Is it possible for people to live on Venus? There is life on Venus. Rotation around its own axis

By following some kind of search, we could find life based on a completely different chemical composition (no carbon and / or water). BOO. Jones, British astrophysicist

Venus is one of the most mysterious planets in our solar system. Astrophysical research in recent decades has enriched our understanding of nature with many interesting facts. In 1995, the first exoplanet was found - a planet that revolves around one of the stars in our Galaxy. Today, more than seven hundred such exoplanets are known (see Science and Life, No. 12, 2006). Almost all of them revolve in very low orbits, but if the luminosity of the star is low, the temperature on the planet can lie in the range of 650-900 K (377-627 ° C). Such conditions are absolutely unacceptable for the only protein form of life we \u200b\u200bknow. But is it really the only one in the Universe, and the denial of other possible types of it is "earthly chauvinism"?

It is unlikely that it will be possible to investigate even the nearest exoplanets using automatic spacecraft in the current century. It is quite possible, however, that the answer can be found very close, on our closest neighbor in the solar system - on Venus. The temperature of the planet's surface (735 K, or 462 ° C), the huge pressure (87-90 atm) of its gas shell with a density of 65 kg / m³, consisting mainly of carbon dioxide (96.5%), nitrogen (3.5%) and traces of oxygen (less than 2 · 10-5%), are close to the physical conditions on many exoplanets of a special class. Recently, television images (panoramas) of the surface of Venus, obtained thirty years ago and more, have been re-examined and processed. They found several objects ranging in size from a decimeter to half a meter, which changed their shape, position in the frame, appeared in some images and disappeared in others. And in a number of panoramas, precipitation was clearly observed, which fell and melted on the planet's surface.

In January, the Astronomical Herald - Research of the Solar System published the article "Venus as a natural laboratory for the search for life in high temperatures: on the events on the planet March 1, 1982". She did not leave indifferent readers, and opinions were divided - from extreme interest to angry disapproval, coming mainly from overseas. Both in the then published and in this article it is not stated that an unknown hitherto unknown extraterrestrial life form was found on Venus, but only described the phenomena that may be its signs. But, as one of the two main authors of the television experiment on the Venera apparatus, Yu.M. Hectin, “We don't like the interpretation of the results obtained as signs of life on the planet. However, we cannot find another explanation for what we see on the panoramas of the surface of Venus. "

Perhaps it is appropriate to recall the aphorism that new ideas usually go through three stages: 1. What nonsense! 2. There is something in this ... 3. Well, who does not know this!

Venus devices, their video cameras and the first greetings from Venus

The first panoramas of the surface of Venus were transmitted to Earth by Venera-9 and Venera-10 as early as 1975. Images were obtained using two optomechanical cameras with photomultipliers installed on each apparatus (CCD matrices then existed only as an idea).

Photo 1. Surface of Venus at the landing site of the Venera-9 spacecraft (1975). Physical conditions on Venus: atmosphere CO2 96.5%, N2 3.5%, O2 less than 2 · 10-5; temperature - 735 K (462 ° C), pressure 92 MPa (approximately 90 atm). Daylight illumination from 400 lux to 11 klx. The meteorology of Venus is defined by sulfur compounds (SO2, SO3, H2SO4).

The pupils of the cameras were located at a height of 90 cm from the surface, on both sides of the apparatus. The swinging mirror of each camera gradually turned and created a panorama of 177 ° in width, in a strip from horizon to horizon (3.3 km on level ground), and the upper border of the image was two meters from the device. The resolution of the cameras made it possible to clearly see the millimeter surface details near and objects about 10 meters in size near the horizon. The cameras were inside the vehicle and filmed the surrounding landscape through a sealed quartz window. The device gradually warmed up, but its designers firmly promised half an hour of work. The processed fragment of the panorama "Venus-9" is shown in photo 1. This is how a man on an expedition to Venus would see the planet.

In 1982 the Venera-13 and Venera-14 vehicles were equipped with more advanced cameras with light filters. The images were twice as sharp and consisted of 1000 vertical lines of 211 pixels each measuring 11 arc minutes. The video signal, as before, was transmitted to the orbital part of the spacecraft, an artificial satellite of Venus, which relayed the data back to Earth in real time. During the operation of the camera, 33 panoramas or their fragments were transmitted, which makes it possible to trace the development of some interesting phenomena on the planet.

It is impossible to convey the scale of the technical difficulties that the camera developers had to overcome. Suffice it to say that over the past 37 years, the experiment has never been repeated. The team of developers was led by Doctor of Technical Sciences A.S. Selivanov, who managed to gather a group of talented scientists and engineers. We will only mention here the current Chief Designer of Space Devices OJSC "Space Systems", Candidate of Technical Sciences Yu.M. Gektin, his colleagues - candidate of physical and mathematical sciences A.S. Panfilova, M.K. Naraev, V.P. Chemodanova. The first images from the surface of the Moon and from the orbit of Mars were also transmitted by their instruments.

On the very first panorama ("Venera-9", 1975), the attention of several groups of experimenters was attracted by a symmetrical object of a complex structure, about 40 centimeters in size, reminiscent of a sitting bird with an elongated tail. Geologists have cautiously called it "a strange rock with a rod-like projection and a lumpy surface." The "stone" was discussed in the final collection of articles "First panoramas of the surface of Venus" (editor MV Keldysh) and in the weighty volume of the international edition "VENUS". He interested me on October 22, 1975, as soon as the tape with the panorama crawled out of the bulky phototelegraph apparatus in the Yevpatoria Center for Long-Range Space Communication.

Unfortunately, in the future, all my attempts to interest my colleagues at the Institute of Space Research of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the administration of the Institute in this strange object were in vain. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe impossibility of the existence of life in conditions of high temperatures turned out to be an insurmountable barrier to any discussion. Still, a year before the publication of the collection of M. V. Keldysh, in 1978, the book “Planets rediscovered” was published, which contained an image of “a strange stone”. The commentary on the photograph was: “The details of the object are symmetrical about the longitudinal axis. Lack of clarity hides its contours, but ... with some imagination, you can see the fantastic inhabitant of Venus. On the right side of the photo ... you can see an outlandish object about 30 cm in size. Its entire surface is covered with strange growths, and in their position you can see some kind of symmetry. To the left of the object there is a long straight white process, under which a deep shadow is visible, repeating its shape. The white tail is very similar to a straight tail. On the opposite side, the object ends in a large, white, rounded projection similar to the head. The whole object rests on a short, thick "paw". The image resolution is not enough to clearly distinguish all the details of the mysterious object ... Did Venus-9 really go down next to a living inhabitant of the planet? This is very difficult to believe. In addition, in the eight minutes that had elapsed before the return of the camera lens to the subject, it did not change its position at all. This is strange for a living creature (if it has not been damaged by the edge of the apparatus, from which it is separated by centimeters). Most likely, we see a stone of an unusual shape, similar to a volcanic bomb ... With a tail. "

The sarcasm of the final phrase - "with a tail" - showed that opponents had not convinced the author of the physical impossibility of life on Venus. The same publication says: “Imagine, however, that in some of the space experiments on the surface of Venus, a living creature would still be found ... The history of science shows that as soon as a new experimental fact appears, theorists, as a rule, quickly find an explanation for him. One can even predict what the explanation would be. Highly heat-resistant organic compounds have been synthesized, in which the energy of π-electronic bonds is used (one of the types of covalent bonds, "socialization" of valence electrons of two atoms of a molecule. - Ed.). Such polymers are capable of withstanding temperatures up to 1000 ° C and more. Amazingly, some terrestrial bacteria use π-electron bonds in their metabolism, however, not to increase heat resistance, but to bind atmospheric nitrogen (which inevitably requires a huge bond energy, reaching 10 eV or more). As you can see, nature has created "blanks" for models of Venusian living cells even on Earth. "

The author returned to this topic in the books "Planeten" and "The Parade of Planets". But in his strictly scientific monograph "Planet Venus" the hypothesis of life on the planet is not mentioned, since the question of the energy sources necessary for life in a non-oxidizing atmosphere remained (and continues to remain) unclear.

New missions. 1982 year

Photo 2. The apparatus "Venera-13" in laboratory tests in 1981. In the center you can see the TV camera window, covered with a lid.

Let's leave the "strange stone" for a while. The next successful flights to the planet with the transmission of images from its surface were the missions "Venera-13" and "Venera-14" in 1982. The team of the Research and Production Association named after S.A. Lavochkin created amazing devices, which were then called AMS.

With each new mission to Venus, they became more and more perfect, capable of withstanding enormous pressures and temperatures. The device "Venera-13" (photo 2), equipped with two television cameras and other devices, landed in the equatorial zone of the planet.

Thanks to effective thermal protection, the temperature inside the devices rose rather slowly, their systems managed to transfer a lot of scientific data, high-definition panoramic images, including color ones, and with a low level of various interference. The transmission of each panorama took 13 minutes. The descent vehicle "Venera-13" on March 1, 1982 worked for a record long time. He would have continued to transmit more, but at the 127th minute, it is not clear who and why ordered to stop receiving data from him. A command was sent from Earth to turn off the receiver on the orbital vehicle, although the descent vehicle continued to send signals ... Was it taking care of the orbiter so that its batteries would not be discharged, or something else, but did the descent vehicle not have priority?

If we proceed from all the transmitted information, including that which until recently was considered corrupted by noise, the duration of the successful operation of Venera-13 on the surface exceeded two hours. The images published in print were created by combining color separations and black-and-white panoramas (photo 3). With a low noise level, three images were sufficient for this.

Photo 3. Panorama of the surface of Venus at the landing site of the Venera-13 spacecraft. In the center - the landing buffer of the device with turbulator teeth, which ensures a smooth landing, above - the discarded white semi-cylindrical cover of the television camera window. Its diameter is 20 cm, height is 16 cm. The distance between the teeth is 5 cm.

The excess of information made it possible to restore the picture where for a short time the apparatus passed from surface images to transferring the results of other scientific measurements. The published panoramas went around the world, were reprinted many times, then interest in them gradually began to fade; even experts came to the conclusion that the job had already been done ...

What we managed to see on the surface of Venus

The new image analysis proved to be quite time consuming. It is often asked why they waited for more than thirty years. No, we didn't. The old data was accessed over and over again as the processing tools improved and, moreover, improved observation and understanding of extraterrestrial objects. Promising results were obtained already in 2003-2006, and the most significant findings were made in the past and the year before last, and the work has not yet been completed. For research, we used a sequence of primary images obtained for a sufficiently long time of the apparatus operation. They could try to detect some differences, understand what caused them (for example, the wind), detect objects that are different in appearance from the natural surface details, note phenomena that escaped attention then, more than thirty years ago. The simplest and most "linear" methods were used during processing - adjusting brightness, contrast, blurring or sharpening. Any other means - retouching, correcting or using any version of Photoshop - were completely excluded.

The most interesting are the images transmitted by the Venera-13 spacecraft on March 1, 1982. In the course of a new analysis of images of the surface of Venus, several objects were found that had the features noted above. For convenience, they were assigned conventional names, which, of course, do not reflect their real essence.

Photo 4. The lower part of a large object "disk", 0.34 m in diameter, is visible on the right at the upper border of the image.

A strange "disc" that changes its shape. The “disc” is regular, seemingly round, about 30 cm in diameter, and resembles a large shell. In the fragment of the panorama in photo 4, only its lower half is visible, and the upper one is cut off by the frame border.

The position of the "disk" in subsequent shots slightly changes due to a slight shift of the scanning camera when the device is warming up. In photo 4, an elongated structure resembling a panicle adjoins the “disk”. Photo 5 shows sequential images of the "disk" (arrow a) and the surface near it, and at the bottom of the frames the approximate moment of passage of the scanner field along the "disk" is indicated.

In the first two frames (32nd and 72nd minutes), the appearance of the "disc" and "panicle" hardly changed, but at the end of the 72nd minute, a short arc appeared in its lower part. On the third frame (86th minute), the arc became several times longer, and the “disk” began to divide into parts.

At the 93rd minute (frame 4), the “disk” disappeared, and instead of it, a symmetrical light object of approximately the same size appeared, formed by numerous V-shaped folds - “chevrons” oriented approximately along the “panicle”. From the bottom of the “chevrons” »Numerous large arcs have separated, similar to the arc in the third frame. They covered the entire surface adjacent to the telephotometer cover (white semi-cylinder on the surface). In contrast to the "broom", a shadow is visible under the "chevrons", which indicates their volume.

Photo 5. Changes in the position and shape of the objects "disk" (arrow a) and "chevrons" (arrow b). The approximate moment when the scanner passes the "disk" image is indicated at the bottom of the frames.

After 26 minutes, on the last frame (119th minute), the "disc" and "whisk" have fully recovered and are clearly visible. The chevrons and arcs disappeared as they appeared, possibly moving beyond the border of the image. Thus, five frames of photo 5 demonstrate the full cycle of changes in the shape of the "disk" and the probable connection of the "chevrons" with it and with arcs.

"Black flap" at the meter of the mechanical properties of the soil. On the Venera-13 apparatus, among other instruments, there was a device for measuring the strength of the soil in the form of a folding truss 60 cm long. After landing the apparatus, the latch holding the truss was released, and under the action of the spring the truss was lowered to the ground. The measuring cone (stamp) at its end, the kinetic energy of which was known, went deep into the soil. The mechanical strength of the soil was estimated from the depth of its immersion.

Photo 6. An unknown object "black flap" appeared in the first 13 minutes after landing, wrapped around a conical measuring hammer, which partially went into the ground. The details of the mechanism shine through the black object. Subsequent images (taken between the 27th and 50th minutes after planting) show a clean hammer surface with no “black flap”.

One of the mission's tasks was to measure small constituents of the atmosphere and soil. Therefore, any separation from the apparatus of any particles, films, products of destruction or combustion during descent into the atmosphere and landing was absolutely excluded; during ground tests, special attention was paid to these requirements. However, in the very first image, obtained in the interval of 0-13 minutes after landing, it is clearly seen that an unknown thin object stretched upwards was wrapped around the measuring cone, along its entire height - a "black flap" about six centimeters in height (photo 6) ... In the following panoramas, taken 27 and 36 minutes later, this “black patch” is absent. It cannot be a defect in the photograph: clearer images show that some details of the truss are projected onto the "flap", while others partially shine through it. A second object of this type was discovered on the other side of the apparatus, under the discarded cover of the television camera. It seems that their appearance has something to do with the destruction of the soil by the measuring cone or the lander. This assumption indirectly confirms the observation of another similar object that appeared in the field of view of the cameras later.

The star of the screen is the scorpion. This most interesting object appeared at about 90 minutes, along with a semicircle adjacent to it on the right (photo 7). First of all, attention to him was attracted, of course, by his strange appearance. Immediately, the assumption arose that this was some kind of detail that had separated from the apparatus that began to collapse. But then the apparatus would quickly fail due to the catastrophic overheating of its devices in a sealed compartment, where the hot atmosphere would immediately penetrate under the influence of gigantic pressure. However, Venera 13 continued to operate normally for another hour, and therefore the object did not belong to it. According to the technical documentation, all external operations - resetting the covers of sensors and television cameras, drilling the ground, working with the measuring cone - ended half an hour after landing. Nothing else was separated from the apparatus. The scorpion is absent in the following photographs.

Photo 7. Object "scorpion" appeared in the image about 90 minutes after the landing of the vehicle. It is absent in the following images.

In photo 7, the brightness and contrast have been adjusted, the clarity and sharpness of the original image has been increased. The "scorpion" is about 17 centimeters long and has a complex structure reminiscent of terrestrial insects or arachnids. Its shape cannot be the result of a random combination of dark, gray and light points. The image of the "scorpion" consists of 940 points, and in the panorama there are 2.08 × 105. The probability of the formation of such a structure due to a random combination of points is vanishingly small: less than 10-100. In other words, the possibility of an accidental appearance of a "scorpion" is excluded. In addition, it casts a distinctly distinguishable shadow, and therefore it is a real object and not an artifact. A simple combination of dots cannot cast a shadow.

The late appearance of the "scorpion" in the frame can be explained, for example, by the processes that took place during the landing of the apparatus. The vertical speed of the vehicle was 7.6 m / s, and the lateral speed was approximately equal to the wind speed (0.3-0.5 m / s). The impact on the ground occurred with a reverse acceleration of 50g of Venus. The device destroyed the soil to a depth of about 5 cm and threw it to the side of the lateral movement, filling the surface. To confirm this assumption, the place of appearance of the "scorpion" was studied in all panoramas (photo 8) and we saw interesting details.

Photo 8. Consecutive images of the soil area thrown out during landing towards the side of the vehicle. The approximate scan minutes of the corresponding area are shown.

In the first image (7th minute), a shallow groove with a length of about 10 cm is visible on the discarded soil.In the second image (20th minute), the sides of the groove have risen, and its length has increased to about 15 cm.In the third (59th minute) the regular "scorpion" structure became visible in the groove. Finally, at the 93rd minute, the "scorpion" completely got out of the 1–2 cm thick layer of soil that covered it. At the 119th minute, it disappeared from the frame and is absent from the subsequent images (photo 9).

Photo 9. "Scorpion" (1) appeared in the panorama taken from the 87th to the 100th minute. It is absent in the images taken before the 87th and after the 113th minute. Low-contrast object 2, together with a clumpy light environment, is also present only in the 87-100th minute panorama. On frames 87-100 and 113-126 minutes to the left, in a group of stones, a new object K with a changing shape has appeared. He is not on frames 53-66 and 79-87 minutes. In the central part of the image, the result of image processing and the dimensions of the "scorpion" are shown.

First of all, the wind was considered as a possible reason for the movement of the "scorpion". Since the density of the Venusian atmosphere at the surface is ρ \u003d 65 kg / m³, the dynamic effect of the wind is 8 times higher than on Earth. The wind speed v was measured in many experiments: by the Doppler shift of the frequency of the transmitted signal; on the movement of dust and on acoustic noise in the microphone on board - and estimated in the range from 0.3 to 0.48 m / s. Even at its maximum value, the velocity pressure of the wind ρv² on the area of \u200b\u200bthe side surface of the "scorpion" creates a pressure of about 0.08 N, which could hardly move the object.

Another probable reason for the disappearance of the "scorpion" may be that it moved. As you move away from the camera, the image resolution deteriorated, and at three to four meters it would become indistinguishable from stones. At least, at this distance, it should have moved away in 26 minutes - the time of the next return of the scanner to the same lines in the panorama.

Due to the tilt of the camera axis, image distortions occur (photo 3). But near the camera they are small and do not require correction. Another possible cause of distortion is the movement of the object during scanning. It took 780 seconds to shoot the entire panorama, and 32 seconds to shoot the image with the "scorpion". When the object was displaced, for example, an apparent lengthening or contraction of its size could occur, but, as will be shown, the fauna of Venus must be very slow.

Analysis of the behavior of objects found on the panoramas of Venus suggests that at least some of them have signs of living beings. Taking into account this hypothesis, one can try to explain why in the first hour of the descent vehicle's operation no strange objects, except for the “black flap”, were observed, and the “scorpion” appeared only an hour and a half after the landing of the spacecraft.

A strong impact during landing caused the destruction of the soil and its release in the direction of the lateral movement of the vehicle. After landing, the device made a loud noise for about half an hour. The fire cartridges fired off the covers of television cameras and scientific instruments, the drilling rig was working, the rod with a measuring hammer was released. "Inhabitants" of the planet, if they were there, left the dangerous area. But from the side of the ejection of soil, they did not have time to leave and were covered with it. The fact that the "scorpion" about an hour and a half got out from under a centimeter blockage, speaks of its low physical capabilities. A huge success of the experiment was the coincidence of the scanning time of the panorama with the appearance of the "scorpion" and its proximity to the television camera, which made it possible to see both the details of the development of the described events and its appearance, although the image clarity leaves much to be desired. The scanning cameras of the Venera-13 and Venera-14 spacecraft were designed to take panoramas of the surroundings of their landing sites and obtain a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe planet's surface. But the experimenters were lucky - they managed to find out much more.

The Venera-14 spacecraft also landed in the equatorial zone of the planet, at a distance of about 700 km from Venera-13. At first, analysis of the panoramas shot by Venus-14 did not reveal any special objects. But a more detailed search yielded interesting results that are now being studied. And we will recall the first panoramas of Venus, obtained in 1975.

Missions "Venera-9" and "Venera-10"

The results of the 1982 missions do not exhaust all available observational data. Almost seven years earlier, the less advanced Venera-9 and Venera-10 vehicles landed on the surface of Venus (October 22 and 25, 1975). Then, on December 21 and 25, 1978, the landing of Venera-11 and Venera-12 took place. All devices also had optical-mechanical scanning cameras, one on each side of the device. Unfortunately, on the Venera-9 and Venera-10 satellites, only one chamber was opened, the covers of the second did not separate, although the cameras worked normally, and on the Venera-11 and Venera-12 satellites, the covers of all scanning cameras.

Compared to the Venera-13 and Venera-14 cameras, the resolution on the Venera-9 and Venera-10 panoramas was almost two times lower, the angular resolution (a single pixel) was 21 arc minutes, and the scan line duration was 3 , 5 seconds. The shape of the spectral characteristic roughly corresponded to human vision. The Venera-9 panorama covered 174 ° in 29.3 minutes of filming with simultaneous transmission. Venera-9 and Venera-10 worked for 50 minutes and 44.5 minutes, respectively. The real-time image was relayed to Earth through the highly directional antenna of the orbiter. The noise level in the received images was low, but due to the limited resolution, the quality of the original panoramas, even after complex processing, left much to be desired.

Photo 10. Panorama transmitted on October 22, 1975 by the Venera-9 apparatus from the surface of the planet.

A photo. 11. Corner left part of the panorama in photo 10, where the slope of a distant hill is visible.

Photo 12. The image of the “strange stone” object (in an oval) becomes more elongated when the geometry of the “Venus-9” panorama is corrected. The central field, bounded by the slanted lines, corresponds to the right side of Photo 10.

At the same time, the images (especially the panorama of Venera-9, which is especially rich in details) succumbed to additional, very laborious processing by modern means, after which they became much clearer (lower part of photo 10 and photo 11) and are quite comparable with panoramas of Venera-13 and "Venus-14". As already noted, retouching and image additions were completely excluded.

The Venera-9 spacecraft landed on the slope of the hill and stood at an angle of almost 10 ° to the horizon. On the additionally processed left side of the panorama, the distant slope of the next hill is clearly visible (photo 11). Venera-10 landed on a flat surface at a distance of 1600 km from Venera-9.

An analysis of the Venera-9 panorama revealed many interesting details. First, let's go back to the image of the "strange stone". It was so "strange" that this part of the picture was even taken out on the cover of "The first panoramas of the surface of Venus".

Owl object

In 2003-2006, the image quality of the "strange stone" was noticeably improved. As we studied objects in panoramas, image processing was also improved. Similarly to the conventional names proposed above, the "strange stone" was named "owl" for its shape. Photo 12 shows an improved result based on the corrected image geometry. The detail of the object increased, but still remained insufficient for definite conclusions. The image is based on the far right side of Photo 10. The appearance of a uniformly light sky can be deceiving, as subtle spots are visible in the original image. If we assume that here, as in photo 11, the slope of another hill is visible, then it is poorly distinguishable and should be much further away. It was necessary to significantly improve the resolution of the original image details.

Photo 13. The complex symmetrical shape and other features of the “strange stone” object (arrow) distinguish it against the background of the rocky surface of the planet at the landing point of “Venus-9”. The dimensions of the object are about half a meter. The inset shows the object with corrected geometry.

The processed fragment of photo 10 is shown in photo 13, where the "owl" is marked with an arrow and surrounded by a white oval. It has a regular shape, pronounced longitudinal symmetry, and it is difficult to interpret it as a "strange stone" or "volcanic bomb with a tail." The position of the details of the "lumpy surface" reveals a certain radiality going from the right side, from the "head". The "head" itself has a lighter shade and a complex symmetrical structure with large curly, also symmetrical dark spots and, possibly, with some kind of projection on top. In general, the structure of the massive "head" is difficult to understand. It is possible that some small stones, coincidentally coinciding in shades with the "head", appear to be part of it. Correcting the geometry slightly lengthens the object, making it "slender" (photo 13, inset). The straight light “tail” is about 16 cm long, and the entire object, together with the “tail”, reaches half a meter at a height of at least 25 cm. The shadow under its body, which is slightly raised above the surface, completely repeats the contours of all its parts. Thus, the dimensions of the "owl" are quite large, which made it possible to obtain a sufficiently detailed image even with the limited resolution that the camera possessed, and, of course, due to the close location of the object. The question is pertinent: if in photo 13 we see not an inhabitant of Venus, then what is it? Obviously complex and highly ordered morphology of the object makes it difficult to find other assumptions.

If in the case of the "scorpion" ("Venus-13") there was some noise in the panorama, which was eliminated by the known techniques, then on the panorama of "Venera-9" (photo 10) there is practically no noise and does not affect the image.

Let's go back to the original panorama, the details of which are visible quite clearly. The image with the corrected geometry and the highest resolution is shown in Photo 14. There is another element that requires the attention of the reader.

Damaged "owl"

Photo 14. The highest resolution was obtained when processing the Venera-9 panorama with the corrected geometry.

During the first discussions of the results of "Venus-13" one of the main questions was: how on Venus could nature do without water, which is absolutely necessary for the earth's biosphere? The critical temperature for water (when its vapor and liquid are in equilibrium and have indistinguishable physical properties) on Earth is 374 ° C, and under Venus's conditions - about 320 ° C. The temperature at the planet's surface is about 460 ° C, so the metabolism of organisms on Venus (if any) must be structured somehow differently, without water. The question of alternative fluids for life under Venus conditions has already been considered in a number of scientific works, and chemists are familiar with such media. Perhaps such a liquid is present in Photo 14.

Photo 15. Fragment of the panorama - photographic plan. A dark trail extends from the landing buffer, which, apparently, left behind an organism wounded by the apparatus. The trail is formed by some liquid substance of unknown nature (there can be no liquid water on Venus). The object (about 20 cm in size) managed to crawl 35 cm away in less than six minutes. The photomap is convenient in that it allows you to compare and measure the real sizes of objects.

From the place on the torus of the Venera-9 landing buffer, marked with an asterisk in photo 14, a dark trail stretches along the surface of the stone to the left. Then it descends from the stone, expands and ends at a light object similar to the "owl" discussed above, but half the size, about 20 cm. There are no other similar traces in the image. One can guess about the origin of the trail, which begins directly at the landing buffer of the vehicle: the object was partially crushed by the buffer and, crawling away, left a dark trail of liquid substance released from its damaged tissues (photo 15). For terrestrial animals, such a trail would be called bloody. (Thus, the first victim of "earthly aggression" on Venus dates back to October 22, 1975.) Before the sixth minute of scanning, when the object appeared in the image, it managed to crawl about 35 cm. Knowing the time and distance, one can establish that its speed was at least 6 cm / min. In photo 15, between the large stones where the injured object is located, you can distinguish its shape and other features.

A dark trail indicates that such objects, even if damaged, are capable of moving at a speed of at least 6 cm / min in case of serious danger. If the "scorpion", which has already been mentioned, between the 93rd and 119th minutes really moved at a distance of at least one meter, beyond the camera's line of sight, then its speed was at least 4 cm / min. At the same time, comparing photo 14 with other fragments of images transmitted by Venus-9 in seven minutes, it is clear that the owl in photo 13 did not move. Some objects found in other panoramas (which are not considered here) also remained motionless. It is most likely that such "slowness" is caused by their limited energy reserves (a "scorpion", for example, spent an hour and a half on a simple operation of its own rescue) and the slow movements of the Venusian fauna are normal for it. Note that the power-to-weight ratio of the terrestrial fauna is very high, which is facilitated by the abundance of flora for nutrition and an oxidizing atmosphere.

In this regard, one should return to the object "owl" in photo 13. The ordered structure of its "lumpy surface" resembles small folded wings, and the "owl" rests on a "paw" that looks like a bird. The density of Venus's atmosphere at the surface level is 65 kg · m³. Any kind of fast movement in such a dense environment is difficult, but the flight would require very small wings, a little more fish fins, and insignificant energy consumption. However, there is not enough evidence to claim that the object is feathered, and whether the inhabitants of Venus fly is still unknown. But they seem to be attracted by some meteorological phenomena.

"Snowfall" on Venus

Until now, nothing was known about atmospheric precipitation on the planet's surface, except for the assumption of the possible formation and fallout high in the Maxwell Mountains of aerosols from pyrite, lead sulfide or other compounds. In the last panoramas of Venus-13, there are many white dots covering a significant part of them. Points were considered noise, loss of information. For example, when a signal transmitted in the negative from one point in the image is lost, a white point appears in its place. Each such point is a pixel, either lost due to a malfunction of the heated equipment, or lost with a brief loss of radio communication between the descent vehicle and the orbital repeater. When processing a panorama in 2011, the white points were replaced by the average values \u200b\u200bof the adjacent pixels. The image has become clearer, but many small white specks remain. They consisted of several pixels and were more likely not interference, but something real. Even in unprocessed images, it can be seen that for some reason the dots are almost absent on the black case of the device in the frame, and the image itself and the moment of the appearance of the interference are in no way connected. Unfortunately, things turned out to be more complicated. In the grouped images below, interference occurs against a nearby dark background. Moreover, they are rare, but nevertheless, they are also found on telemetric inserts, when the broadcast of the panorama was periodically replaced for eight seconds by the transmission of data from other scientific devices. Therefore, both precipitation and electromagnetic interference are visible in the panoramas. The latter is confirmed by the fact that the application of the operation of a slight "blur" sharply improves the image, eliminating precisely point noise. But the origin of the electrical noise remains unknown.

Photo 16. Chronological sequence of images with meteorological phenomena. The time indicated on the panoramas is counted from the beginning of the scanning of the upper image. First, the entire first clean surface was covered with white specks, then, over the next half hour, the area of \u200b\u200bprecipitation decreased by at least half, and the soil under the “melted” mass acquired a dark shade, like the earth's soil moistened with melted snow.

Comparing these facts, we can conclude that the noise was partly taken by meteorological phenomena - precipitation resembling earth's snow, and their phase transitions (melting and evaporation) on the planet's surface and on the apparatus itself. Photo 16 shows four such sequential panoramas. The precipitation occurred, apparently, in short intense gusts, after which the area of \u200b\u200bprecipitation decreased by at least half over the next half hour, and the soil under the "melted" mass darkened, like moist earth soil. Since the surface temperature at the landing point is set (733 K), and the thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere are known, the main conclusion of the observation is that there are very strict restrictions on the nature of the precipitated solid or liquid substance. Of course, the composition of the "snow" at a temperature of 460 ° C is a big mystery. However, there are probably very few substances that have a critical pT point (when they exist simultaneously in three phases) in a narrow temperature range near 460 ° C and at a pressure of 9 MPa, and among them are aniline and naphthalene. The described meteorological phenomena occurred after the 60th or 70th minute. At the same time, the "scorpion" appeared and some other interesting phenomena arose that have yet to be described. The conclusion involuntarily suggests itself that the Venusian life awaits precipitation, like rain in the desert, or, conversely, avoids them.

The possibility of living in conditions similar to moderately high temperatures (733 K) and the carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus has been considered more than once in the scientific literature. The authors came to the conclusion that its presence on Venus, for example in microbiological forms, is not excluded. It also considered life that could evolve in slowly changing conditions from the early stages of the planet's history (with closer to terrestrial conditions) to modern ones. The temperature range near the planet's surface (725-755 K, depending on the relief), of course, is absolutely unacceptable for terrestrial life forms, but if you think about it - thermodynamically it is no worse than terrestrial conditions. Yes, the media and active chemical agents are unknown to us, but no one was looking for them. Chemical reactions at high temperatures are very active; the source materials on Venus are not much different from those on Earth. Anaerobic organisms are known in abundance. Photosynthesis in a number of protozoa is based on a reaction when hydrogen sulfide H2S is the donor of electrons, rather than water. In many species of autotrophic prokaryotes living underground, chemosynthesis is used instead of photosynthesis, for example, 4H2 + CO2 → CH4 + H2O. There are no physical prohibitions on life at high temperatures, except, of course, "earthly chauvinism." Of course, photosynthesis at high temperatures and in a non-oxidizing environment should apparently rely on completely different, unknown biophysical mechanisms.

But what sources of energy could, in principle, be used by life in the Venusian atmosphere, where sulfur compounds play the main role in meteorology, and not water? The detected objects are quite large, they are not microorganisms. It is most natural to assume that they, like terrestrial ones, exist at the expense of vegetation. Although the direct rays of the Sun, due to the thick cloud layer, as a rule, do not reach the surface of the planet, there is enough light for photosynthesis there. On Earth, scattered illumination of 0.5-7 kilolux is quite enough for photosynthesis even in the depths of dense tropical forests, while on Venus it lies within 0.4-9 kilolux. But if this article gives some idea of \u200b\u200bthe possible fauna of Venus, then it is impossible to judge the flora of the planet from the available data. It seems that some of its signs can be found in other panoramas.

Regardless of the specific biophysical mechanism acting on the surface of Venus, at temperatures of the incident T1 and outgoing T2 radiation, the thermodynamic efficiency of the process (efficiency ν \u003d (T1 - T2) / T1) should be slightly lower than that of the Earth, since T2 \u003d 290 K for the Earth and T2 \u003d 735 K for Venus. In addition, due to the strong absorption of the blue-violet part of the spectrum in the atmosphere, the maximum of solar radiation on Venus is shifted to the green-orange region and, according to Wien's law, corresponds to a lower effective temperature T1 \u003d 4900 K (for Earth, T1 \u003d 5770 K). In this respect, Mars has the most favorable conditions for life.

Conclusion on the mysteries of Venus

In connection with the interest in the possible habitability of a certain class of exoplanets with moderately high surface temperatures, the results of television studies of the surface of Venus, carried out in the missions Venera-9 in 1975 and Venera-13 in 1982, were re-examined. The planet Venus was considered a natural high-temperature laboratory. Along with the previously published images, panoramas that were not previously included in the main processing were studied. They show appearing, changing or disappearing objects of noticeable size, from decimeter to half a meter, the accidental appearance of the images of which cannot be explained. Possible evidence was found that some of the objects found, with a complex regular structure, were partially covered with soil thrown out during the landing of the vehicle, and were slowly released from it.

An interesting question is: what sources of energy could life use in the high-temperature, non-oxidizing atmosphere of the planet? It is assumed that, like the Earth, the source of existence of the hypothetical fauna of Venus should be its hypothetical flora, which carries out photosynthesis of a special type, and some of its samples can be found in other panoramas.

Venus's television cameras were not designed to capture possible Venus dwellers. A special mission to search for life on Venus should be significantly more complex.

Venus is a hot planetand organic life on its surface is impossible. Venusians live in the Subtle World of the planet. There, in the Subtle World of Venus, there are no animals, no insects either. But there are birds and fish of indescribable colors. There are no insects or predators on Venus. There is a real kingdom of flying. Birds fly, people fly and even fish. Moreover, birds understand human speech.

Humanity of Venus belongs to the seventh circle of evolution, that is, it is ahead of the earthlings by three circles (about 2 million years of evolution). Human bodies are astral. There are eight races, the leader is the Hathors. Outwardly, they look like earthlings. The growth of men is up to 6 m, women are slightly smaller. Big blue eyes, their ears are a very important organ, they are like the fins of fish. Food comes through the sense of smell - smells of flowers, stems, plant roots are inhaled. In this regard, a great deal of breeding work is being carried out on plants. Children are not born from the mother's body, but next to her in the crib. The born baby corresponds in development to the earthly seven-year-old child. The time will come when earthly women will create children just like the Venusians. People die there too. In doing so, their bodies decompose into the air. The Hathors live for about 25,000 years, after which they fly to a more developed planet, most often to the planets of Sirius.

The Community has existed for a long time on Venus... Lies have been eliminated, so there are no many monitoring and security services. There are no locks, locks and prisons. There is nothing secret, because all thoughts are easily read from each other. Therefore, there is no need to voice words, and conversations are conducted mentally. With the sound they make, they do physical work, heal and drive vehicles. Research work is underway to master the subtlest cosmic energies. There is no radio, television or other similar equipment on the planet - everything necessary is perceived directly by the human senses and is moved by the power of his thoughts.

(based on materials by T. Mironenko)

Venus is a hot, gaseous toxic planet in levels of third and fourth density, but in fifth and sixth density one can find an abundance of majestic cities of Light with beautiful crystalline architecture and indescribably colorful gardens, fountains and plazas.

Venus has two levels of vibration - the fifth and sixth, and the ascended masters call it a "transfer station". This is because it contains a "downward" portal that allows beings from the ascended realms (seventh density and higher) to communicate and interact with souls on Earth who have achieved fourth density composite vibration and fifth density consciousness.

It is usually difficult for an ascended seventh density being to descend three levels in order to interact with a fourth density soul on Earth. To make themselves more accessible, higher beings use the transfer station to temporarily lower frequencies before attempting telepathic contact with their channels. Several souls on Earth have evolved to the point where it is unnecessary, but the portal is still heavily used to make the experience much easier.

Souls growing and developing on Venus reside in fifth density crystalline bodies and sixth density radiant causal bodies. You can visit them in a dream or in meditation. The channel's first spirit guide, Leah, dwells in the sixth density of Venus.

Venus's social systems and cultures gravitate towards creativity, art, music, dance, and other "right-brain" pursuits. Science is important, but not prevalent. Much of the Venusian Society's activities are centered on supporting the mystery schools and temples of Light scattered throughout the planet. They teach souls before incarnation on Earth, orientate souls who have recently ascended spiritually or physically in crystalline bodies of light. The latter function has arisen recently, as few humans achieved physical ascension prior to the portal shifts on Earth.

There are no wars, poverty, and social or economic inequality on Venus. Education is the top priority for all children. Fifth density children are conceived and born in a slightly different way than third and fourth density children. Sixth density babies “manifest” as a result of energetic fusion between sixth density couples, not through incarnation through the birth canal.

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It is not for nothing that Venus received the nickname "the evil twin of the Earth": red-hot, dehydrated, covered with toxic clouds. But just one or two billion years ago, the two sisters may have been more alike. New computer simulations suggest that early Venus closely resembled our home planet and might even be habitable.

“One of the biggest mysteries of Venus is how it happened that it is so different from the Earth. The question becomes even more interesting when from the astrobiological side you consider the possibility that Venus and the Earth were very similar during the dawn of earthly life, ”says David Grinspoon of the US Planetary Institute in Tucson, Arizona.

Grinspoon and his colleagues were not the first to suggest that Venus was once habitable. It is similar to Earth in size and density, and the fact that the two planets formed close to each other cannot be ignored, which suggests that they were created from similar materials. Venus also has an unusually high ratio of deuterium to hydrogen atoms, a sign that it once had a significant amount of water that mysteriously disappeared over time.

An artistic depiction of the climate of modern Venus. Credit: Deviantart / Tr1umph

To simulate early Venus, the researchers turned to the environmental model used to study climate change on Earth. They created four scenarios, slightly disagreeing on details, such as the amount of energy received from the Sun, or the length of a Venusian day. Where information was scarce about the climate of Venus, the team filled in the gaps with educated guesses. They also added a shallow ocean (10% of the Earth's ocean volume), covering about 60% of the planet's surface.

Looking at the evolution of each version over time, the researchers hypothesized that the planet might look like early Earth, and be habitable for a significant period. The most promising of the four scenarios was the model with moderate temperatures, thick clouds and little snowfall.

Could there be life on early Venus? If this did not happen, the reason is that oceans and volcanoes boiled away later, which dramatically changed the landscape about 715 million years ago. Still, the team did not rule out the possibility of the development of life in ancient times on the second planet of the solar system.

“Both planets probably enjoyed warm oceans of water, combined with rocky shores and organic molecules that underwent chemical evolution in those oceans. As far as we understand, today these are the requirements for theories of the origin of life, ”says David Grinspoon.

To reinforce these findings, future missions to Venus should focus on signs of water-related erosion that would provide evidence of past oceans. Such signs have already been found on Mars. NASA is currently considering two potential Venus exploration projects, although none has been approved yet.

Venus is a planet of the solar system (the second after Mercury, hereinafter - Earth), named after the Roman goddess of beauty and love. It is one of the brightest space objects along with the Earth and the Moon. This planet, of course, did not go unnoticed by scientists, who at one time thought about the questions, is life on Venus possible? This topic is of interest to many astronomy lovers. So what are the conditions for survival on Venus?

Brief information about Venus

Probably, there is no such person who would not know what Venus is. This planet is the sixth largest among all other planets. The distance to Venus from the Sun is over 108 million kilometers. In its air, gases are mainly concentrated: carbon dioxide and nitrogen, while the Earth has the most oxygen, which allows living organisms to exist. Also on Venus, clouds are composed of sulfuric acid (namely, sulfur dioxide), which does not allow the surface to be seen with the ordinary human eye, that is, it becomes invisible. The average temperature on Venus is much higher than on Earth: 460 degrees Celsius, while on Earth it is only 14 degrees Celsius. That is, Venus can compete and even bypass the hottest desert on our planet in temperature. It should be noted that Venus's dense air envelope creates a strong greenhouse effect, which is the reason for the rise in temperature due to thermal energy generated as a result of heating gases.

The first attempts to conquer Venus

Soviet scientists, assessing the advantages of the planet Venus over other cosmic bodies (for example, Mars, which the astronomers of the United States are seriously interested in), decided to take up its exploration. Already in February 1961, the Venus program was created, according to which it was planned to send spacecraft to the planet in order to survey the entire surface. The program has existed for twenty long years.

The first flight

For the first time, the atmosphere of Venus was discovered in 1761 by the famous Russian naturalist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. As mentioned earlier, Soviet scientists became interested in this mysterious planet already in 1961. They made many attempts (namely, about 10) to send spaceships there in order to find out the conditions for life. They explored both the surface of the planet and its surroundings. However, scientists have not been able to find out reliable facts about the temperature and pressure on Venus. What flights to Venus have been carried out?

Soviet scientists launched the first automatic interplanetary station to the planet on February 8, 1961, but the goal was not achieved: the upper stage did not turn on. The second attempt to launch a spacecraft called Venera 1 was crowned with great success, and on February 12, 1961, he headed for Venus. After spending more than 3 months in space, the interplanetary station lost contact with the hot planet on February 17. According to scientists, it flew from Venus in one hundred thousand kilometers on May 19. The launches of ships to Venus did not stop there. On August 8, 1962, the spacecraft Mariner 2, launched by NASA, went into space. On December 14 of the same year, he successfully circled the entire planet. It took 110 days since the launch of the ship. Finally, a spacecraft called the ESA Venus Express was shipped on November 9, 2005. It took him 153 days to reach the planet. This was the last flight to Venus.

How long to fly to Venus

The distance to Venus, counting from Earth, ranges from 38 to 261 million kilometers. The time taken to fly depends on the speed of the spacecraft and the trajectory along which it moves. Therefore, no one can give an exact answer to the question of how long to fly to Venus. As mentioned earlier, several spacecraft were launched to the planet, and each of them took a different amount of time to reach the surface of Venus (Mariner 2 - 110 days, Venus Express - 153 days).

Terraforming Venus

This is a change in climate, environmental conditions of the planet (temperature, air composition) enough to turn it into a place suitable for living organisms.

For the first time, Soviet scientists became seriously interested in terraforming this hot planet. They developed many ideas and made several attempts to study Venus, both its surface and its surroundings. Working for 20 years, scientists have learned a lot of facts about this planet (for example, what Venus really is and what conditions are on it), which ruined all their plans for the possibility of human development of this planet. No attempts are being made now. It is not known whether there will be an opportunity in the future of terraforming Venus in 200-300 years.

The ways

Below are the methods of how to terraform Venus:

1. Reduction of Venusian days (117 Earth days) by bombarding the planet with asteroids, which, moreover, will fill Venus with water. For this, according to futurologists, water-ammonia asteroids can be used from the Kuiper belt (comets can also be useful).
2. By synthesizing water from atmospheric and carbon dioxide, it is also possible to solve the problem of the Venusian drought and provide the planet with water resources.
3. An ice block with a diameter of 600 kilometers must fall on Venus in order to spin the planet and artificially irrigate it with water.
4. Water bombardment can dilute the dangerous sulfur clouds that envelop the entire planet. Such a plant will convert acid to salt, while also releasing hydrogen. However, solving one problem entails another. The raised clouds of dust will definitely cause a nuclear winter on Venus. Therefore, you need to be prepared for anything.
5. Since the temperature on the planet's surface is 4-5 times higher than the boiling point of water, Venus must first be cooled. This can be achieved by placing colossal screens between the sun and Venus at the Lagrange point (between two massive bodies), on which an object with an insignificant mass can be located, without experiencing any influence of these bodies, other than gravitational ones. But this balance is very unstable, so the position of the screens must be constantly changed.
6. The planet's temperature can be reduced by converting part of the atmosphere into dry ice - solid carbon dioxide.
7. The colonization of algae (chlorella, cyanobacteria) on the planet, which absorb carbon dioxide, produce oxygen and reduce the greenhouse effect, can also help cool Venus and lower atmospheric pressure. American scientist Carl Sagan was interested in this.

Why think about it

Terraforming Venus is attractive in the following ways:

1. Venus is not far from Earth, although it is closer to the sun.
2. Venus has characteristics close to those of the Earth (mass, diameter, acceleration of gravity), therefore it is also called the twin sister of the Earth.
3. Solar energy on a hot planet is also a positive boon for terraforming it, as it can improve energy development.
4. Venus is believed to be rich in solids, such as uranium, which are useful resources.

Modern conditions on the planet

1. Venus has a temperature of 460 degrees Celsius, making it the hottest planet in the solar system.
2. Surface pressure is 93 atmospheres.
3. The gas composition of the planet: 96% - carbon dioxide, the remaining 4% - nitrogen, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2), oxygen and water vapor.

Why is it difficult for modern man to survive on Venus

Despite possible attempts to create the necessary conditions for living organisms on Venus, a person practically cannot live there. There are several reasons for this:

1. Very high temperature of the surface of Venus (about +460 degrees Celsius). Having got used to the temperature of the Earth (+14 degrees), a person will simply burn out.
2. The pressure on Venus is about 93 atmospheres, while on Earth the atmospheric pressure at sea level is taken to be only 1 atmosphere (or, as meteorologists say, 760 mm Hg).
3. On Venus, man will have nothing to breathe. Unlike Earth, which is saturated with oxygen, Venus is rich in carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which the human lungs cannot do.
4. On a hot planet, there is practically no water necessary for the human body. However, it can be delivered there by artificial means.
5. Venus rotates in the opposite direction compared to the Earth, so day and night are not the usual 24 hours, but 58.5 Earth days, which is very inconvenient.
6. Since Venus is much closer to the Sun than the Earth, the radiation level is also increased. And as you know, it can cause cancer and other dangerous fatal diseases in humans.

What Venus Should Be After Terraforming

A planet suitable for living organisms should have a warm climate with normal humidity. It should also have an average temperature of about twice the average temperature of the Earth, that is, about 26 degrees Celsius. The change of day and night coincides with the earthly one: 24 hours - 1 day. Water-ammonia comets and asteroids must supply the planet with water. It is proposed to use nanorobots that convert carbon dioxide and other toxic substances and replace them with oxygen, which is more necessary for the respiration of living organisms.

Settlement on Venusian Clouds

The plan to terraform Venus did not achieve the expected results and was canceled. However, scientists "lit up" with another idea: is it possible to master the clouds of Venus, if living organisms cannot survive on its surface? The clouds, about 10 kilometers thick, are located 60 kilometers above the planet's surface. Scientists launched the Venera-4 apparatus, which found that the temperature in the cloud layer is -25 degrees Celsius, which is quite acceptable for the human body: you can at least dress warmly, while the temperature is over 400 degrees will not save anything. Moreover, the pressure on the clouds of Venus is approximately the same as on Earth, and ice crystals may well serve as sources of water. Only now, to obtain oxygen, you will need a special mask with a block for chemical supply of the body with breathing gas. True, the cloudy Venusian layer lacks a solid surface, which can cause minor inconveniences. It was even planned to create drifting airship stations for the first settlers on Venus. One of the magazines even posted an approximate photo of such a device. It was presented in the form of a huge platform with a spherical transparent multilayer shell.

Unfortunately, this idea never found its way. The reason for this was the following: scientists sent a couple more spacecraft to Venus, which discovered a large number of electrical discharges in the cloudy layer of the planet - more than a thousand lightning strikes through the atmosphere at the time when Venus-12 was attempting to land. After a certain amount of time, another reason for the impossibility of mastering the Venusian clouds was discovered: very strong winds that could instantly destroy a drifting airship. After that, several more stations were sent, thanks to which scientists were able to obtain more information about Venus. These data convinced them that the development of a hot planet is beyond the power of humans. As a result, attempts at terraforming were terminated, so the possibility of life on Venus was rejected.

Venus is not the most pleasant place for humans in the solar system. Credit: NSSDC Photo Gallery

Why man can't survive on Venus

Of course, Venus is not a habitable place at the moment. The planet is too active volcanic activity and constant greenhouse effects. These processes make the survival of living organisms on this planet almost impossible. The temperature of the red-orange surface of Venus reaches the limits of the ability to melt lead. What is happening on this planet and how humanity looks from ancient times to our days is comparable only to hell, not otherwise. But what if we believe that human life on this planet is possible? What would humanity face when trying to populate it?

Considering the characteristics of the planets, Venus is often perceived as the twin sister of the Earth. The sizes and chemical composition of both cosmic bodies are practically the same. Plus, Venus has an atmosphere. This is what attracted the attention of space researchers from all over the world to the orange planet and the creation of programs for its study from European, Soviet and American space agencies since 1960.

In the early 1990s, NASA led the Magellan spacecraft to obtain radar data to display 98% of Venus's relief information that could not be seen due to very high cloud levels. On the surface, mountains, craters, thousands of volcanoes, lava rivers up to 5,000 km in length, ring-shaped structures and unusual terrain deformations similar to mosaics were discovered.

But plains were also discovered, and they, by the way, occupy two-thirds of the surface of Venus. These places can be designated as the only possible ones for the existence of the supposed life.

However, walking along the plains of Venus, to put it mildly, would not seem pleasant to a person. There is no water on the planet's surface because it is subject to a permanent greenhouse effect. Its atmosphere is oversaturated with carbon dioxide, which retains heat, as a result of which the temperature above the crust reaches about 465 degrees Celsius.

Venus has a mass of about 91% of the mass of the Earth, so jumping on the planet is possible a little higher, and objects weigh a little lighter. But due to the thickness of the atmospheric layer and its resistance, a person's movements would become much slower, approximately the same as if he was in water. Speaking of water. The atmospheric pressure that a person would experience on Venus is comparable to the pressure that he would experience while being at a depth of 914 meters below sea level.