planned program.
After that, the passageway is closed and the ship is undocked from the station. A separate service is responsible for undocking. Here it is necessary to calculate in advance the direction of undocking, as well as the impulse that must be applied to the apparatus in order to prevent a collision with the station.

When calculating the descent trajectory, the undocking scheme is also taken into account. After the ship is undocked, there is still some time before the braking engine is activated. At this time, all equipment is checked, trajectory measurements are taken, and the landing point is specified. This is the last moment when something else can be clarified. Then the brake motor is switched on. This is one of the most important parts of the descent and is therefore constantly monitored. Such measures are necessary in order to understand which scenario to go on in the event of an emergency. During normal impulse development, after a while, the compartments of the spacecraft are separated (the descent vehicle is separated from the utility and instrument-aggregate compartments, which then burn out in the atmosphere).

If, upon entering the atmosphere, the descent control system decides that it is not able to ensure the landing of the descent vehicle at the point with the required coordinates, then the ship "breaks" into a ballistic descent. Since all this is already happening in the plasma (there is no radio communication), then it is possible to establish the trajectory along which the apparatus is moving only after the resumption of radio communication. If a ballistic descent is disrupted, it is necessary to quickly clarify the intended landing point and transfer it to the search and rescue service. In the case of a regular controlled descent, the spacecraft specialists begin to "lead" the spacecraft while in flight, and we can see live the descent of the vehicle on a parachute and even, if we are lucky, the operation of the soft-landing engines (as in the picture).

After that, you can already congratulate everyone, shout hurray, open champagne, hug, etc. Officially, the ballistic work is completed only after receiving the GPS coordinates of the landing point. This is necessary for the post-flight assessment of the miss, which can be used to assess the quality of our work.
Photos taken from the site: www.mcc.rsa.ru

Spaceship landing accuracy

Precision Landings or NASA's "Lost Technology"

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Once again I repeat that before freely speculating about the deepest antiquity, where 100,500 soldiers unrestrainedly made dashing marches over randomly selected terrain, it is useful to practice "on cats" © "Operation Y", for example, on events only half a century ago - " flights of Americans to the moon ".

Defenders of NASA something went thick. And in less than a month, the highly promoted blogger Zelenykot, who turned out to be red-haired, spoke on the topic:

"Invited to GeekPicnic to talk about space myths. Of course, I took the most popular and popular one: the myth of the lunar conspiracy. In an hour, the most common misconceptions and the most common questions were sorted out: why the stars are not visible, why the flag flutters, where the lunar soil is hidden, how they could lose the tapes with the recording of the first landing, why the F1 rocket engines are not made and other questions."

I wrote him my comment:

"Fine, Hobotov! Into the furnace of the refutation "the flag is jerking - there are no stars - the pictures are forged!"
Better explain only one thing: how did the Americans "when returning from the Moon" from the second cosmic speed made a landing with an accuracy of + -5 km, which has been unattainable until now even at the first cosmic speed, from near-earth orbit?
Again "lost NASA technology"? G-d-d"I haven't received an answer yet, and I doubt that there will be something sane, it's not giggles about the flag and the space window.

I explain what the ambush is. A.I. Popov in his article "" writes: "According to NASA," lunar "Apollo No. 8.10-17 splashed down with deviations from the calculated points of 2.5; 2.4; 3; 3.6; 1.8; 1; 1.8; 5.4; and 1.8 km, respectively; on average ± 2 km. That is, the circle of impact for the Apollo was supposedly extremely small - 4 km in diameter.

Our proven "Soyuz" even now, 40 years later, land ten times less accurately (Fig. 1), although the descent trajectories of the "Apollo" and "Soyuz" are physically the same. ":

see details in:

"... the modern precision of the Soyuz landing is ensured due to the improved Soyuz-TMS, which was envisaged in 1999 when designing reducing the height of the introduction of parachute systems to improve landing accuracy (15–20 km along the radius of the circle of the total spread of landing points).

From the late 1960s to the 21st century, the landing accuracy of the Soyuz during a normal, regular descent was within ± 50-60 km from the calculated point as envisaged in the 1960s.

Naturally, there were also abnormal situations, for example, in 1969 the landing "" with Boris Volynov on board occurred 600 km short of the calculated point.

Before the "Unions", in the era of "East" and "Sunrise", deviations from the calculated point were even more abrupt.

April 1961 Yuri Gagarin makes 1 revolution around the Earth. Due to a failure in the braking system, Gagarin landed not in the planned area near the Baikonur cosmodrome, but 1800 km to the west, in the Saratov region.

March 1965 P. Belyaev, A. Leonov 1 day 2 hours 2 minutes the world's first manned spacewalk, automatic equipment refused, Landing took place in a snow-covered taiga 200 km from Perm, far from settlements. The cosmonauts spent two days in the taiga, until rescuers found them (“On the third day, they dragged us out of there.”). This happened due to the fact that the helicopter could not land nearby. The landing site for the helicopter was equipped the next day, 9 km from the place where the cosmonauts landed. The overnight stay was carried out in a log house built at the landing site. Cosmonauts and rescuers got to the helicopter on skis "

A direct descent like the Soyuz would be incompatible with the life of the Apollo cosmonauts because of overloads, because they would have to extinguish the second cosmic speed, and a safer descent using a two-hole scheme gives a spread over the landing point of hundreds and even thousands of kilometers:

That is, if the Apollo splashed down with unrealistic, even by today's standards, accuracy in a straight one-hole scheme, the cosmonauts would either burn out due to the lack of high-quality ablative protection, or die / receive serious injuries from overloads.

But numerous television, film and photographic surveys have invariably recorded that the astronauts who allegedly descended from the second cosmic speed in the "Apollo" are not just alive, but very cheerful little animals.

And this despite the fact that the Americans at the same time could not normally launch even a monkey even into low-earth orbit, see.

Red-haired Zelenikot Vitaly Egorov, who so zealously defends the "Americans on the Moon" myth, is a paid propagandist, a public relations specialist for the private space company Dauria Aerospace, which has dug in at the Skolkovo Technopark in Moscow and actually exists on American money (emphasis mine) :

"The company was founded in 2011. The Roskosmos license to carry out space activities was obtained in 2012. Until 2014, it had subdivisions in Germany and the USA. At the beginning of 2015, production activities were practically curtailed everywhere except Russia. The company is engaged in the creation of small spacecraft (satellites) and the sale of components for them. Dauria Aerospace Raised $ 20 Million Investment from I2bf Venture Fund in 2013... The company sold two of its satellites to the American at the end of 2015, thereby receiving the first income from their activities."

"In one of his regular "lectures" Egorov arrogantly flaunting, smiling with his charming smile on duty, that the American fund "I2BF Holdings Ltd. The goal of the I2BF-RNC Strategic Resources Fund, under the patronage of NASA, has invested $ 35 million in DAURIA AEROSPACE.

It turns out that Mr. Egorov is not just a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, but a full-fledged foreign resident, whose activities are financed from American funds, with which I congratulate all the voluntary Russian sponsors of the BOOMSTARTER crowdfunding who have invested their hard-earned money in a project of a foreign company, which is quite definite ideological character."

Catalog of all journal articles:

Today we can go outside our home in the early morning or evening and see a bright space station flying overhead. Although space travel has become an everyday part of the modern world, for many people space and the issues associated with it remain a mystery. So, for example, many people do not understand why satellites do not fall to Earth and fly into space?

Elementary physics

If we throw the ball into the air, it will soon return to Earth, just like any other object, such as an airplane, a bullet, or even a balloon.

To understand why a spacecraft can orbit the Earth without falling, at least under normal circumstances, requires a thought experiment. Imagine that you are on but there is no air and atmosphere on it. We need to get rid of the air so that we can keep our model as simple as possible. Now, you have to mentally climb to the top of a high mountain with a weapon in order to understand why satellites do not fall to Earth.

Let's experiment

We direct the gun barrel exactly horizontally and shoot towards the western horizon. The projectile will fly out of the muzzle at great speed and head west. As soon as the projectile leaves the barrel, it will begin to approach the surface of the planet.

As the cannon ball moves westward rapidly, it will fall to the ground some distance from the top of the mountain. If we continue to increase the power of the cannon, the projectile will fall to the ground much further from the place of the shot. Since our planet is in the shape of a ball, each time a bullet is ejected from the muzzle, it will fall further, because the planet also continues to rotate on its axis. This is why satellites do not fall to Earth by gravity.

Since this is a thought experiment, we can make the pistol shot more powerful. After all, we can imagine a situation in which the projectile is moving at the same speed as the planet.

At this speed, without air resistance to slow it down, the projectile will continue to revolve around the Earth forever, as it will continuously fall towards the planet, but the Earth will also continue to fall at the same speed, as if "escaping" from the projectile. This condition is called free fall.

On practice

In real life, things are not as simple as in our thought experiment. We now have to deal with the air drag that causes the projectile to slow down, eventually depriving it of the speed it needs to stay in orbit and not fall to Earth.

Even at a distance of several hundred kilometers from the Earth's surface, there is still some air resistance that acts on satellites and space stations and causes them to slow down. This resistance ultimately causes the spacecraft or satellite to enter the atmosphere, where they usually burn due to friction with the air.

If space stations and other satellites did not have acceleration capable of pushing them higher in orbit, they would all fall to Earth unsuccessfully. Thus, the speed of the satellite is adjusted so that it falls onto the planet at the same speed as the planet is curving away from the satellite. This is why satellites do not fall to Earth.

Interaction of planets

The same process applies to our Moon, which moves in free fall orbit around the Earth. Every second the Moon approaches by about 0.125 cm to the Earth, but at the same time, the surface of our spherical planet is shifted by the same distance, evading the Moon, so they remain in their orbits relative to each other.

There is nothing magical about orbits and the phenomenon of free fall - they only explain why satellites do not fall to Earth. It's just gravity and speed. But this is incredibly interesting, however, like everything else related to space.

19:22 17/03/2016

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Red. ash gray. yellow. dazzling white. But ours, even if we look at it from the depths of space, even if we rise slightly above the atmosphere, in low earth orbit, or if we fly away to the outer edges, our planet is blue.

Why? What makes her blue? Obviously, not all of the planet is blue. The clouds are white, reflecting white, direct sunlight onto the viewer from above. Ice - for example at the polar poles - is white for the same reason. The continents are brown or green when viewed from afar, depending on the season, topography and vegetation.

An important conclusion can be drawn from this: blue is not because the sky is blue. If this were the case, all the light reflected from the surface would be blue, but we do not observe this. But there is a hint that the true blue parts of the planet leave behind: the seas and oceans of the Earth. The shade of blue that water possesses depends on its depth. If you take a closer look at the image below, you can see that the water regions flanking the continents (along the continental shelf) have a lighter shade of blue than the deep, dark places of the ocean.

You may have heard that the ocean is blue because the sky is blue and the water reflects the sky. The sky is blue, that's for sure. And the sky is blue because our atmosphere scatters blue (shorter wavelength) light more efficiently than red light (longer wavelength). Hence:

• The sky appears blue during the day as shortwave light entering the atmosphere is scattered in all directions, and more "blue" gets into our eyes than others.
• The sun and moon appear red at sunrise and sunset, because blue light, passing through the thick layers of the atmosphere, scatters, and mainly saturated red light remains, which falls into our eyes.
• The moon turns out to be red during a total lunar eclipse: red light, passing through our atmosphere, will fall on the surface of the moon, while blue light scatters with ease.

But if the explanation was that the ocean reflects the sky, we would not see these shades of blue when we looked at deeper water. In fact, if you took a picture underwater in natural light, without additional light sources, you would see - even at the most modest depths - that everything has a bluish tint.

You see, the ocean is made up of water molecules, and water - like all molecules - selectively absorbs light at certain wavelengths. It is easiest for water to absorb infrared, ultraviolet and red light. This means that if you plunge your head into water even at a modest depth, you will be protected from the Sun, from ultraviolet radiation, and everything will appear blue: red light will be excluded.

Dive deeper - the orange will disappear.

Even lower - yellow, green, purple.

After diving for many kilometers, we find that the blue has disappeared, although it will be the last to disappear.

That is why the depths of the ocean are dark blue: all other wavelengths are absorbed, and the blue itself has the highest probability of being reflected and re-traveling to. For the same reason, if the Earth were completely covered by the ocean, only 11% of visible sunlight would be reflected: the ocean perfectly absorbs sunlight.

Since 70% of the world's surface is covered by ocean, and most of the ocean is deep, our world appears blue from afar.

Earth as a controlled spaceship

D. Frohman

Speech at a banquet held after the Plasma Physics Conference hosted by the American Physics Society in November 1961 in Colorado Springs.

Since I am not very well versed in plasma physics and thermonuclear fusion, I will not talk about these phenomena themselves, but about one of their practical applications in the near future.

Let's imagine that we managed to invent a spaceship that moves due to the fact that it throws out reaction products D– Dand D– T... On such a ship, you can start into space, catch several asteroids there and tow them to Earth. (The idea, however, is not new.) If you do not overload the rocket, then it would be possible to deliver 1000 tons of asteroids to Earth, spending only about a ton of deuterium. I honestly don't know what substance the asteroids are made of. However, it may well turn out that they are half nickel. It is known that 1 pound of nickel costs 50 cents, and 1 pound of deuterium costs about 100 dollars. Thus, for 1 million dollars, we could buy 5 tons of deuterium and, having spent them, deliver to the Earth 2500 tons of nickel worth 2.5 million dollars. Not bad, right? I already thought about organizing an American Asteroid Extraction and Delivery Company (ACDDA)? The equipment of such a company would be extremely simple. With enough subsidy from Uncle Sam, a very profitable business could be started. If anyone present with a large bank account wishes to be among the founders, let him come to me after the banquet.

Now let's look into the more distant future. Personally, I can't understand at all why astronauts dream of getting into interstellar space. The rocket will be terribly crowded. And in nutrition they will have to cut themselves down a lot. But this is not so bad. The main trouble is that the astronaut in the rocket will be in the same position as the person placed against the beam of fast protons from a powerful accelerator (see the picture). I am very sorry for the poor astronaut; I even composed a ballad about his sad fate:

Ballad of an Astronaut *

(free translation from English by V. Turchin)

From beta inverter

And gamma converter

There was only one paneling.

And the ion cannon

Like an empty cracker

Sticks out, not good for anything.

All mesons have decayed

All neutrons have decayed

All visible light was emitted.

According to Coulomb's law

The protons scattered

There is no hope for leptons.

Damaged reactor

Rumbles like a tractor

There is rot and decay in the bio-chamber.

Now the nozzle has already clogged,

And the bottom is leaky,

And the vacuum whips into the gap ...

He flew to Orion,

But the flow of gravitons

Unexpectedly crossed the path.

Off course

And having drained all the resources,

He managed to elude them too.

Taking a huge detour,

Flew around half of the universe

And now on an empty ship

On the last line

Coming home

Approaching the planet Earth.

But fighting gravity

Super super super acceleration

He slowed down the hands of the clock.

And the arrows froze

Well passed on Earth

Thousands of thousands of centuries.

Here are the home planets ...

God! Is it the sun? -

A dark red, slightly warm ball ...

Smokes over the earth

Swirls over the Earth

Hydrogen, cold steam.

What is it?

Where is the tribe of men? -

In unknown, distant worlds.

Their children grow up

Already on a new planet

And the Earth is all in cosmic ice.

Cursing and crying

From such a failure

The astronaut turned the lever.

And B rang out,

And A came out,

And there was an X -

But I also feel sorry for those who remain on Earth. After all, our Sun is not eternal. It will go out someday, plunging everything around it into cosmic darkness and cold. As Fred (Fred Hoyle, that is) told me (3), in a couple of billion years it will be so cold on Earth that, let alone comfort, life itself on this planet is out of the question. And therefore, it makes clear sense to go somewhere. It seems to me that for most of us the most convenient spacecraft would still be the Earth itself. Therefore, if we do not like that our star is gradually extinguished and, in general, if we are tired of everything in the solar system, why stay here? Let's fly somewhere directly on our Earth. In this case, all the difficulties associated with space flight will disappear by themselves. After all, the problem of protection from radiation does not exist, there is an atmosphere on Earth, and the speed of movement will be low. The safety and pleasantness of such a trip is obvious.

However, will we have enough energy? First of all, you need heat and light: after all, over time we will be removed from the Sun or any other star. The deuterium contained in the ocean water can give us 1038 erg, therefore, if it is used only for heating and lighting, then this will be enough for three million years - a period quite sufficient. However, there is a small snag here. At our speed, we will consume 3 × 1010 pounds of deuterium per year, and its cost is $ 100 per pound, therefore, the deuterium consumed will be 100 times the annual budget of modern air forces. But perhaps it will be possible to obtain deuterium at wholesale prices?

However, we need more energy to get away from the Sun. The calculation shows that 2.4 · 1040 erg will be spent on this, that is, much more than all oceanic deuterium can give. Therefore, it will be necessary to find other sources of energy. I believe that to solve this problem we will have to turn to the synthesis of an alpha particle from four protons. When using this reaction, all the protons of the world's oceans will give us an energy of 1042 erg, that is, forty times more than what is needed to get away from the Sun.

Sand can be used as a working fluid. Throwing out 1000 SiO2 molecules for each synthesized alpha particle, we will have to spend only 4% of the Earth's mass to detach from the Sun. It seems to me that we can afford it. Moreover, for such a purpose it will not be a pity to use up the Moon: after all, far from the Sun, there is still no use for it. After leaving the solar system and wandering in outer space, we will probably be able to replenish our reserves of mass and energy from time to time, refueling on the fly from the planets we meet along the road. There is still one fundamental obstacle on the way to the implementation of these plans: we do not know how to carry out the 4p - He4 chain reaction. Now you can see how important this is. We need to redouble our efforts to address it. Time does not stand: the Earth has already spent two-thirds of the time allotted to it at the Sun.

I assure you that we will be fine in space. Perhaps we will like it so much that we don't even want to cleave to the new star.

Published in Physics Today, 15, # 7 (1962).

D. Frohman - until 1962 held the position of technical director of Losalamos laboratory.

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