Is it possible to live on Venus. Is life possible on Venus? What Venus Should Be After Terraforming

In their search for extraterrestrial life, scientists have considered many different options. For example, Mars has geological features that suggest it once had liquid water, one of the basic conditions for life.

Scientists are also studying Saturn's moons Titan and Enceladus, and Jupiter's moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto as possible safe havens for life in the ice-covered oceans.

Now scientists have returned to an old idea that promises a new perspective in the search for life beyond Earth: life on Venus, more precisely in the clouds of Venus.

In an article published March 30 in the journal Astrobiology, an international team of researchers led by planetary scientist Sanjay Limaye of the University of Wisconsin is looking at Venus's atmosphere as a possible habitat for extraterrestrial microbial life.

“Venus has had ample time for life to evolve on its own,” explains Limay, noting that some models suggest Venus once had the right climatic conditions and liquid water on the surface for 2 billion years. "It's much longer than Mars."

On Earth, ground-based microorganisms, mainly bacteria, can enter the atmosphere, where they have been found alive at altitudes up to 41 kilometers by scientists using specially equipped balloons from NASA's Ames Research Center, according to study co-author David Smith.

There is also a growing catalog of microbes known to inhabit the incredibly harsh environments on our planet, including the Yellowstone hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, toxic sediment from polluted areas and lakes around the world.

“On Earth, we know that life can thrive in very difficult conditions, can feed on carbon dioxide and produce sulfuric acid,” says Rakesh Mogul, professor of biological chemistry at California State Polytechnic University. He notes that Venus's cloudy, very dense, and acidic atmosphere is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and water droplets containing sulfuric acid.

The idea of \u200b\u200ba possible life in the clouds of Venus was first raised in 1967 by biophysicist Harold Morowitz and famous astronomer Carl Sagan. Decades later, planetary scientists David Grinspoon, Mark Bullock and their colleagues have expanded on this idea.

Confirming the notion that the atmosphere of Venus could be a suitable niche for life, a series of space probes on the planet, launched between 1962 and 1978, showed that the temperature and pressure conditions in the lower and middle parts of the Venusian atmosphere are between 40 and 60 kilometers - would not interfere with microbial life.

It is known that the surface conditions on the planet are very inhospitable - the temperature reaches 460 degrees Celsius, and the pressure is 90 atmospheres.

Sanjay Limaye, who is doing his research as a NASA scientist on the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Akatsuki mission to Venus, wanted to get back to the idea of \u200b\u200bstudying the planet's atmosphere after a chance meeting at a seminar with co-author Grzegorz Slovik of Poland's Zielona Gora University.

Slovik told him about bacteria on Earth with light-absorbing properties similar to the unidentified particles that make up the unexplained dark spots seen in the clouds of Venus. Spectroscopic observations, especially in ultraviolet light, show that the dark spots are composed of concentrated sulfuric acid and other unknown light-absorbing particles.

These dark spots have been a mystery since they were first spotted by ground-based telescopes nearly a century ago, Limaye says. They were studied in more detail during flights of robotic probes to the planet.

“Venus exhibits some episodic dark, sulfur-rich patches, with contrasts up to 30-40 percent in ultraviolet light and muted in longer wavelengths of light. These stains persist for several days, constantly changing their shape and size, ”says Limaye.

The particles that make up the dark spots are almost the same size as some bacteria on Earth, although the instruments that have studied Venus's atmosphere to date are unable to distinguish between organic and inorganic materials.

The spots can be something like the algal blooms that usually occur in the lakes and oceans of the Earth - only they must develop in the atmosphere of Venus.

Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform (VAMP).
Image: Northrop Grumman

In the hunt for extraterrestrial life, planetary atmospheres other than Earth remain largely unexplored.

One opportunity to study Venus's clouds, Limaye says, is on the drawing board: VAMP or the Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform, a ship that flies like an airplane but floats like an airship and can stay aloft in the planet's cloud layer for up to a year to collect data and samples.

Such a platform could include meteorological, chemical sensors and spectrometers, Limay says. It can also carry a special type of microscope capable of identifying living microorganisms.

“To really know, we need to study the clouds in situ,” the scientists say. "Venus could be an exciting new chapter in the exploration of extraterrestrial life."

Scientists are still hoping that such a chapter can be opened, as discussions are currently underway about the possible participation of NASA in the Russian Roscosmos-Venus-D mission, which is slated for the late 2020s. Current plans for Venus-D may include an orbiter, a landing pad and ground station built by NASA, as well as a maneuverable aerial platform.

More information: Sanjay S. Limaye et al. Venus' Spectral Signatures and the Potential for Life in the Clouds, Astrobiology (2018). DOI: 10.1089 / ast.2017.1783

Venus is a hot planetand organic life on its surface is impossible. Venusians live in the Subtle World of the planet. There, in the Subtle World of Venus, there are no animals, no insects either. But there are birds and fish of indescribable colors. There are no insects or predators on Venus. There is a real kingdom of flying. Birds fly, people fly and even fish fly. Moreover, birds understand human speech.

Humanity of Venus refers to the seventh circle of evolution, that is, it is ahead of the earthlings by three circles (about 2 million years of evolution). Human bodies are astral. There are eight races, the leader is the Hathors. Outwardly, they look like earthlings. The growth of men is up to 6 m, women are slightly smaller. Big blue eyes, their ears are a very important organ, they are like the fins of fish. Food comes through the sense of smell - smells of flowers, stems, plant roots are inhaled. In this regard, a large selection work on plants is being carried out. Children are not born from the mother's body, but next to her in the crib. The born baby corresponds in development to the earthly seven-year-old child. The time will come when earthly women will create children just like the Venusians. People die there too. In doing so, their bodies decompose into the air. The Hathors live for about 25,000 years, after which they fly to a more developed planet, most often to the planets of Sirius.

The Community has existed for a long time on Venus... Lies have been eliminated, so there are no many monitoring and security services. There are no locks, locks and prisons. There is nothing secret, because all thoughts are easily read from each other. Therefore, there is no need to voice the words, and conversations are conducted mentally. With the sound they make, they do physical work, heal and drive vehicles. Research work is underway to master the subtlest cosmic energies. There is no radio, television and other similar equipment on the planet - everything necessary is perceived directly by the human senses and is moved by the power of his thoughts.

(based on materials by T. Mironenko)

Venus is a hot, gaseous toxic planet in levels of third and fourth density, but in fifth and sixth density one can find an abundance of majestic cities of Light with beautiful crystalline architecture and indescribably colorful gardens, fountains and plazas.

Venus has two levels of vibration - the fifth and sixth, and the ascended masters call it a "transfer station". This is because it contains a "downward" portal that allows beings from the ascended realms (seventh density and above) to communicate and interact with souls on Earth who have achieved fourth density composite vibration and fifth density consciousness.

It is usually difficult for an ascended seventh density being to descend three levels in order to interact with a fourth density soul on Earth. To make themselves more accessible, higher beings use the transfer station to temporarily lower frequencies before attempting telepathic contact with their channels. Several souls on Earth have evolved to the point where it is unnecessary, but the portal is still heavily used to make the experience much easier.

Souls growing and developing on Venus reside in fifth density crystalline bodies and sixth density radiant causal bodies. You can visit them in a dream or in meditation. The channel's first spirit guide, Leah, dwells in the sixth density of Venus.

Venus's social systems and cultures gravitate towards creativity, art, music, dance, and other "right-brain" pursuits. Science is important, but not prevalent. Much of the Venusian Society's activities are centered on supporting the mystery schools and temples of Light scattered throughout the planet. They teach souls before incarnation on Earth, orientate souls who have recently ascended spiritually or physically in crystalline light bodies. The latter function has arisen recently, as few humans achieved physical ascension prior to the portal shifts on Earth.

There are no wars, poverty, and social or economic inequality on Venus. Education is the top priority for all children. Fifth density children are conceived and born in a slightly different way than third and fourth density children. Sixth density babies “manifest” as a result of energetic fusion between sixth density couples, not through incarnation through the birth canal.

(Earth Awakens) Sal Rachel and the Founders

Be Healthy and Spiritually Rich.

IN THE NAME OF LIFE - Healing DVD sessions of Haji Bazylkan Dyusupov. If you want to give yourself and your loved ones a full and happy life in which there will be no place for diseases, then click on link

♦ Quantum transition ♦ Holy Russia ♦

The more we learn new things about Venus, the more new problems arise. Here is one of them: how to explain such a significant difference in the chemical composition of the atmospheres of the neighboring planets - Earth and Venus?

Millions of years ago, the atmosphere of our planet was also abundantly saturated with carbon dioxide released from the earth's interior during volcanic eruptions. But with the advent of plants on Earth, carbon dioxide was more and more associated, as it went to the formation of plant mass. The high content of free carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus, apparently, indicates that there has never been organic life like Earth. Consequently, the abundance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of a neighboring planet is a completely natural phenomenon. And the fact that Venus has a very high temperature is also no coincidence.

The excessively high temperature on the planet is explained by the so-called greenhouse effect. The physical essence of this phenomenon is that the surface of Venus, heated by the sun's rays, gives off energy in the infrared (thermal) range. But the dense carbon dioxide Venusian atmosphere, and even with a small admixture of water vapor, is almost completely opaque to infrared rays. As a result, excess heat accumulates - a greenhouse effect is created, as a result of which the surface of the planet and the surrounding atmosphere are heated.

The high temperature caused other features of the unusual world of Venus. As you know, at a temperature of 374 ° C, the so-called critical state occurs for water, when it completely transforms into steam, regardless of the value of atmospheric pressure. Consequently, open bodies of water on Venus could be located only in high latitudes (not lower than 60 parallels), where the temperature does not reach a critical value. Therefore, it could be assumed that the polar "caps" of Venus, in contrast to the terrestrial and Martian ones, are ... hot seas! From the rest of the strongly hot Venusian surface, the water must have evaporated.

It has now been established that there are no water basins on Venus. And there is too little water vapor in the planet's atmosphere. The question is: where did the water disappear? What is the reason for such a strong dehydration of the Venusian atmosphere?

Academician Alexander Pavlovich Vinogradov explained the disappearance of water from the atmosphere of Venus by an enhanced (due to the planet's proximity to the Sun) photochemical process. As a result, the evaporated water decomposed into its constituent elements: oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen oxidized rocks, and light hydrogen atoms escaped from the atmosphere into interplanetary space. Moreover, the dispersion of hydrogen on Venus is favored by a somewhat lower gravity than on Earth and a high temperature. All this should inevitably lead the planet to "drying out".

And yet, the decomposition of water vapor under the influence of solar ultraviolet radiation could not lead to such a strong drying of the Venusian atmosphere. Say what you like, but the question of the disappearance of water on Venus remains a big mystery to us.
Venus's lack of a noticeable intrinsic magnetic field is fully consistent with its very slow rotation. Even if the core of Venus is similar to the Earth's core, the planet's rotation speed is too low for internal currents to arise in its core that can generate a magnetic field.

The structure of the interior of Venus, apparently, is similar to the structure of the Earth. But the power of the heat flow coming from the depths of Venus corresponds approximately to the values \u200b\u200bthat are noted on Earth in volcanic regions.

Comparison of Venus with Earth would be incomplete if we did not touch upon the question of the possibility of life on this planet, our neighbor. The biggest obstacle to life on Venus is the extremely high temperature. And atmospheric pressure cannot be discounted. It is easy to say that living things on the Venusian surface must constantly experience 90 atmospheres! Not every deep-sea bathyscaphe is in such difficult conditions as everything that can be at the bottom of the air ocean of Venus, consisting of compressed carbon dioxide. The English scientist Bernard Lovell describes the natural conditions of the planet as follows: "On Venus, a hot, poisonous and inhospitable environment awaits the aliens."

And yet we have no right to completely exclude the possibility of life on this planet. It is known that with distance from the surface of Venus, atmospheric pressure drops and temperature decreases, decreasing by about 8 ° С with each kilometer of altitude. So, at the main peak of the Maxwell Mountains, the temperature should be almost 100 ° C lower than at the foot. However, here it continues to remain high and is about 300 ° C.

Until recently, it was believed that at such a temperature, life, even the simplest, becomes completely impossible. But let's not rush to such a categorical conclusion. Let us recall at least the fact that hot springs with a temperature of 300 ° C were discovered at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean in the region of the Galapagos Islands. And what is surprising: living microorganisms were found in these sources. Why not admit that life in its most primitive form can even be on Venus? Of course, not on the hot surface of the planet, but in those layers of the Venusian atmosphere where the physical conditions are close to that of the Earth, that is, where the temperature is +20 "C at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. On Venus, such conditions developed somewhere at an altitude of about 50 km above But here's how to get rid of excess carbon dioxide and enrich the Venusian atmosphere with oxygen, how to eliminate the greenhouse effect?

The American astronomer Carl Sagan (1934-1996) believed that a radical restructuring of the atmosphere of Venus and ridding the planet of the greenhouse effect is a very real thing. This requires only one thing: to establish photosynthesis. And in the atmosphere of Venus there is everything necessary for the production of photosynthesis on the widest scale: carbon dioxide, water vapor, sunlight. Therefore, in the upper, relatively cool layers of the Venusian atmosphere, the scientist proposed throwing the rapidly multiplying alga - chlorella using spacecraft. It will cleanse the atmosphere of excess carbon dioxide and replenish it with oxygen. Deprived of carbon dioxide, the atmosphere will no longer be a trap for solar energy. When the greenhouse effect weakens, the temperature will decrease, water vapor will condense into water, which will pour abundantly onto the cooling surface of the planet. This will further reduce the greenhouse effect, and then conditions favorable for the development of flora and fauna will appear on Venus. Over time, the climate of an inhospitable planet will change so much that it may become suitable for human habitation.

While studying Venus, scientists discovered such unique phenomena as super rotation and lightning. Lightning is one of the signs of life, since thanks to it there is a separation of discharges, as well as lightning is a necessary stage in the formation of new microelements. Is there life on Venus?

The most powerful hurricanes of Venus

The Venera-Express research vehicle also found out that the winds on the surface of Venus move at a tremendous speed (60 times faster than the planet's rotation speed around its axis). These hurricanes at the poles whip the atmosphere into giant cyclones. These abnormal winds were called super-rotation.

On Earth, the wind speed is approximately the same as the rotation speed of the planet, why is everything different on Venus? It's all about the density of clouds, the thickness of which reaches 19 km, so not all the energy of the sun reaches the surface of the planet. The energy of the Sun is trapped in the upper layers of dense clouds, and makes these clouds move at a tremendous speed. For Venus, winds with a speed of more than 320 km / h are quite common.

Water and lightning on Venus

In 2006, electromagnetic flares were also detected in the atmosphere. These were signs of lightning. On Earth, thunderstorms are caused by water, but Venus has no water. It turned out that lightning is formed due to clouds of sulfuric acid from volcanic eruptions. The winds give these clouds energy, so lightning appears on Venus. Lightning is an element of life, as particles are separated during this process.

It was also discovered that the volcanoes on Venus are still active. This is an important discovery, since there are not many places in the solar system where there is volcanic activity. This further confirms that Venus is still a living planet and there may even be life in one form or another.

Most of the planet Venus is covered with solidified lava, why are there so many? On Earth, volcanoes are located along tectonic plates, accumulated energy comes out through these faults, thereby cooling the Earth. On Venus, there are no tectonic plates, the crust is solid. When there was not enough space in the crust, Venus seemed to boil, a planetary volcanic eruption occurred, thereby destroying rocks and forming a new landscape.

Scientists also found out that in some places on Venus, rocks have been preserved that could only form in water. And these rocks are much older than the volcanic rocks that now cover most of the planet's surface. This means that there were oceans and seas on Venus.

Is there life on Venus?

If there was water and lightning on Venus, then life once existed there, is it there now? The spacecraft has studied the surface of the planet using ultraviolet light. It turned out that there are ultraviolet light absorbers on the planet. If microorganisms exist in an acidic and hot environment like the Yellowstone Geyser, then microorganisms were able to adapt to similar conditions on Venus!

Scientists suggest that life is not adapted to Venus due to atmospheric pressure and high temperature, but at a distance of 48 km. from the surface the temperature is only 80 degrees. If life was born on Venus, then when the water evaporated, the microbes evaporated along with the steam.

If terrestrial lichens survive without water with the help of water vapor, then microbes can exist in hot acidic steam.

Research shows that microbes can live in more than just the upper atmosphere. And theoretically, Venus might have life in hot acid clouds.

Tatiana Zimina. According to ESA and IKI RAN.

A snapshot of Venus in the ultraviolet range (wavelength 0.365 microns), taken from a distance of 30,000 km using a camera installed on the European spacecraft Venera-Express. The photo shows dark and light areas associated with unknown

Billions of years ago, Venus likely had significantly more water than it does now. The European spacecraft Venera Express, which has been operating in Venusian orbit since April 2006, has confirmed that the planet has lost large amounts of water in the past.

Venus and Earth are considered superficially similar planets - they have approximately the same size, gravity and are very similar in basic chemical composition. This allows us to assume that in the past on Venus, as on Earth, there were oceans, which means there could be life. Today, the planet is heated to 460 ° C, and water is present only in its atmosphere and in such small quantities that, if it condenses on the planetary surface, it forms a layer only 3 cm thick.

Why did Venus lose her water? According to astrophysicists, once, from about 500 million to 4 billion years from the birth of the planet, under the influence of the ultraviolet rays of the Sun, water molecules disintegrated into atoms - two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, and were carried away, probably by the solar wind, into the interplanetary space. After all, Venus, in contrast to the Earth, does not have a magnetic field that could protect it from the solar wind - a stream of charged particles that freely bombard the upper atmosphere of the "blue" planet, carrying away ions from it.

Experiments carried out with the Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA), installed on board the European spacecraft, have shown that there are indeed huge losses of hydrogen and oxygen on the night side of Venus, and in the ratio, characteristic of water molecules. The "exit" rate of these atoms was measured. At the same time, as experiments have shown, the upper layers of the planet's atmosphere contain an increased amount of deuterium, which, being a heavier atom in comparison with hydrogen, breaks out of the planet's embrace with less ease.

According to Colin Wilson of the University of Oxford (UK), experimental data indicate that Venus had a lot of water in the past. However, this still does not mean that there were oceans on its surface.

Eric Chassfier from the University of Paris-South (France) developed a mathematical model according to which water on Venus was mainly present in its atmosphere and existed only in the earliest stages of the planet's development, when it was in a molten state. After the disintegrated water molecules escaped into space, the temperature dropped, which probably led to the solidification of the planet's surface. That is, according to this model, there have never been any oceans on Venus. True, even if Chassfier's model turns out to be correct, this does not exclude the possibility that water could be delivered to the planet by comets after its surface has become solid. This water could become a habitat for living organisms.

The purpose of the European mission "Venus Express" is to study the evolution of the atmosphere of Venus and the volatiles it contains: how they arose and how they interacted with the surface, as well as how the atmosphere interacts with the solar wind. In addition, it was assumed that the experiments would reveal volcanic and seismic activity on the planet.

The equipment of the European spacecraft includes several scientific instruments created with the participation of Russian scientists from IKI RAS and NPO. Lavochkin. It is a high-resolution spectrometer and universal spectrometer (SPICAV-SOIR) designed to study the vertical structure of the atmosphere, temperature profiles, clouds and small atmospheric components. And also a planetary Fourier spectrometer, designed for optical analysis of the atmosphere and the study of its thermal structure (the device turned out to be inoperative).

It should be noted that Venus is the main object of research of Russian planetary scientists; a total of 16 Venera spacecraft and two Vega spacecraft with landing modules and balloon stations were launched to it. Thanks to measurements made from the Soviet descent and landing space stations in the 1970s-1980s, a basic model of the atmosphere of Venus was built.

Currently, the Russian project "Venus-D" (the letter "d" means "long-lived") is being developed for further study of the chemical composition of the atmosphere, surface and clarification of the same question: where did the water disappear from the planet?

The main difference between the lander of the new Russian space complex is the relatively long (several days) performance of its scientific equipment under high temperatures and pressures. (The landing craft of the previous Venus stations worked on the planet for no more than an hour and a half.) The mission will include an orbital block, a descent vehicle and a flotilla of balloons that will fly at altitudes from 35 to 60 km and from which the surface will be surveyed. The launch of the spacecraft is planned for the end of 2016.