Readers' Choice
Popular articles
What is the name of the eastern slope of the Ural mountains. The highest mountains and peaks of the Urals. From the history of the development of the landscapes of the Urals
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What were the names of the Ural Mountains by ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth Belt;
B. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. Name the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
H. 500 km; G. more than 5000 km.
4. More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5. The Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. On the eastern slope, most of the deposits are located:
A. oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest place of gold mining in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoe; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbestos;
V. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests cover the slopes:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. South Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhniy Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. The polar part of the Urals is inhabited by:
A. Chipmunk and Brown Bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
C. Arctic fox and white owl; G. Saiga and the viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. South Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A. D. I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.N. Tatishcheva;
16. What is the name of the rocky placer and pile of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first salt pans in the village of Sol-Kamskoye created by the merchants Kalinnikovs?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. What is the meridian of the Ural Mountains?
A. 60 0 v.d .; B. 60 0 W;
H 50 0 east; G 65 0 east longitude
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G. Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4. 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.B12.C 13.A 14.A, D 15.C 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.G 20.B
Ural mountains - the mountain range, which crosses Russia from north to south, is the border between two parts of the world and two largest parts (macroregions) of our country - European and Asian.
Geographical position of the Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains stretch from north to south, mainly along the 60th meridian. In the north they bend towards the north-east, towards the Yamal Peninsula, in the south they turn towards the south-west. One of their features is that the mountainous area expands as you move from north to south (this is clearly visible on the map on the right). In the very south, in the region of the Orenburg region, the Ural Mountains are connected with nearby elevations, such as the General Syrt.
No matter how strange it may seem, the exact geological border of the Ural Mountains (and hence the exact geographical border between Europe and Asia) still cannot be accurately determined.
The Ural Mountains are conventionally divided into five regions: the Polar Urals, the Subpolar Urals, the Northern Urals, the Middle Urals and the Southern Urals.
To one degree or another, part of the Ural Mountains is captured by the following regions (from north to south): Arkhangelsk Region, Komi Republic, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Perm Territory, Sverdlovsk Region, Chelyabinsk Region, Republic of Bashkortostan, Orenburg Region as well as part of Kazakhstan.
Professor D.N. In the 19th century, Anuchin wrote about the variety of landscapes in the Urals:
“From the Konstantinovsky stone in the north to the Mugodzhary mountains in the south, the Urals show a different character in different latitudes. Wild, with rocky peaks in the north, it becomes forest, with more rounded outlines in the middle part, it acquires rockiness again in the Kyshtym Urals, and especially near Zlatoust and further, where the high Iremel rises. And these lovely lakes of the Trans-Urals, bordered from the west by a beautiful line of mountains. These rocky shores of Chusovaya with its dangerous "fighters", these Tagil rocks with their mysterious "scribes", these beauties of the southern, Bashkir Urals, how much material they represent for a photographer, painter, geologist, geographer! "
The origin of the Ural mountains
The Ural Mountains have a long and complex history. It begins in the Proterozoic era - such an ancient and little-studied stage in the history of our planet that scientists do not even divide it into periods and eras. About 3.5 billion years ago, a rupture of the earth's crust occurred in the place of future mountains, which soon reached a depth of more than ten kilometers. Over the course of almost two billion years, this rift expanded, so that an ocean up to a thousand kilometers wide was formed about 430 million years ago. However, shortly thereafter, the convergence of lithospheric plates began; the ocean disappeared relatively quickly, and mountains formed in its place. It happened about 300 million years ago - this corresponds to the era of the so-called Hercynian folding.
New large uplifts in the Urals resumed only 30 million years ago, during which the Polar, Subpolar, North and South parts of the mountains were uplifted by almost a kilometer, and the Middle Urals by about 300-400 meters.
At present, the Ural Mountains have stabilized - no large movements of the earth's crust are observed here. Nevertheless, to this day they remind people of their active history: from time to time earthquakes occur here, and very large ones (the strongest had an amplitude of 7 points and was recorded not so long ago - in 1914).
Features of the structure and relief of the Urals
From a geological point of view, the Ural Mountains are very complex. They are formed by breeds of various types and ages. In many ways, the features of the internal structure of the Urals are associated with its history, for example, traces of deep faults and even areas of the oceanic crust are still preserved.
The Ural mountains are medium and low in height, the highest point is Mount Narodnaya in the Subpolar Urals, reaching 1895 meters. In profile, the Ural Mountains resemble a depression: the highest ridges are located in the north and south, and the middle part does not exceed 400-500 meters, so when crossing the Middle Urals, you may not even notice the mountains.
View of the Main Ural Range in the Perm Territory. Photo by Yulia Vandysheva
We can say that the Ural Mountains were "unlucky" in terms of height: they formed in the same period as Altai, but subsequently experienced much less strong uplifts. The result is that the highest point of Altai, Mount Belukha, reaches four and a half kilometers, and the Ural Mountains are more than two times lower. However, such a "lofty" position of Altai turned into a danger of earthquakes - the Urals in this respect are much safer for life.
Despite the relatively low heights, the Ural ridge serves as an obstacle to the air masses moving mainly from the west. More precipitation falls on the western slope than on the eastern. In the mountains themselves, the nature of the vegetation has a pronounced altitudinal zonation.
Typical vegetation of the mountain tundra belt in the Ural Mountains. The picture was taken on the slope of Mount Humboldt (Main Ural Range, Northern Ural) at an altitude of 1310 meters. Photo by Natalia Shmaenkova
The long, continuous struggle of volcanic forces against the forces of wind and water (in geography, the former are called endogenous, and the latter - exogenous) created a huge number of unique natural attractions in the Urals: rocks, caves and many others.
The Urals are also known for their huge reserves of all types of minerals. These are, first of all, iron, copper, nickel, manganese and many other types of ores, building materials. The Kachkanar iron deposit is one of the largest in the country. Although the metal content in the ore is low, it contains rare, but very valuable metals - manganese, vanadium.
In the north, in the Pechora coal basin, coal is mined. There are also precious metals in our region - gold, silver, platinum. There is no doubt that the Ural precious and semi-precious stones are widely known: emeralds mined near Yekaterinburg, diamonds, gems of the Murzinsky strip, and, of course, Ural malachite.
Unfortunately, many valuable old deposits have already been depleted. "Magnetic mountains", containing large reserves of iron ore, have been turned into quarries, and reserves of malachite have been preserved only in museums and in the form of separate inclusions at the site of old developments - it is hardly possible to find now even a three-hundred-kilogram monolith. Nevertheless, these minerals largely ensured the economic power and glory of the Urals for centuries.
Film about the Ural Mountains:
Posted Sun, 08/01/2017 - 10:13 by Cap
Part of the Ural Mountains from the Kosvinsky Kamen massif in the south to the bank of the Shchugor River in the north is called the Northern Ural. In this place, the width of the Ural Range is 50-60 kilometers. As a result of the rise of ancient mountains and the impact of subsequent glaciations and modern frost weathering, the territory has a mid-mountainous relief, with flat tops.
The Northern Urals are very popular with tourists. Of particular interest are the rocks and outliers of the Man-Pupu-Nier, Torre-Porre-Iz, Muning-Tump massifs. Away from the watershed ridge are the main peaks of this part of the Urals: Konzhakovsky Kamen (1569 meters), Denezhkin Kamen (1492 meters), Chistop (1292), Otorten (1182), Kozhim-Iz (1195), .jpg)
The northernmost peak of the Ural mountain system is Mount Telposiz in Komi. The facility is located on the territory of the republic. Mount Telposiz in Komi is composed of quartzite sandstones, crystalline schists and conglomerates. On the slopes of Mount Telposiz in Komi, a taiga forest grows - mountain tundra. Translated from the language of the local population, oronim means “Nest of the Winds”.
The Subpolar Urals is one of the most beautiful regions of our Motherland. Its ridges stretch in a wide arc from the headwaters of the Khulga River in the north to Mount Telposiz in the south. The area of \u200b\u200bthe mountainous part of the region is about 32,000 km2.
The poorly explored harsh nature, the abundance of fish in the rivers and lakes, in the taiga of berries and mushrooms attracts travelers here. Good communication routes along the Northern Railway, on steamships and boats along Pechora, Usa, Ob, Northern Sosva and Lyapin, as well as a network of airlines allow the development of water, pedestrian, water, hiking and ski routes in the Subpolar Urals with crossing the Ural ridge or along it western and eastern slopes.
A characteristic feature of the relief of the Subpolar Urals is the high altitude of ridges with alpine relief forms, the asymmetry of its slopes, deep dissection by through transverse valleys and gorges, and the significant height of the passes. The highest peaks are in the center of the Subpolar Urals.
The absolute height of the passes across the main watershed separating Europe from Asia, and through the ridges located to the west of it, is from 600 to 1500 m above sea level. The relative heights of the peaks near the passes are 300-1000 m. The passes on the Sablinsky and Impenetrable ranges are especially high and difficult to overcome, the slopes of which end in steep-walled kars. The most easily passable passes over the Research Ridge (from 600 to 750 m above sea level) with relatively gentle insignificant ascents that allow easy dragging are located in the southern part of the ridge between the upper reaches of the Puyva (right tributary of Shchekurya) and Torgovaya (right tributary of the Shchugor), as well as between the upper reaches of the Shchekurya, Magnya (Lyapin basin) and Bolshoy Molasses (right tributary of the Shchugor).
In the area of \u200b\u200bNarodnaya Mountain and on the Narodo-Ityinsky ridge, the height of the passes is 900-1200 m, but here, too, many of them pass paths along which the portage from the upper reaches of the Khulga (Lyapin), Khaimai, Grubei, Khalmer'ya, peoples to the upper reaches of the tributaries of the Lemva are relatively easy , on Kozhim and Balbanyo (Usa basin).
The Subpolar Urals is one of the most beautiful regions of our Motherland. Its ridges stretch in a wide arc from the headwaters of the Khulga River in the north to Mount Telposiz in the south. The area of \u200b\u200bthe mountainous part of the region is about 32,000 km2.
Northern border
From the border of the Perm region to the east along the northern borders of quarters 1-5 of the forestry of the state industrial farm "Denezhkin Kamen" (Sverdlovsk region) to the northeastern corner of square 5.
Eastern border
From the northeast corner of the square. 5 to the south along the eastern borders of blocks 5, 19, 33 to the southeast corner of the square. 33, further east along the northern border of the square. 56 to its southeast corner, further south along the eastern border of the square. 56 to its southeast corner, further east along the northern border of the square. 73 to its northeastern corner, further south along the eastern border of blocks 73, 88, 103 to the river B. Kosva and further along the left bank of the river. B. Kosva before its confluence with the Shegultan River, then along the left bank of the river. Shegultan to the eastern border of the square. 172 and further south along the eastern borders of blocks 172, 187 to the southeast corner of the block. 187, further east along the northern border of the square. 204 to its northeast corner.
Further south along the eastern borders of blocks 204, 220, 237, 253, 270, 286, 303, 319 to the southeast corner of the square. 319, further east along the northern border of blocks 336, 337 to the northeast corner of the block. 337.
Further south along the eastern border of blocks 337, 349, 369, 381, 401, 414, 434, 446, 469, 491, 510 to the southeastern corner of the square. 510.
Southern border
From the southwest corner of the square. 447 to the east along the southern borders of blocks 447, 470, 471, 492, 493 to the Sosva river, then along the right bank of the river. Sosva to the southeast corner of the square. 510.
Western border
From the southwest corner of the square. 447 to the north along the border of the Perm region to the north-western corner of the square. 1 forestry of the state industrial farm "Denezhkin Kamen".
Geographical coordinates
Center: lat - 60o30 "29.71", lon - 59o29 "35.60"
North: lat - 60o47 "24.30", lon - 59o35 "0.10"
East: lat - 60о26 "51.17", lon - 59о42 "32.68"
South: lat - 60о19 "15.99", lon - 59о32 "45.14"
West: lat - 60о22 "56.30", lon - 59о12 "6.02"
GEOLOGY
The Ilmenogorsk complex is located in the southern part of the Sysertsko-Ilmenogorsk anticlinorium of the East Ural uplift, has a fold-block structure and is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks of various compositions. Of greatest interest here are numerous unique pegmatous veins, which contain topaz, aquamarine, phenakite, zircon, sapphire, tourmaline, amazonite, and various rare-metal minerals. Here, for the first time in the world, 16 minerals were discovered - ilmenite, ilmenorutil, potassium sadanagaite (potassium ferrisadanagaite), cancrinite, macarochinite, monazite- (Ce), polyakovite- (Ce), samarskite- (Y), bindite, ushkovite, fergusonite-beta ), fluoromagnesioarfvedsonite, fluoroorichterite, chiolite, chevkinite- (Ce), eshinite- (Ce).
Ilmensky reserve.jpg)
GEOGRAPHY
The relief of the western part is low-mountainous. The average height of the ridges (Ilmensky and Ishkulsky) is 400-450 m above sea level, the maximum elevation is 747 m. The eastern foothills are formed by low elevations. More than 80% of the area is occupied by forests, about 6% - by meadows and steppes. The tops of the mountains are covered with larch-pine forests. Pine forests prevail in the south, pine-birch and birch forests in the north. On the western slopes of the Ilmen mountains, there is an old pine forest massif. There are areas of larch forests, stony, gramineous-forb and shrub steppes, moss bogs with cranberries and wild rosemary. The flora contains more than 1200 plant species, many endemic, relict and rare species. Inhabited by ermine, polecat, Siberian weasel, wolf, lynx, flying squirrel, hares - hare and hare, brown bear comes in. Elk and roe deer are few in number. Sika deer and beaver have been acclimatized. Of the birds, grouse are common - wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, gray partridge. Whooper swan and gray crane nest in the reserve, rare birds are noted - white-tailed eagle, burial ground, peregrine falcon, osprey, saker falcon, little bustard.
Since 1930, there has been a mineralogical museum founded by A.E. Fersman, which exhibits more than 200 different minerals found in the Ilmen Range, including topaz, corundum, amazonite, etc.
In 1991, a branch was organized - the historical landscape archaeological monument "Arkaim" with an area of \u200b\u200b3.8 thousand hectares. Located in the steppe foothills of the eastern Urals, in the Karagan valley. More than 50 archaeological sites are preserved here: Mesolithic and Neolithic sites, burial grounds, settlements of the Bronze Age, and other historical sites. The fortified settlement Arkaim of the 17th - 16th centuries is of particular importance. BC e.
Location:
Gremyachinsky district of the Perm region.
Monument type: Geomorphological.
Brief description: Remnants of weathering in the Lower Carboniferous quartzite sandstones.
Status: Landscape natural monument of regional significance.
A city turned to stone.
The city is located on the main peak of the Rudyansky Spoi ridge, the absolute height of which is 526 m above sea level. It is a powerful rock mass, composed of fine-grained quartz sandstones of the Lower Carboniferous, which are part of a coal-bearing strata formed in the delta of a large river.
The massif is cut by deep, up to 8-12 m, cracks from 1 to 8 m wide both in the meridian and latitudinal directions, which creates the illusion of deep and narrow perpendicularly intersecting streets, streets and lanes of the ancient abandoned city.
The Urals is a mountainous country that stretches from north to south from the shores of the cold Kara Sea to the Central Asian steppes and semi-deserts. The Ural Mountains are a natural border between Europe and Asia.
In the north, the Urals ends in the low Pai-Khoi ridge, in the south - in the Mugodzhary mountain range. The total length of the Urals with Pai-Khoi and Mugodzhary is more than 2500 km.
In the east of the Orenburg region, the Guberlin Mountains rise (the southern part of the Ural Mountains) - one of the most beautiful places in the Orenburg region. The Guberlin Mountains are located 30-40 kilometers west of the city of Orsk on the right bank of the Urals, where the Guberlya River flows into it.
The Guberlin Mountains represent a washed-out edge of the high Orsk steppe, strongly dissected and indented by the valley of the Guberli River, the ravines and gorges of its tributaries. Therefore, the mountains do not rise above the steppe, but lie below it.
They occupy a narrow strip along the valley of the Ural River, to the north passing into the high Orsk steppe, and to the west, on the right bank of the Guberli, they are replaced by a ridge low-mountain relief. The gentle eastern slope of the Guberlin Mountains imperceptibly passes into the plain on which the city of Novotroitsk is located.
The territory occupied by the Guberlin Mountains is about 400 square kilometers.
“From the open cracks of the crevices, an incessantly thin, trembling steam rises up against the sun, to which it is impossible to touch with a hand; a birch bark thrown there or dry wood chips would catch fire in one minute; in bad weather and on dark nights it seems like a red flame or a fiery steam several arshins higher, ”wrote academician and traveler Peter Simon Pallas more than 200 years ago about an unusual mountain in Bashkiria.
Long ago, Yangantau mountain was called differently: Karagosh-Tau or Berkutova mountain. According to the good old tradition, “what I see, I call it”. For the mountain to be renamed, some exceptional event had to happen. They say that this event even has an exact date: 1758. Lightning struck the mountain, and all the trees and bushes on the southern slope were on fire. Since then, the mountain has become known under the name Yangantau (Yangan-tau), translated from Bashkir - "burnt mountain". The Russians slightly changed the name: Gorela Mountain. However, despite the wide popularity and absolute uniqueness of Yangantau, local residents still remember the old name, Karagosh-tau, and they still use it.
Hiking trips to Iremel can be carried out from May to October from the village of Tyulyuk (Chelyabinsk region). It can be reached from the Vyazovaya railway station (70 km).
The road to Tyulyuk is covered with gravel, to Meseda there is asphalt. There is a bus.
Tuluk - view of the Zigalga ridge 
The base camp can be set up both in Tyulyuk, there are special paid places for tents or houses to choose from, and on the way to Iremel near the Karagayka river.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
SOURCE OF MATERIALS AND PHOTOS:
Team Wandering.
Encyclopedia of the Urals
List of mountains and ridges of the Urals.
Mountains and peaks of the Urals.
- 77,479 views
where are the Ural Mountains? and got the best answer
Answer from Vakhit Shavaliev [guru]
The Ural Mountains are located in Eurasia. Along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains there is a conditional border between Europe and Asia.
The Ural Mountains are a mountain system between the East European and West Siberian plains. The length is over 2000 (with Pai-Khoi and Mugodzhary - over 2500) km, width is from 40 to 150 km.
In a narrow strip, almost meridionally, the Ural Mountains stretch for more than 2000 km from the Arctic seas to the sultry steppes of Kazakhstan.
The territory of the Urals is located between the great rivers of the Volga - Kama and Ob - Irtysh. From west to east, the Urals are conventionally divided into three parts.
The first part is the Western Urals, or the Urals, the Urals. Here, the western foothills of the Ural Mountains gradually turn into the Russian Plain.
The second part is the Ural Range, or the Mountain Urals. The Ural ridge is divided from north to south into Polar, Subpolar, North, Middle and South.
The third part is the Trans-Urals. The eastern slope of the Ural Ridge ends with a ledge into the West Siberian Lowland.
The Ural Ridge, stretching for more than 2 thousand km, begins beyond the Arctic Circle, and its southern spurs end in Central Asia. It crosses the tundra, taiga, forest-steppe and steppe. Here are the sources of the rivers of the Volga and Ob basins.
Answer from ІIFRA[guru]
Mountain system between the East European and West Siberian plains.
Answer from Yergey Sviridov[guru]
In Russia. Between Asia and Europe.
Answer from Avtor[guru]
Between the Alps and Carpathians Near Elbrus, there is still Everest not far
Answer from Ildar Akhmadullin[active]
... look at the globe of Russia ...
Answer from Striped giraffe Alik[guru]
You won't believe ... In the Urals.
Answer from Ivan Krotov[newbie]
In the Urals
Answer from Irina Petrak[active]
in Eurasia in the Urals !!!
Answer from Alisher begmatov[newbie]
between Asia and Europe
Answer from 3 answers[guru]
Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: where are the Ural Mountains?
1 in which tales of Bazhov is it about syserti? 2 where is the copper mountain and what do you know about it what gives Tanya
1. In what tales of Bazhov is told about Sysert?
Sysert is mentioned in the following tales.
The Russian plain from the east is bounded by a well-defined natural boundary - the Ural mountains. These mountains have long been considered to be the border of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. Despite its low height, the Urals are quite well isolated as a mountainous country, which is greatly facilitated by the presence of low-lying plains to the west and east of it - the Russian and West Siberian.
“Ural” is a word of Turkic origin, which means “belt” in translation. Indeed, the Ural Mountains resemble a narrow belt or ribbon that stretches on the plains of Northern Eurasia from the shores of the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan. The total length of this belt from north to south is about 2000 km (from 68 ° 30 "to 51 ° N), and its width is 40-60 km and only in some places more than 100 km. In the north-west through the Pai-Khoi ridge and the island of Vaygach Ural passes into the mountains of Novaya Zemlya, therefore some researchers consider it as part of the Ural-Novaya Zemlya natural country. In the south, the Mugodzhary serves as a continuation of the Urals.
Many Russian and Soviet researchers took part in the study of the Urals. The first of them were P. I. Rychkov and I. I. Lepekhin (second half of the 18th century). In the middle of the XIX century. for many years EK Hoffman worked in the Northern and Middle Urals. The Soviet scientists V.A.Varsanofieva (geologist and geomorphologist) and I.M.Krasheninnikov (geobotanist) made a great contribution to the knowledge of the landscapes of the Urals.
The Ural is the oldest mining region in our country. In the depths of it there are huge reserves of a wide variety of minerals. Iron, copper, nickel, chromites, aluminum raw materials, platinum, gold, potash salts, precious stones, asbestos - it is difficult to list everything that the Ural Mountains are rich in. The reason for this wealth is in the peculiar geological history of the Urals, which also determines the relief and many other elements of the landscape of this mountainous country.
Geological structure
The Urals are among the ancient folded mountains. In its place in the Paleozoic there was a geosyncline; the seas rarely left its territory then. They changed their boundaries and depth, leaving behind powerful sediments. The Urals experienced several mountain-building processes. The Caledonian folding, which manifested itself in the Lower Paleozoic (including the Salair folding in the Cambrian), although it covered a significant territory, was not the main one for the Ural Mountains. The main folding was Hercynian. It began in the Middle Carboniferous in the east of the Urals, and in the Permian it spread to the western slopes.
The most intense was the Hercynian folding in the east of the ridge. It manifested itself here in the formation of strongly compressed, often overturned and recumbent folds, complicated by large thrusts, leading to the appearance of scaly structures. Folding in the east of the Urals was accompanied by deep splits and intrusions of powerful granite intrusions. Some of the intrusions in the Southern and Northern Urals reach enormous sizes - up to 100-120 km in length and 50-60 km in width.
Folding on the western slope was much less vigorous. Therefore, simple folds of thrust faults prevail there; they are rarely observed, there are no intrusions.
Geological structure of the Urals. I - Cenozoic group: 1 - Quaternary system; 2 - Paleogene; II. Mesozoic group: 3 - Cretaceous system; 4 - Triassic system; III. Paleozoic group: 5 - Permian system; 6 - coal system; 7 - Devonian system; 8 - Silurian system; 9 - Ordovician system; 10 - Cambrian system; IV. Precambrian: 11 - Upper Proterozoic (Riphean); 12 - lower and undivided by Proterozoic; 13 - archaea; V. Intrusions of all ages: 14 - granitoids; 15 - medium and basic; 16 are ultra-basic.
The tectonic pressure, which resulted in folding, was directed from east to west. The rigid foundation of the Russian Platform prevented the spread of folding in this direction. The folds are most compressed in the region of the Ufa plateau, where they are very complex even on the western slope.
After the Hercynian orogenesis, folded mountains arose on the site of the Ural geosyncline, and later tectonic movements were here in the form of block ups and downs, which were accompanied in places, in a limited area, by intense folding and faults. In the Triassic-Jurassic, most of the territory of the Urals remained land, erosional processing of the mountainous relief took place, and coal-bearing strata accumulated on its surface, mainly along the eastern slope of the ridge. In the Neogene-Quaternary time, differentiated tectonic movements were observed in the Urals.
Tectonically, the entire Urals is a large mega-anticlinorium, consisting of a complex system of anticlinoria and synclinoria, separated by deep faults. The most ancient rocks emerge in the cores of the anticlinoria - crystalline schists, quartzites and granites of the Proterozoic and Cambrian. In synclinoria, thick strata of Paleozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks are observed. From west to east in the Urals, a change in structural-tectonic zones is clearly traced, and with them a change in rocks, differing from one another in lithology, age and origin. These structural-tectonic zones are as follows: 1) the zone of marginal and periclinal troughs; 2) the zone of marginal anticlinoria; 3) zone of shale synclinoria; 4) the zone of the Central Ural anticliporia; 5) Greenstone synclinorp zone; 6) the zone of the East Ural anticlinorium; 7) zone of the East Ural synclinorium 1. The last two zones north of 59 ° N. sh. sink, overlapping with Meso-Cenozoic sediments, common in the West Siberian Plain.
The meridional zoning is subordinated to the Urals and the distribution of minerals. The Paleozoic sedimentary deposits of the western slope are associated with deposits of oil, coal (Vorkuta), potassium salt (Solikamsk), rock salt, gypsum, bauxite (eastern slope). Intrusions of basic and ultrabasic rocks are attributed to deposits of platinum and pyrite ores. The most famous locations of iron ores - Magnitnaya, Blagodat, Vysokaya mountains - are associated with granite and syenite intrusions. In granite intrusions, deposits of primary gold and precious stones are concentrated, among which the Ural emerald received world fame.
Orography and geomorphology
The Urals is a whole system of mountain ranges stretched parallel to one another in the meridional direction. As a rule, there are two or three such parallel ridges, but in some places with the expansion of the mountain system, their number increases to four or more. So, for example, the orographically very complex South Ural is between 55 and 54 ° N. sh., where there are at least six ridges. Between the ridges there are vast depressions occupied by river valleys.
The orography of the Urals is closely related to its tectonic structure. Most often, ridges and ridges are confined to anticlinal zones, and depressions - to synclinal zones. Less common is the inverted relief associated with the presence of rocks more resistant to destruction in synclinal zones than in adjacent anticlinal zones. For example, the Zilair plateau, or the South Ural plateau, within the Zilair synclinorium, has such a character.
Lowered areas are replaced in the Urals by elevated ones - a kind of mountain nodes in which the mountains reach not only their maximum heights, but also their greatest width. It is remarkable that such nodes coincide with the places where the strike of the Ural mountain system changes. The main ones are Subpolar, Sredneuralsky and Yuzhnouralsky. At the Subpolar Knot, lying at 65 ° N, the Urals deviates from the south-west direction to the south. The highest peak of the Ural Mountains, Mount Narodnaya (1894 m), rises here. The Middle Urals knot is located about 60 ° N. sh., where the strike of the Urals changes from yyash to southeast. Among the peaks of this node stands out Mount Konzhakovsky Kamen (1569 m). The South Ural junction is located between 55 and 54 ° N. sh. Here the direction of the Ural ridges becomes, instead of the southwestern, southern, and from the peaks Iremel (1582 m) and Yamantau (1640 m) attract attention.
A common feature of the Ural relief is the asymmetry of its western and eastern slopes. The western slope is gentle, passes into the Russian Plain more gradually than the eastern one, steeply descending towards the West Siberian Plain. The asymmetry of the Urals is due to tectonics, the history of its geological development.
Another orographic feature of the Urals is associated with asymmetry - the displacement of the main watershed ridge separating the rivers of the Russian Plain from the rivers of Western Siberia to the east, closer to the West Siberian Plain. This ridge in different parts of the Urals has different names: Uraltau in the Southern Urals, Belt Stone in the Northern Urals. Moreover, it is not the highest almost everywhere; the largest peaks, as a rule, lie to the west of it. Such a hydrographic asymmetry of the Urals is the result of the increased "aggressiveness" of the rivers on the western slope, caused by the sharper and faster uplift of the Cis-Urals in the Neogene in comparison with the Trans-Urals.
Even with a cursory glance at the hydrographic picture of the Urals, it is striking that most rivers on the western slope have sharp, cranked turns. In the upper reaches, rivers flow in the meridional direction, following longitudinal intermontane depressions. Then they turn sharply to the west, cutting through often high ridges, after which they again flow in the meridional direction or retain the old latitudinal direction. Such sharp turns are well expressed in Pechora, Shchugor, Ilych, Belaya, Ai, Sakmara and many others. It was found that rivers cut through ridges in places where fold axes fall. In addition, many of them, apparently, are older than the mountain ranges, and their incision took place simultaneously with the rise of the mountains.
The low absolute height determines the predominance of low-mountain and mid-mountain geomorphological landscapes in the Urals. The peaks of many ridges are flat, in some mountains they are dome-shaped with more or less soft outlines of the slopes. In the Northern and Polar Urals, near the upper border of the forest and above it, where frost weathering is vigorously manifested, stone seas (kurums) are widespread. These places are also characterized by upland terraces arising as a result of solifluction processes and frost weathering.
Alpine landforms in the Ural Mountains are extremely rare. They are known only in the most elevated parts of the Polar and Subpolar Urals. The bulk of the modern glaciers of the Urals is associated with these same mountain ranges.
"Glaciers" are not a casual expression in relation to the glaciers of the Urals. Compared to the glaciers of the Alps and the Caucasus, the Ural ones look like dwarfs. All of them belong to the tar and tar-valley types and are located below the climatic snow boundary. The total number of glaciers in the Urals is 122, and the entire area of \u200b\u200bglaciation is only slightly more than 25 km 2. Most of them are in the polar watershed part of the Urals between 67-68 ° N. sh. There are found tar-valley glaciers up to 1.5-2.2 km in length. The second glacial region is located in the Subpolar Urals between 64 and 65 ° N. sh.
Most of the glaciers are concentrated on the more humid western slope of the Urals. It is noteworthy that all the Ural glaciers lie in the kars of the eastern, southeastern and northeastern exposures. This is explained by the fact that they are inspired, that is, they were formed as a result of the deposition of snowstorms in the wind shadow of the mountain slopes.
The ancient Quaternary glaciation was not very intense in the Urals either. Reliable traces of it can be traced to the south no further than 61 ° N. sh. Glacial landforms such as kars, cirques and hanging valleys are quite well expressed here. At the same time, attention is drawn to the absence of sheep's foreheads and well-preserved glacial-accumulative forms: drumlins, ozes and end-moraine ridges. The latter suggests that the ice sheet in the Urals was thin and not active everywhere; significant areas, apparently, were occupied by inactive firn and ice.
Ancient flattening surfaces are a remarkable feature of the Ural relief. They were first studied in detail by V.A.Varsanofieva in 1932 in the Northern Urals and later by others in the Middle and Southern Urals. Various researchers in different parts of the Urals count from one to seven aligned surfaces. These ancient leveling surfaces provide compelling evidence of the uneven uplift of the Urals over time. The highest of them corresponds to the most ancient peneplanation cycle falling on the lower Mesozoic, the youngest, lower surface is of Tertiary age.
IP Gerasimov denies the existence of uneven-aged surfaces of leveling in the Urals. In his opinion, there is only one leveling surface, which formed during the Jurassic-Paleogene and then underwent deformation as a result of recent tectonic movements and erosional erosion.
It is difficult to agree that for such a long time as the Jurassic-Paleogene, there was only one, undisturbed denudation cycle. But IP Gerasimov is undoubtedly right in emphasizing the great role of neotectonic movements in the formation of the modern relief of the Urals. After the Cimmerian folding, which did not affect deep Paleozoic structures, the Urals existed throughout the Cretaceous and Paleogene as a strongly peneplained country, along the edges of which there were also shallow seas. The Ural acquired its modern mountainous appearance only as a result of tectonic movements that took place in the Neogene and Quaternary periods. Where they reached a large scale, the highest mountains now rise, and where tectonic activity was weak, little-altered ancient peneplains lie.
Karst landforms are widespread in the Urals. They are characteristic of the western slope and the Cis-Urals, where Paleozoic limestones, gypsum and salts karst. The intensity of manifestation of karst here can be judged by this example: for the Perm region, 15 thousand karst sinkholes have been described on a detailed survey of 1000 km 2. The largest in the Urals is the Sumgan Cave (South Ural), 8 km long; the Kungur Ice Cave with numerous grottoes and underground lakes is very famous. Other large caves are Divya in the Polyudov ridge and Kapova on the right bank of the Belaya River.
Climate
The huge length of the Urals from north to south is manifested in the zonal change of the types of its climate from tundra in the north to steppe in the south. Contrasts between north and south are most pronounced in summer. The average air temperature in July in the north of the Urals is 6-8 °, and in the south it is about 22 °. In winter, these differences are smoothed out, and the average January temperature is equally low both in the north (-20 °) and in the south (-15, -16 °).
The low height of the mountain belt with its insignificant width cannot determine the formation of its own special climate in the Urals. Here the climate of the neighboring plains is repeated in a slightly modified form. But the types of climate in the Urals seem to be shifting south. For example, the mountain-tundra climate continues to dominate here at a latitude at which the taiga climate is already common in adjacent lowland regions; The mountain-taiga climate is widespread at the latitude of the forest-steppe climate of the plains, etc.
The Urals are stretched across the direction of the prevailing westerly winds. In this regard, its western slope often encounters cyclones and is better humidified than the eastern; on average, it receives 100-150 mm more precipitation than the east. So, the annual amount of precipitation in Ki-Zele (260 m above sea level) is 688 mm, Ufa (173 m) - 585 mm; on the eastern slope in Sverdlovsk (281 m) it is 438 mm, in Chelyabinsk (228 m) - 361 mm. Differences in the amount of atmospheric precipitation between the western and eastern slopes are very clearly traced in winter. If on the western slope the Ural taiga is buried in snowdrifts, then on the eastern slope there is little snow all winter. So, the average maximum thickness of the snow cover along the Ust-Shchugor - Saranpaul line (north of 64 ° N) is as follows: in the Ural part of the Pechora lowland - about 90 cm, at the western foot of the Urals - 120-130 cm, in the near-watershed part of the western slope Urals - more than 150 cm, on the eastern slope - about 60 cm.
Most precipitation - up to 1000, and according to some sources - up to 1400 mm per year - falls on the western slope of the Subpolar, Polar and northern parts of the Southern Urals. In the extreme north and south of the Ural Mountains, their number decreases, which is associated, as in the Russian Plain, with a weakening of cyclonic activity.
The rugged mountainous terrain provides an exceptional variety of local climates. Mountains of unequal heights, slopes of different exposure, intermountain valleys and hollows - all of them have their own special climate. In winter and during the transitional seasons of the year, cold air rolls down the slopes of the mountains into the basins, where it stagnates, as a result of which the phenomenon of temperature inversion, which is quite common in the mountains, occurs. In the Ivanovsky mine (856 m abs. Height) in winter the temperature is higher or the same as in Zlatoust, located 400 m below the Ivanovsky mine.
Climatic features in some cases determine a clearly expressed inversion of vegetation. In the Middle Urals, broad-leaved species (sharp-leaved maple, elm, linden) are found mainly in the middle part of the mountain slopes and avoid frost-prone lower parts of mountain slopes and hollows.
Rivers and lakes
The Urals have a developed river network related to the basins of the Caspian, Kara and Barents seas.
The river runoff in the Urals is much greater than on the adjacent Russian and West Siberian plains. Opa increases when moving from the southeast to the northwest of the Urals and from the foothills to the tops of the mountains. The river runoff reaches its maximum in the most humid, western part of the Polar and Subpolar Urals. Here, the average annual flow module in some places exceeds 40 l / sec per 1 km 2 of the area. A significant part of the Mountainous Urals, located between 60 and 68 ° N. sh., has a drain module of more than 25 l / sec. The flow modulus in the southeastern Trans-Urals is sharply decreasing, where it is only 1-3 l / sec.
In accordance with the distribution of runoff, the river network on the western slope of the Urals is better developed and abundant in water than on the eastern one. The rivers of the Pechora basin and the northern tributaries of the Kama are the most water-bearing, the Ural river is the least water-bearing. According to the calculations of A.O. Kemmerikh, the volume of the average annual runoff from the territory of the Urals is 153.8 km 3 (9.3 l / sec per 1 km 2 of area), of which 95.5 km 3 (62%) falls on the Pechora basin and Kams.
An important feature of most of the Ural rivers is the relatively low variability of the annual runoff. The ratio of the annual water discharge in the most abundant year to the water discharge in the most dry year usually ranges from 1.5 to 3. The exception is the forest-steppe and steppe rivers of the Southern Urals, where this ratio increases significantly.
Many rivers of the Urals suffer from industrial waste pollution, therefore, the issues of protection and purification of river waters are especially relevant here.
There are relatively few lakes in the Urals and their areas are small. The largest lake Argazi (basin of the Miass river) has an area of \u200b\u200b101 km 2. By genesis, the lakes are grouped into tectonic, glacial, karst, and suffusion lakes. Glacial lakes are confined to the mountain belt of the Subpolar and Polar Urals, lakes of suffusion-subsidence origin are common in the forest-steppe and steppe Trans-Urals. Some tectonic lakes, subsequently developed by glaciers, have significant depths (such is the deepest lake in the Urals, Bolshoye Shchuchye - 136 m).
Several thousand reservoir ponds are known in the Urals, including 200 factory ponds.
Soils and vegetation
The soils and vegetation of the Urals exhibit a special, mountain-latitude zoning (from tundra in the north to steppes in the south), which differs from the zoning on the plains in that the soil-vegetation zones are displaced far to the south. In the foothills, the barrier role of the Urals is noticeable. Thus, as a result of the barrier factor in the Southern Urals (foothills, lower parts of mountain slopes), instead of the usual steppe and southern-steppe landscapes, forest and north-forest-steppe landscapes were formed (F.A.Maksyutov).
The extreme north of the Urals from the foothills to the peaks is covered with mountain tundra. However, they very soon (north of 67 ° N) pass into the high-altitude landscape belt, being replaced at the foot of the mountain-taiga forests.
Forests are the most widespread type of vegetation in the Urals. They stretch as a solid green wall along the ridge from the Arctic Circle to 52 ° N. sh., interrupted at high peaks by mountain tundras, and in the south - at the foothills - by steppes.
These forests are diverse in composition: coniferous, broad-leaved and small-leaved. The Ural coniferous forests have a completely Siberian appearance: in addition to Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) and pine (Pinus silvestris), they contain Siberian fir (Abies sibirica), Sukachev's larch (Larix sucaczewii) and cedar (Pinus sibirica). For the distribution of Siberian conifers, the Urals does not represent a serious obstacle, they all cross the ridge, and the western border of their range runs along the Russian plain.
Most of all, coniferous forests are distributed in the northern part of the Urals, north of 58 ° N. sh. True, they are found to the south, but their role here sharply decreases, since the areas of small-leaved and broad-leaved forests increase. Sukachev's larch is the least demanding coniferous species to climate and soil. It goes further north than other rocks, reaching 68 ° N. sh., and together with the pine it spreads farther than others to the south, only a little short of the latitudinal section of the Ural River.
Despite the fact that the range of larch is so extensive, it does not occupy large areas and almost does not form pure stands. The main role in the coniferous forests of the Urals belongs to spruce and fir plantations. A third of the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe Urals is occupied by pine, the plantations of which, with an admixture of Sukachev's larch, gravitate towards the eastern slope of the mountainous country.
1 - arctic tundra; 2 - tundra gley; 3 - gley-podzolic (surface-gleyed) and podzolic illuvial-humus; 4 - podzolic and podzols; 5 - sod-podzolic; 6 - podzolic bog; 7 - peat bog (raised bogs); 8 - humus-peat-boggy (lowland and transitional bogs); 9 - sod-carbonate; 10 - gray forest and - leached and podzolized chernozems; 12 - typical chernozems (fat, medium-sized); 13 - ordinary chernozems; 14 - ordinary solonetzic chernozems; 15 - southern chernozems; 16 - southern solonetzic chernozems, 17 - meadow chernozem (mostly solonetzic); 18 - dark chestnut; 19 - salt licks 20 - alluvial (floodplain), 21 - mountain tundra; 22 - mountain meadow; 23 - mountain taiga podzolic and acidic non-podzolized; 24 - mountain forest, gray; 25 - mountain chernozems.
Broad-leaved forests play a significant role only on the western slope of the Southern Urals. They occupy about 4-5% of the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe Urals - oak, linden, Norway maple, elm (Ulmus scabra). All of them, with the exception of the linden, do not go east beyond the Urals. But the coincidence of the eastern border of their distribution with the Urals is an accidental phenomenon. The advance of these rocks to Siberia is not hindered by the heavily destroyed Ural Mountains, but by the Siberian continental climate.
Small-leaved forests are scattered throughout the Urals, mostly in its southern part. Their origin is twofold - primary and secondary. Birch is one of the most widespread species in the Urals.
Mountain-podzolic soils of varying degrees of waterlogging are developed under the forests. In the south of the area of \u200b\u200bconiferous forests, where they acquire a southern taiga appearance, typical mountain-podzolic soils give way to mountain sod-podzolic soils.
The main zonal subdivisions of the vegetation cover on the plains adjacent to the Urals and their mountain analogues (according to P. L. Gorchakovsky). Zones: I - tundra; II - forest-tundra; III - taiga with subzones: a - pre-tundra sparse forests; b - northern taiga; c - middle taiga; d - southern taiga; d - pre-steppe pine and birch forests; IV - broadleaf forest with subzones: a - mixed broadleaf-coniferous forests; b - deciduous forests; V - forest-steppe; VI - steppe. Borders: 1 - zones; 2 - subzones; 3 - Ural mountainous country.
Further south, under the mixed, broad-leaved and small-leaved forests of the Southern Urals, gray forest soils are widespread.
The further south you go, the higher and higher the forest belt of the Urals rises in the mountains. Its upper boundary in the south of the Polar Urals lies at an altitude of 200 - 300 m, in the Northern Urals - at an altitude of 450 - 600 m, in the Middle Urals it rises to 600 - 800 m, and in the Southern Urals - up to 1100 - 1200 m.
Between the mountain-forest belt and treeless mountain tundra, there is a narrow transitional belt, which P. L. Gorchakovsky calls the sub-valley. In this zone, thickets of shrubs and twisted low-growing forests alternate with glades of wet meadows on dark mountain meadow soils. The twisting birch (Betula tortuosa), cedar, fir and spruce entering here form a dwarf tree in some places.
Altitudinal zonation of vegetation in the Urals mountains (after P. L. Gorchakovsky).
A - southern part of the Polar Urals; B - northern and central part of the Southern Urals. 1 - a belt of cold loach deserts; 2 - mountain tundra belt; 3 - subalpine belt: a - birch forest stands in a complex with park fir-spruce forests and meadow glades; b - subalpine larch woodlands; c - sub-mountain park fir-spruce forests in a complex with meadow glades; d - subalpine oak woodlands in a complex with meadow glades; 4 - mountain-forest belt: a - mountain larch forests of the pre-forest tundra type; b - mountain spruce forests of the pre-tundra type; c - mountain fir-spruce southern taiga forests; d - mountain pine and birch steppe forests derived from them; e - mountain broad-leaved (oak, lilac, maple) forests; 5 - belt of mountain forest-steppe.
South of 57 ° N. sh. first on the foothill plains, and then on the mountain slopes, the forest belt is displaced by forest-steppe and steppe on chernozem soils. The extreme south of the Urals, like its extreme north, is treeless. Mountain black earth steppes, in places interrupted by mountain forest-steppe, cover the entire ridge here, including its peneplained axial part. In addition to mountain-podzolic soils in the axial part of the Northern and partly the Middle Urals, peculiar mountain-forest acidic non-podzolized soils are widespread. They are characterized by an acidic reaction, unsaturation with bases, a relatively high humus content and its gradual decrease with depth.
Animal world
The fauna of the Urals is composed of three main complexes: tundra, forest and steppe. Following vegetation, northern animals in their distribution along the Ural mountain belt move far to the south. Suffice it to say that reindeer lived in the Southern Urals not long ago, and a brown bear sometimes comes from mountainous Bashkiria to the Orenburg region.
Typical tundra animals inhabiting the Polar Urals include reindeer, arctic fox, hoofed lemming (Dycrostonyx torquatus), Middendorf vole (Microtus middendorfi), partridges (white - Lagopus lagopus, tundra - L. mutus); in summer there are many waterfowl (ducks, geese).
The forest complex of animals is best preserved in the Northern Urals, where it is represented by taiga species: brown bear, sable, wolverine, otter (Lutra lutra), lynx, squirrel, chipmunk, red vole (Clethrionomys rutilus); from birds - hazel grouse and wood grouse.
The distribution of steppe animals is limited to the South Urals. As in the plains, there are many rodents in the steppes of the Urals: ground squirrels (small - Citellus pigmaeus and reddish - S. major), large jerboa (Allactaga jaculus), marmot, steppe pika (Ochotona pusilla), common hamster (Cricetuscricetus (Microtus), common vole arvalis), etc. Among the predators, the wolf, corsac fox, and steppe polecat are common. Birds are diverse in the steppe: steppe eagle (Aquila nipa-lensis), steppe harrier (Circus macrourus), kite (Milvus korschun), bustard, little bustard, saker falcon (Falco cherruy), gray partridge (Perdix perdix), Demoiselle crane ( Anthropoides virgo), horned lark (Otocorus alpestris), black lark (Melanocorypha yeltoniensis).
Of the 76 species of mammals known in the Urals, 35 are commercial.
From the history of the development of the landscapes of the Urals
In the Paleogene, in place of the Ural Mountains, a low hilly plain rose, resembling the modern Kazakh Upland. Shallow seas surrounded it from the east and south. The climate was then hot, evergreen tropical forests and dry woodlands with the participation of palm trees and laurel grew in the Urals.
By the end of the Paleogene, the evergreen Poltava flora was supplanted by the Turgai deciduous flora of temperate latitudes. Already at the very beginning of the Neogene, forests of oak, beech, hornbeam, chestnut, alder, and birch prevailed in the Urals. During this period, great changes took place in the relief: as a result of vertical uplifts, the Ural was transformed from a hummock into a middle-mountainous country. Along with this, there is a high-altitude differentiation of vegetation: the tops of the mountains are captured by mountain taiga, the vegetation of loaches is gradually forming, which is facilitated by the restoration in the Neogene of the continental connection of the Urals with Siberia, the homeland of the mountain tundra.
At the very end of the Neogene, the Akchagyl Sea approached the southwestern slopes of the Urals. The climate at that time was cold, the ice age was approaching; coniferous taiga became the dominant type of vegetation.
During the era of the Dnieper glaciation, the northern half of the Urals hid under the ice cover, and the south at that time was occupied by cold birch-pine-larch forest-steppe, sometimes spruce forests, and the remains of deciduous forests remained near the Ural River valley and on the slopes of the Common Syrt.
After the glacier died away, the forests moved to the north of the Urals, and the role of dark coniferous species increased in their composition. In the south, deciduous forests have become more widespread, while the birch-pine-larch forest-steppe has gradually degraded. Birch and larch groves found in the Southern Urals are direct descendants of those birch and larch forests that were characteristic of the cold Pleistocene forest-steppe.
In the mountains it is impossible to distinguish landscape zones similar to the plain ones, therefore mountainous countries are divided not into zones, but into mountain landscape areas. They are distinguished on the basis of geological, geomorphological and bioclimatic features, as well as the structure of altitudinal zoning.
Landscape areas of the Urals
Tundra and forest-tundra region of the Polar Urals
The tundra and forest-tundra region of the Polar Urals extends from the northern edge of the Ural belt to 64 ° 30 "N. Together with the Pai-Khoi ridge, the Polar Urals form an arc facing the convex side to the east. The axial part of the Polar Urals runs at 66 ° E. - 7 ° east of the Northern and Middle Urals.
The Pai-Khoi ridge, which is a shallow hummock (up to 467 m), is separated from the Polar Urals by a strip of low-lying tundra. The Polar Urals proper begins with the low mountain Konstantinov Kamen (492 m) on the bank of the Baydaratskaya Bay. To the south, the height of the mountains increases sharply (up to 1200-1350m), and the Pai-Er mountain north of the Arctic circle has a height of 1499 m. The maximum heights are concentrated in the southern part of the region at about 65 ° N. sh., where Mount Narodnaya rises (1894 m). Here, the Polar Urals expands greatly - up to 125 km, splitting at the same time into no less than five or six parallel elongated ridges, the most significant of which are Research in the west and Narodo-Ityinsky in the east. In the south of the Polar Urals, far to the west, towards the Pechora lowland, the Sablya mountain range (1425 m) has advanced.
In the formation of the relief of the Polar Urals, the role of frost weathering is extremely important, accompanied by the formation of stone placers - kurums and structural (polygonal) soils. Permafrost and frequent fluctuations in the temperature of the upper soil layers in summer contribute to the development of solifluction processes.
The predominant type of relief here is a smoothed plateau-like surface with traces of cover glaciation, dissected along the outskirts by deep three-shaped valleys. Peaked alpine forms are found only on the highest mountain peaks. The alpine relief is better represented only in the very south of the Polar Urals, in the region of 65 ° N. sh. Here, in the region of the Narodnaya and Sabl mountains, modern glaciers meet, the tops of the mountains end with sharp, jagged ridges, and their slopes are corroded by steep-walled carts and circuses.
The climate of the Polar Urals is cold and humid. Summer is cloudy, rainy, the average July temperature at the foothills is 8-14 °. Winter is long and cold (average January temperature is below -20 °), with snowstorms sweeping huge snowdrifts in the relief depressions. Permafrost is common here. The annual amount of precipitation increases in the southern direction from 500 to 800 mm.
The soil and vegetation cover of the Polar Urals is monotonous. In its northern part, the flat tundra merges with the mountain tundra. In the foothills, moss, lichen and shrub tundra is spread, in the central part of the mountainous area - rocky placers, almost devoid of vegetation. Forests are found in the south, but their role in the landscape is insignificant. The first low-growing sparse larch forests are found along the river valleys of the eastern slope at about 68 ° N. sh. The fact that they first appear on the eastern slope is not accidental: there is less snow here, the climate is generally more continental, and therefore more favorable for the forest compared to the western slope. Near the Arctic Circle, spruce forests join the larch forests, at 66 ° N. sh. cedar begins to come across, south of 65 ° N. sh. - pine and fir. On Mount Sablya, spruce-fir forests rise to 400-450 m above sea level, higher they are replaced by larch woodlands and meadows, which at an altitude of 500-550 m turn into mountain tundra.
It has been noticed that spruce and larch forests grow better near the Arctic Circle on the ridge itself than in the foothills and on plains covered with forest-tundra light forests. The reason for this is better mountain drainage and temperature inversion.
The Polar Urals are still poorly developed economically. But this remote mountainous region is gradually being transformed by the Soviet people. From west to east it is crossed by a railway line connecting Ust-Vorkuta with Salekhard.
Taiga region of the Northern Urals
This region of the Urals extends from 64 ° 30 "to 59 ° 30" N. sh. It starts immediately south of the Sablya mountain range and ends with the Konzhakovsky Kamen peak (1569 m). Throughout this area, the Ural stretches strictly along the meridian 59 ° E. etc.
The central, axial part of the Northern Urals has an average height of about 700 and consists mainly of two longitudinal ridges, of which the eastern, watershed, is known as the Belt Stone. On the western ridge south of 64 ° N. sh. the two-headed mountain Telpos-Iz (Stone of the Winds) rises - the highest peak of the region (1617 m). Alpine landforms are not common in the Northern Urals, most of the peaks are dome-shaped.
Three or four ancient alignment surfaces are distinctly expressed in the Northern Urals. Another, no less characteristic feature of the relief is the wide distribution of upland terraces, developed mainly above the upper border of the forest or near it. The number and size of terraces, their width, length and height of the ledge are not the same not only on different mountain peaks, but also on different slopes of the same mountain.
From the West, the axial part of the Northern Urals is bordered by a wide strip of foothills formed by low flat-topped ridges from Paleozoic rocks. Such ridges, elongated parallel to the main ridge, were named Parm (High Parma, Ydzhidparma, etc.).
The strip of foothills on the eastern slope of the Northern Urals is less wide than on the western one. It is represented here by low (300-600 m) ridges of Devonian, strongly crumpled rocks, cut by intrusions. The transverse valleys of Severnaya Sosva, Lozva and their tributaries dissect these ridges into short isolated massifs.
The climate of the Northern Urals is cold and humid, but it is less severe than the climate of the Polar Urals. The average temperature in the foothills rises to 14-16 °. There is a lot of precipitation - up to 800 mm and more (on the western slope), which significantly exceeds the amount of evaporation. Therefore, there are many swamps in the Northern Urals.
The Northern Urals sharply differ from the Polar ones in the nature of vegetation and soils: tundra and bare rocks dominate in the Polar Urals, forests with a narrow green border huddle to the foothills, and even then only in the south of the region, and in the Northern Urals the mountains are completely covered with dense coniferous taiga; treeless tundra occurs only on isolated ridges and peaks that rise above 700-800 m above sea level.
The taiga of the Northern Urals is dark coniferous. The championship belongs to the Siberian spruce; fir prevails on more fertile and drained soils, while cedar prevails on swampy and stony soils. As in the Russian Plain, the taiga of the Northern Urals is dominated by green moss spruce forests, and among them blueberry spruce forests, which, as is known, are characteristic of the landscape of a typical (middle) taiga. Only near the Polar Urals (north of 64 ° N), at the foothills of the mountains, the typical taiga is replaced by the northern one, with more sparse and swampy forests.
The area of \u200b\u200bpine forests in the Northern Urals is small. The green-moss pine forests acquire landscape significance only on the eastern slope south of 62 ° N. sh. Their development is facilitated here by a drier continental climate and the presence of rocky crushed stone soils.
Sukachev's larch, common in the Polar Urals, is rarely observed in the Northern Urals, and, moreover, almost exclusively as an admixture to other conifers. It is somewhat more common at the upper border of the forest and in the subalpine belt, for which birch crooked forest is especially characteristic, and in the north of the region - thickets of bush alder.
The coniferous vegetation of the Northern Urals determines the characteristics of its soil cover. This is the area of \u200b\u200bdistribution of mountain-podzolic soils. In the north, in the foothills, gley-podzolic soils are widespread, in the south, in a strip of typical taiga, they are podzolic. Along with typical podzols, weakly podzolic (hidden podzolic) soils are often found. The reason for their appearance is the presence of aluminum in the absorbing soil complex and the weak energy of microbiological processes. In the south of the region, in the axial part of the Urals, at an altitude of 400 to 800 m, mountain-forest acidic non-podzolized soils are developed, forming on eluvium and deluvium of greenstone rocks, amphibolites and granites. In different places on the Devonian limestones, "northern calcareous soils" are described, boiling at a depth of 20-30 cm.
The most characteristic representatives of the taiga fauna are concentrated in the Northern Urals. Only here there is a sable adhering to cedar forests. Wolverine, red-gray vole (Clethrionomys rufocanus) almost do not go south of the Northern Urals, and among birds - nutcracker (walnut - Nucifraga caryocatactes), waxworm (Bombycilla garrulus), spruce crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) (Surnia ult Reindeer is still known here, which is no longer found in the Middle and South Urals.
In the upper reaches of the Pechora, on the western slopes of the Urals and the adjacent Pechora lowland, there is one of the largest in our country, the Pechora-Ilych State Reserve. It protects the landscapes of the mountain taiga of the Urals, passing in the west into the middle taiga of the Russian Plain.
The vast areas of the Northern Urals are still dominated by virgin mountain-taiga landscapes. Human intervention becomes noticeable only in the south of this region, where such industrial centers as Ivdel, Krasnovishersk, Severouralsk, Karpinsk are located.
The region of southern taiga and mixed forests of the Middle Urals
This area is limited by the latitudes of Konzhakovsky Kamen in the north (59s30 "N) and Mount Yurma (55S25" N) in the south. The Middle Urals are well separated orographically; The Ural mountains go down here, and the strictly meridional strike of the mountain belt is replaced by the south-southeast. Together with the South Urals, the Middle Urals forms a giant arc, with its convex side facing to the east, the arc bends around the Ufa plateau - the eastern protrusion of the Russian platform.
The newest tectonic movements were poorly reflected in the Middle Urals. Therefore, it appears before us in the form of a low peneplain with isolated, gently outlined peaks and ridges, composed of the densest crystalline rocks. The Perm-Sverdlovsk railway line crosses the Urals at an altitude of 410 m. The elevation of the highest peaks is 700-800 m, rarely more.
Due to the strong destruction, the Middle Urals have essentially lost their watershed significance. The Chusovaya and Ufa rivers begin on its eastern slopes and cut through its axial part. River valleys in the Middle Urals are relatively wide, developed. Only in some places picturesque steep slopes and cliffs hang right above the riverbed.
The zone of the western and eastern foothills in the Middle Urals is represented even more widely than in the North. The western foothills abound in karst forms resulting from the dissolution of Paleozoic limestone and gypsum. The Ufa plateau, cut by the deep valleys of the Ai and Yuryuzan rivers, is especially famous for them. The landscape feature of the eastern foothills is formed by lakes of tectonic and partly karst origin. Among them, two groups stand out: Sverdlovsk (lakes Ayatskoye, Tavotui, Isetskoye) and Kaslinskaya (lakes Itkul, Irtyash, Uvildy, Argazi). The lakes, with their picturesque shores, attract a lot of tourists.
Climatically, the Middle Urals are more favorable for humans than the North. Here the summer is warmer and longer, and at the same time there is less precipitation. The average July temperature in the foothills is 16-18 °, the annual precipitation is 500-600 mm, in the mountains in some places it is more than 600 mm. These climatic changes have an immediate effect on soils and vegetation. The foothills of the Middle Urals in the north are covered with southern taiga, and in the south - with forest-steppe. The steppe content of the Middle Urals is much stronger along the eastern slope. If on the western slope there are only individual forest-steppe islands surrounded on all sides by the southern taiga (Kungurskiy and Krasnoufimskiy), then in the Trans-Urals the forest-steppe is a continuous strip up to 57 ° 30 "N. lat.
However, the Middle Urals itself is not an area of \u200b\u200ba forest-steppe, but a forest landscape. The forests here completely cover the mountains; in contrast to the Northern Urals, only very few mountain peaks rise above the upper border of the forest. The main background is provided by spruce-fir-fir southern taiga forests, interrupted on the eastern slope of the ridge by pine forests. In the south-west of the region, there are mixed coniferous-deciduous forests, which include a lot of linden. Throughout the Middle Urals, especially in its southern half, birch forests are widespread, many of which arose on the site of the felled spruce-fir taiga.
Under the southern taiga forests of the Middle Urals, as well as on the plains, soddy-podzolic soils are developed. At the foothills in the south of the region, they are displaced by gray forest soils, in places leached chernozems, and in the upper part of the forest belt - by mountain-forest acidic non-podzolized soils, which we have already met in the south of the Northern Urals.
The fauna is changing significantly in the Middle Urals. Due to the warmer climate and the varied composition of the forests, it is enriched with southern species. Along with the taiga animals that live in the Northern Urals, the common hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), the steppe and black polecat (Putorius putorius), the common hamster (Cricetus cricetus), and the badger (Meles meles) are more common here; the birds of the Northern Urals are joined by the nightingale (Luscinia luscinia), the nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus), the oriole (Oriolus oriolus), the greenfinch (Chloris chloris); the fauna of reptiles becomes much more diverse: a legless spindle lizard (Angnis fragilis), a viviparous lizard, an ordinary snake, a copperhead (Coronella austriaca) appear.
The distinct foothills make it possible to distinguish three landscape provinces in the area of \u200b\u200bthe southern taiga and mixed forests of the Middle Urals.
The province of the Middle Urals occupies an elevated (up to 500-600 m) plain - a plateau, densely indented by river valleys. The core of the province is the Ufa plateau. Its landscape feature is the widespread development of karst (sinkholes, lakes, caves) associated with the dissolution of Upper Paleozoic limestone and gypsum. Despite the increased moisture, there are few bogs, which is explained by good drainage. The plant cover is dominated by southern taiga spruce-fir and mixed (dark-coniferous-deciduous) forests, in places disturbed by the islands of the northern forest-steppe.
The central province of the Middle Urals corresponds to the axial, most elevated part of the Ural Mountains, characterized here by a relatively low height and almost continuous forest cover (dark coniferous and small-leaved forests).
The province of the Middle Trans-Urals is an elevated plain - peneplain, gently dipping to the east, towards the West Siberian Plain. Its surface is disturbed by remnant hills and ridges composed of granites and gneisses, as well as numerous lake basins. Unlike the Cis-Urals, pine and pine-larch forests dominate here, and in the north, significant areas are covered with swamps. Due to the general increase in the dryness and continentality of the climate here further north than in the Cis-Urals, the forest-steppe, which has a Siberian appearance (with birch groves), advances.
The Middle Urals is the most densely populated landscape area of \u200b\u200bthe Ural Mountains. The bulk of the old industrial cities of the Urals, including Sverdlovsk, Nizhniy Tagil, and others, are located here. Therefore, virgin forest landscapes in many parts of the Middle Urals are no longer preserved.
Forest-steppe and steppe region of the Southern Urals with a wide development of forest high-altitude belts
The South Ural covers an area from Mount Yurma in the north to the latitudinal section of the Ural River in the south. It differs from the Middle Urals in significant heights, reaching 1582 m (Mount Iremel) and 1640 m (Mount Yamantau). As in other places in the Urals, the Uraltau watershed ridge, composed of crystalline shales, is shifted to the east and is not the highest in the Southern Urals. The predominant type of relief is mid-mountain. Some alpine peaks rise above the upper border of the forest. They are flat, but with steep rocky slopes complicated by mountain terraces. Recently, traces of ancient glaciation (trough valleys, remnants of cars and moraines) have been discovered on the Zigalga ridge, on Iremel and some other high peaks of the Southern Urals.
To the south of the latitudinal section of the Belaya River, a general drop in heights is observed. The South Ural peneplain is clearly expressed here - a high-rise plain with a folded base, dissected by deep canyon-like valleys of the Sakmara, Guberli and other tributaries of the Urals. Erosional dissection in places gave the peneplain a wild, picturesque look. Such are the Guberlin mountains on the right bank of the Urals, below the city of Orsk, composed of erupted gabbro-peridotite rocks. In other areas, different lithology led to the alternation of large meridional ridges (absolute heights of 450-500 m and more) and wide depressions.
In the east, the axial part of the Southern Urals passes into the Trans-Ural peneplain - a lower and smoother plain compared to the South Ural peneplain. In its leveling, in addition to the processes of general denudation, the abrasion and accumulative activity of the Paleogene sea was of importance. The foothill parts are characterized by small hummocks with ridged-hilly plains. In the north of the Trans-Ural peneplain, there are many lakes with picturesque rocky shores.
The climate of the Southern Urals is drier and more continental than the Middle and Northern Urals. Summers are warm, with droughts and dry winds in the Urals. The average July temperature in the foothills rises to 20-22 °. Winter continues to be cold, with significant snow cover. In cold winters, rivers freeze to the bottom and ice forms, there is a massive death of moles and some birds. Annual precipitation is 400-500 mm, in the mountains in the north up to 600 mm and more.
Soils and vegetation in the Southern Urals exhibit a distinct altitudinal zonation. Low foothills in the extreme south and southeast of the region are covered with cereal steppes on ordinary and southern chernozems. The thickets of steppe bushes are very typical of the Pre-Ural steppes: chiligi (Caragana frutex), blackthorn (Prunus stepposa), and in the Trans-Ural steppes, along the outcrops of granites, pine forests with birch and even larch are found.
In addition to the steppes, the forest-steppe zone is widespread in the South Urals. It occupies the entire South Ural peneplain, the small hills of the Trans-Urals, and in the north of the region it descends to the low foothills.
The forest-steppe is not the same on the western and eastern slopes of the ridge. The west is characterized by broadleaf forests with linden, oak, maple, smooth elm (Ulmus laevis) and elm. In the east and in the center of the ridge, light birch groves, pine forests and larch stands prevail; Pribelsky District is occupied by pine forests and small-leaved forest. Due to the dissected relief and variegated lithological composition of rocks, forests and forb steppe are bizarrely combined here, and the highest areas with outcrops of dense bedrocks are usually covered with forests.
The birch and pine-larch forests of the zone are sparse (especially on the eastern slopes of the Uraltau), are strongly lightened, therefore, many steppe plants penetrate under their canopy and there is almost no sharp line between the steppe and forest flora in the South Urals. The soils developed under light forests and forb steppe - from gray forest to leached and typical chernozems - are characterized by a high humus content. It is interesting to note that the highest humus content, reaching 15-20%, is observed not in typical chernozems, but in mountain podzolized soils, which is possibly associated with the meadow stage of development of these soils in the past.
Spruce-fir taiga on mountain-podzolic soils forms the third soil-vegetation zone. It is distributed only in the northern, most elevated part of the Southern Urals, meeting at an altitude of 600 to 1000-1100 m.
At the highest peaks there is a zone of mountain meadows and mountain tundra. The peaks of the Iremel and Yamantau mountains are covered with spotted tundra. High in the mountains, breaking away from the upper border of the taiga, there are groves of undersized spruce forests and birch crooked forests.
The fauna of the Southern Urals is a variegated mixture of taiga-forest and steppe species. In the forests of the Bashkir Urals, brown bear, elk, marten, squirrel, capercaillie, hazel grouse are common, and next to them in the open steppe live gopher (Citellus citellus), jerboa, bustard, little bustard. In the Southern Urals, the habitats of not only northern and southern, but also western and eastern species of animals are superimposed on one another. So, together with the garden dormouse (Elyomys quercinus) - a typical inhabitant of the deciduous forests of the west - in the Southern Urals one can find such eastern species as the small (steppe) pika or Eversmann's hamster (Allocrlcetulus eversmanni).
The mountain forest landscapes of the Southern Urals are very picturesque with spots of meadow meadows, less often of stony steppes on the territory of the Bashkir State Reserve. One of the sections of the reserve is located on the Uraltau ridge, the second - on the South Kraka mountain range, the third section, the lowest, is Pribelsky.
There are four landscape provinces in the South Urals.
Province of the Southern Urals covers the elevated ridges of the General Syrt and the low foothills of the Southern Urals. The rugged relief and continental climate contribute to a sharp manifestation of vertical differentiation of landscapes: ridges and foothills are covered with broad-leaved forests (oak, linden, elm, Norway maple) growing on gray forest soils, and relief depressions, especially wide floodplain river terraces, are dressed with steppe vegetation on black earth soils. The southern part of the province is a syrt steppe with dense thickets of woods along the slopes.
TO Mid-mountain province of the South Urals the central mountainous part of the region belongs. Along the highest peaks of the province (Yamantau, Iremel, Zigalga ridge, etc.), the alpine and pre-alpine belts with extensive stone placers and mountain terraces on the slopes are clearly expressed. The forest zone is formed by spruce-fir and pine-larch forests, in the southwest - coniferous-deciduous. In the north-east of the province, on the border with the Trans-Urals, the low Ilmensky ridge rises - a mineralogical paradise, according to A.E. Fersman. Here one of the oldest state reserves in the country - Ilmensky named after V.I. Lenin.
Low-mountain province of the South Urals includes the southern part of the Ural Mountains from the latitudinal section of the Belaya River in the north to the Ural River in the south. Basically, this is the South Ural peneplain - a plateau with small absolute marks - about 500-800 m above sea level. Its relatively flat surface, often covered with ancient weathering crust, is dissected by deep river valleys in the Sakmara basin. Forest-steppe landscapes prevail, and steppe landscapes in the south. In the north, significant areas are covered with pine and larch forests, everywhere, and especially in the east of the province, birch groves are common.
Province of the Southern Trans-Urals forms an elevated, undulating plain, corresponding to the Trans-Ural peneplain, with a wide distribution of sedimentary rocks, sometimes interrupted by outcrops of granites. In the eastern, weakly dissected part of the province, there are many depressions - steppe depressions, in places (in the north) - shallow lakes. The southern Trans-Urals has the driest, continental climate in the Urals. Annual precipitation in the south is less than 300 mm with an average July temperature of about 22 °. The landscape of treeless steppes prevails on ordinary and southern chernozems; occasionally, along the outcrops of granites, pine forests are found. In the north of the province, a birch-peg forest-steppe is developed. Large areas in the South Trans-Urals are plowed up for wheat crops.
The South Ural is rich in iron, copper, nickel, pyrite ores, ornamental stones and other minerals. During the years of Soviet power, old industrial cities grew and changed here unrecognizably, and new centers of socialist industry appeared - Magnitogorsk, Mednogorsk, Novotroitsk, Sibay, etc. In terms of the degree of disturbance of natural landscapes, the Southern Urals in many places are approaching the Middle Urals.
Intensive economic development of the Urals was accompanied by the emergence and growth of areas of anthropogenic landscapes. The lower altitude belts of the Middle and South Urals are characterized by field agricultural landscapes. Even more widespread, including the forest belt and the Polar Urals, are meadow-pasture complexes. Almost everywhere you can find artificial forest plantations, as well as birch and aspen forests that have arisen on the site of cleared spruce forests, fir forests, pine forests and oak forests. Large reservoirs have been created on the Kama, Ural and other rivers, and ponds have been created along small rivers and hollows. In areas of open pit mining of brown coal, iron ores and other minerals, there are significant areas of open-pit dump landscapes; in areas of underground mining, sinkholes of pseudokarst are common.
The unique beauty of the Ural Mountains attracts tourists from all over the country. Especially picturesque are the valleys of Vishera, Chusovaya, Belaya and many other large and small rivers with their noisy, talkative water and bizarre cliffs - "stones". Vishera's “stones” covered with legends remain in the memory for a long time: Vetlan, Polyud, Change. No one is left indifferent by the unusual, sometimes fantastic underground landscapes of the Kungur Ice Cave-Reserve. Climbing to the peaks of the Urals, such as Iremel or Yamantau, is always of great interest. The view of the undulating forested Ural distances that opens from there will reward for all the hardships of the mountain ascent. In the Southern Urals, in the immediate vicinity of the city of Orsk, the Guberlin Mountains, a low-mountain hummock, the "Pearl of the Southern Urals", attract attention by the originality of their landscapes. The lake (area about 26 km 2), characterized by heavily indented rocky shores, is used for recreational purposes.
From the book Physical Geography of the USSR, F.N. Milkov, N. A. Gvozdetsky. M. Thought. 1976.
| Related articles: | |
|
Download minecraft 0.15 10 full version
Download the new release version of Minecraft PE 0.15.10 and enjoy ... Aries family horoscope for April
The April success of Aries is largely due to the favorable situation ... Sagittarius female horoscope for September
From 1 to 10 September. Matchmaking, a wedding can take place now in spite of everyone ... | |
