Has no significant effect. Pressure has no significant effect on bacterial growth. Effect of the law of mutual agreement

The Accounts Chamber checked the use of funds aimed at supporting small businesses within the framework of the State Program for the Development of Agriculture.

Measures to support small business in agriculture have been implemented within the framework of the State Program and regional programs for the development of the agro-industrial complex for more than five years. The volume of federal budget funds allocated for the provision of grants for the audited period amounted to more than 25 billion rubles.

At the same time, the audit showed that state support measures have not yet received wide distribution and have not had a significant impact on the development of small forms of farming in the countryside. “The share of recipients of subsidies is very small: in 2017, 3,289 peasant farms received grants, that is, only 1.6% of their total number in the Russian Federation. At the same time, the share of their products made up only 0.6% of the total volume of agricultural products ",- said the auditor Alexey Kaulbars at the Board of the Accounts Chamber. "In the same time, - continued the auditor, - those small businesses that have taken advantage of these measures were able to obtain a positive effect from their application. So, if the average growth rate of marketable products produced by all small businesses in agriculture in 2017 amounted to 12.1%, then for organizations that received grants in 2013-2015, this indicator reached 53.8%, which allows us to talk about the effectiveness of government support measures. "

According to the Accounts Chamber, the low demand of agricultural producers for the support measures proposed by the state is due, among other things, to the inconsistency of the actions of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia to manage the state program. “The state program does not provide for a systematic assessment of the effectiveness of the subsidies provided. The size of grants and approaches to the directions of their use change almost every year ”,- noted the auditor.

The audit showed that the competitive selection of potential grantees was carried out by the regional commissions in violation of the established rules. Due diligence of applicants for compliance with the established criteria was not carried out, and the assessment of their applications in some cases contained high corruption risks.

In 2017, grants in the amount of RUB 82.7 million. at the expense of the federal budget were provided to agricultural consumer cooperatives, which at the time of participation in the competition did not carry out activities and did not have proceeds from the sale of products. In the Stavropol Territory, this violation was revealed in all four recipients of state support, in the Republic of Bashkortostan - in two out of four.

In the Stavropol Territory, cases of illegal provision of grants in the amount of 45.2 million rubles have also been established. heads of peasant farms who were also founders of commercial organizations. However, other applicants for the grant were unable to receive it. “Here, in our opinion, the Ministry of Agriculture should pay special attention to the approaches of the regions to the selection of grantees", - the auditor emphasized.

The audit also revealed systemic violations associated with non-compliance with the procedure for the provision of interbudgetary transfers and the lack of proper control by the Ministry of Agriculture over their use by the regions.

For example, in 2016, subsidies in the amount of RUB 149 million. The Ministry of Agriculture provided 23 regions in the absence of approved regional rules determining the procedure for providing state support.

Due to the lack of proper control, both from the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministries of Agriculture of the Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Bashkortostan, the regions did not ensure the return of the remnants of grants to the federal budget provided in 2015-2016. for a total amount of 47.94 million rubles.

In addition, the data of departmental reporting of the regions is not always correct. So, according to the report of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2017, sent to the Ministry of Agriculture, the indicator "Creation of new jobs in peasant farms" with a planned value of 79 was exceeded and amounted to 100 units. However, according to the reports of the grantees themselves, only 42 jobs were actually created.

In conclusion, the auditor noted that the Ministry of Agriculture should pay special attention to the identified violations and shortcomings, as they can negatively affect the quality of implementation of the federal project "Creating a support system for farmers and the development of rural cooperation", developed in pursuance of the goals set in the May presidential decree.

According to Ivan Lebedev, State Secretary-Deputy Minister of Agriculture, who was present at the Collegium, the Ministry of Agriculture has already developed measures to eliminate the shortcomings identified by the Accounts Chamber: "We agree with the entire scope of the violations identified and have already approved a plan of systemic measures that will allow eliminating all violations in a fairly short time."

The choice of the type of influence depending on the type of client, your inclinations, the characteristics of the task has a significant impact on the effectiveness of communication with the client.

In fact, most of us intuitively apply some or all of these influences. But their clear structuring, understanding of their pros and cons allows us to achieve more and more effect. It is important to understand that none of the types of influence that we will consider and learn to apply consciously is universal, none of them can be considered a priori better than any other. It all depends on the specific situation. The main thing is to find the right tool for each situation, to do it quickly and confidently.

Impact of the law as a prerequisite.

Formulation: "This is how it should be ...", "Based on this instruction, you must ..."

Some time ago, a very interesting international socio-psychological study was carried out, the purpose of which was, in particular, to reveal the typical reaction of representatives of different peoples and countries to the introduction of an unfavorable law concerning individuals. A typical Russian reaction was: "We must look for how to get around it." Unfortunately or fortunately, so far this is the case. Therefore, this type of influence is not very effective for Russia. You should not use it often, unless it is relevant only for lower-level performers or in situations of legal settlement of conflicts. In other cases, as a rule, it causes a pronounced protest or a similar reaction: "You are supposed to choose a certain assortment and volume of sales, these are our rules of interaction" - "So, I will not take any more, no matter what happens." It is much more effective to rely on more positively perceived influences. However, it should be noted that this type of influence is quite effective in organizations with a corporate culture such as organizational management, that is, where everything is clearly regulated and corresponds to procedures, that is, where the basis of interactions is prescribed rules and procedures. It is the same in terms of the type of person. If the client is a person who gravitates towards procedures, is controlled and appreciates stability and predictability, then the influence of the law as a prerequisite will be quite effective.

Effect of the law of mutual agreement

The wording: "How we agreed ...". "You and I agreed that ..."

Effective in the overwhelming majority of cases, provided that two conditions are met: such an agreement, at least conditionally, exists, and secondly, we are dealing with a decent person. As a rule, it is perceived quite organically, there is no coercion or any other negative. Moreover, the client receives recognition that he is a full partner in communication and decision-making. Therefore, one of the very effective methods of influence is the involvement of the client in the decision-making process, the achievement of intermediate agreements, the initial joint definition of the “rules of the game”. This approach further allows us to more effectively apply the influence of the law of mutual agreement. This type of influence is especially important when using a democratic style of interaction, when we strive to give sufficient freedom and independence to employees. From the point of view of the characteristics of the client's personality, it is worth noting that the influence of the laws of mutual agreement is very positively perceived by people who gravitate towards internal reference, with mixed reference.

Influence of the law as group norms

The wording: "It is accepted / not accepted in our country (in our business, in our relations, etc.)

If you have a strong, unidirectional culture in your relationship with a client of the company, if people really value the opinion and respect of each other, if there are written and unwritten laws, then this type of influence will be effective for everyone. If this is not the case, then the influence of the law of group norms will work only when interacting with people with external reference, that is, for those who value the opinion and assessment of others. The question is that other people, including your competitors, can just as easily provide them with the same tool.

Expert influence.

Expert influence is one of the most effective types of influence that affects all people for whom professionalism, effective business conduct, and strategies are important.

Expert influence can be carried out in three ways:

1. The expert is the first person, that is, in our case, the leader.

The wording: "You know, I have faced this situation many times (explanation), so I would ... (motivation)"

Effective influence, while it is very important that the client is convinced of the expertise you have. It makes sense to continually validate and demonstrate such expertise, fueling the client's conviction in your expertise. Sometimes it is very important to simulate a situation in which you have the opportunity to show your skills, knowledge and ability to deal with difficult situations.

1. Expert - unbiased statistics or data

The wording: “You know, from the data ... the most effective solution is

(motivation) "

Effective influence when it comes to the fact that data or statistics are meaningful to the client. This type of influence is especially good for people who have a systemic, scientific mindset, people who are inclined to operate with such data on their own.

1. Expert - third party

The wording: "XXX has always done (advised, said) so ... (motivation)"

Such formulations allow us to achieve good results when this third party is really an authority, is included in the reference group of the client whom we want to influence. In fact, in this case it is very good to use “opinion leaders”, that is, people whose opinion is valued in the industry.

Charismatic influence, or example influence

The wording: "I am sure that you can do it", "It is very important for me that you do it", "I would be in your place ..."

This influence is effective provided that you are an example for the employee, are included in his reference group and have a pronounced charisma. Charisma is a combination of energy and personal charm. This is a quality inherent in the personality initially, it can certainly be developed and improved, but it is impossible to form "from scratch" in an adult. Charisma and charismatic influence is the most intuitive, therefore it can easily have both a plus and a minus sign (suffice it to recall such charismatic leaders as Hitler or Mussolini). If the salesperson really has charisma, it is very tempting to use this influence all the time, because it is very simple and does not require any additional effort. But the risks are very high. First, with a significant deterioration in personal relationships, charismatic influence can fade away or even backfire. Secondly, a person who built interactions with customers solely on the basis of charismatic influence is practically irreplaceable. In addition, charismatic influence has relatively little effect on strong personalities, on people who gravitate towards independence and self-esteem based on their own criteria. In general, we must remember that "from love to hate and from hatred to love is one step." Therefore, the conclusion is that charismatic influence is effective and useful, but it should never be abused. It is necessary to use this type of influence in an effective combination with the rest.

Impact of reward

The wording: "You do it, and it will help you (the benefits that are relevant to the client)." General outline of the wording: "Do it and it will give you (client benefit)"

It is important to understand that the influence of reward does not mean material reward at all. The essence of influence lies in the fact that we explain to the client how this or that action will allow him to realize his needs and motives. In order to effectively use the influence of reward, it is necessary to be able to determine and know the motives of each specific client, that is, to understand what complex of benefits is important to him or her. Then we will be able, on the one hand, to get the client to work with the maximum efficiency (efficiency), on the other hand, to give him the opportunity to fully realize his needs and motives. That is, we are simultaneously achieving a pragmatic goal (increasing productivity) and humanitarian (human satisfaction).

Impact of coercion

Formulation: "If you do not do this, then you will not be able to grow further (any other variant of anti-benefit)"

In fact, the effect of coercion is a mirror image of the effect of reward. But it is important to keep in mind a few patterns. In most cases, a 70/30 ratio is effective, where 70 is reward, encouragement, 30 is coercion, punishment. Secondly, the higher the level of the person, the higher the level of the company - the client, the more effective positive reinforcement is compared to negative. Thus, the influence of coercion should be used very carefully, precisely when we understand that a person is more worthy of censure than reward.

What is important to us? It is important to alternate the types of influence, choosing them correctly, based on the characteristics of the situation, organization and specific client. It is worth noting for yourself how effective this or that type of influence was for each specific person and group of people. It is very useful for you to train in precisely those types of influence that are most difficult to give, without getting carried away by one thing that works well even so. It must be remembered that the best negotiation option is adaptive negotiations, in which the representative knows how to vary, adapt his communication skills and abilities to the specific situation and characteristics of the client. Once you realize that you have become fully responsive, you can say that you are a skilled salesperson.

Exercise 1.

Task 2.

Task 3.

Task 4.

Task 5.

Mutual trust and respect is important to the client more than the profitability of cooperation. What or what types of influence can be considered the most effective in such a situation?

Answers to tasks

Exercise 1.

In the presence of what feature of the metaprogram profile, the influence of coercion can be more effective than the influence of reward?

If the client is dominated by avoidance

Task 2.

The main motives of the client are profitability, constant cooperation, partner reliability. What types of influence will be most effective?

Impact of remuneration, mutual agreement, and "so it is"

Task 3.

The client is outwardly referential. What kinds of influence will be effective?

Influence of norms, expert and charismatic influences

Task 4.

The client reacted negatively to expert influence. Offer as many answers to the question as possible, what could this be connected with and what to do in such a situation?

Internal reference. We must use the "law of mutual agreement"

Expert selected incorrectly. Choose the person or data that is really important to the client
+1 -1

Rp. Antipyrini 0.25

Powders according to this recipe melt regardless of whether they are wrapped in plain or waxed paper.

This mixture damp even in a desiccator.

From those given in table. 11 factors affecting the melting of complex powders are strongly influenced by the contact surface of the mixed substances, mechanical stress and the temperature of the air in the room. Vigorous mixing in a mortar naturally entails an increase in the contact surface and mechanical action. It is also obvious that the higher the room temperature, the closer the eutectic point is to it.

25. Rp. Acidi acctylsalicylici

Amidopyrini aa 0.25

S. 1 powder 3 times a day

For example, when preparing powders according to recipe No. 25, the melting point of the mixture decreases to 45 ° (the melting point of acetylsalicylic acid is 133-136 ° C, amidopyrine is 107-109 ° C). However, since the air temperature is below 45 ° C, the physical effect greater than clumping (damping) is naturally not observed.

In the case of prescribing substances that form a eutectic, the recipes are not subject to fulfillment, unless the eutectic is provided for or, moreover, is used to improve the technological operation.

26. Rp. Thymoli 0.1

Mcntholi 1.5 Acidi borici 10.0 Boli albae Talci ~ aa 15.0 M. f. pulv. DS. Powder

For example, in the case of the preparation of the powder according to the recipe 26, thymol and menthol in the form of a eutectic are more evenly distributed in the mixture of powders than when they are introduced in crystalline form. A small amount of eutectic is not reflected in the flowability of the powder.

In the case of prescribing mixtures prone to dampness, the question of the possibility of their preparation should be decided each time on an individual basis. It should be borne in mind that damping often entails chemical changes of varying depth in the composition of the drug.

For example, when acetylsalicylic acid is combined with sodium bicarbonate in a wet mass of powders, hygroscopic sodium acetylsalicylate is initially formed. The latter, hydrolyzing, forms sodium salicylate and acetic acid (powders in this stage smell like "vinegar"), which is then converted into sodium acetate.

Chemically, the damping of the powder is also not harmless in the previous 25. After a while, the moistened and sticky mass begins to emit the smell of acetic acid. In the presence of moisture, conditions are created for a reaction, as a result of which amidopyrine salicylate is formed, and acetic acid is released.

The released acetic acid, due to its hygroscopicity, absorbs moisture from the air, which accelerates the reaction. Amidopyrine salicylate decomposes in the light, staining the mixture yellow. The recipe is clearly not enforceable.

The hygroscopicity of aminophylline is also the reason for irrationality, since chemical reactions begin to occur in a number of its combinations.

27. Rp. Acidi ascorbinici 0.1 Euphyllini 0.1 Sacchari 0.2

M. f. pulv. D. t. d. N. 12 S. 1 powder 2 times a day

For example, a powder prepared according to Recipe 27 will soon turn yellow when stored. The explanation must be sought in the fact that in the presence of moisture in the air, aminophylline, a compound of theophylline with ethylenediamium, which has an alkaline reaction, is converted inethylenediamine ascorbate, which is very unstable and rapidly oxidizes.

Adsorption phenomenareducing the therapeutic effect, noted in the recipes mainly with alkaloids.

28. Rp. Extra. Belladonnas 0.015

Papaverini hydrochloridi 0.03

Carbonis activati \u200b\u200b0.5

S. 1 powder 3 times a day

The activated carbon in the given example (recipe 28) almost completely adsorbs papaverine hydrochloride and belladonna extract alkaloids; at the same time, the adsorption capacity of coal decreases.

29. Rp. Pcpsini 0.1

Carbonis activati \u200b\u200b0.5

S. 1 powder before meals

The enzyme pepsin is adsorbed by carbon.

In medicines, white clay has to deal with not only fromphysical, by and with hsmosorption.

30. Rp. Morphini hydrochloridi

Kxtracti Belladonnae aa 0.01

S. 1 powder 2 times a day

White clay absorbs both morphine and tropane alkaloids. In addition, the latter on the surface of white clay are destroyed at the place of etheric connection. Using this recipe as an example, you can see the possibility of eliminating incompatibility if the pharmacist recommends that the doctor replace the white clay with another filler (sugar, calcium carbonate, etc.). White clay also actively adsorbs methylene blue. It has been proven that about two-thirds of methylene blue is adsorbed by white clay.

In the recipes below 31-33, the combinations turned out to be pharmacologically irrational.

31. Rp. Barbitali 0.15

Phenobarbitali 0.02 Amidopyrini Themisali aa 0.2 Acidi ascorbinici 0.15 Coffeini-natrii benzoatis 0.02 Extr. Belladonnae 0.015 M. f. pulv. D. t. d. N. 6 S. 1 powder inside

It has been established that the hypnotic effect of barbiturates is reduced by atropine contained in belladonna extract.

Hypnotics are also pharmacologically incompatible with thiamine, pikotnnamide and glucose.

Cardiac glycosides are pharmacologically incompatible with hypnotics, insulin, chlorpromazine and valerian.

Diuretics are pharmacologically incompatible with salsolin, sleeping pills, chlorpromazine, promedol, novocaine, lev-zeya and ginseng preparations. All these drugs reduce urine output if they are prescribed together with temisal, diacarb and other diuretics.

32. Rp. Themisali 0.1

Salsolini hydrochloridi 0.01

M. f. pulv. D. t. d. N. 12

S. 1 powder 3 times a day child 3 years old

The decrease in urine output is not associated with a decrease in blood pressure caused by salsolin, but is the result of a decrease in filtration in the glomeruli and an increase in the reabsorption of urine in the convoluted tubules.

Sulfonamides are incompatible with quinine in the treatment of malaria, since they weaken its effect on plasmodia.

In order to avoid premature judgments about pharmacological incompatibility, one should not forget about the time of action of the drug, which contains antagonists. For example, in a recipe:

33. Rp. Phenylii salicylatis 2.0

Natrii sulfatis 30.0

DS. I la one take

sodium sulfate is an antidote to phenyl salicylate (a derivative of phenol), so this property manifests itself only after the conversion of phenol into sulfonic acids, which takes time. And before that, the constituent parts of the drug have time to provide a therapeutic effect for the purpose of which they were prescribed: sodium sulfate is a laxative, and phenyl salicylate is a disinfectant, anti-putrefactive.

POWDERS IN ZLVODSKY PRODUCTION

Powder-crushing shops (departments) of pharmaceutical enterprises, in addition to meeting the needs of their enterprise (tablet shop, shop for extraction preparations), produce a large number of powders for pharmacies. Basically, these are powders of plant origin (powders of leaves, roots, seeds, etc.), which are necessary in everyday recipes for the preparation of powders, pills, candles, etc. Along with this, enterprises produce a significant amount of complex powders according to prescriptions regulated by the FS , VFS or MRTU.