Circassians are like people. Pokhodzhennya and resettlement of Circassians. Culture and Religion

Individuals of Russia. "Live together, get rich with life"

Multimedia project "Faces of Russia" was founded in 2006, telling about the Russian civilization, the most important feature of living together, being overwhelmed by life - such a motto is especially relevant for the vastness of our country. From 2006 to 2012, within the framework of the project, we created 60 documentaries about representatives of various Russian ethnic groups. Also, 2 cycles of radio programs “Music and songs of the peoples of Russia” were created - over 40 programs. An illustration of the almanac was released for the support of the first series of films. In time, we are on the verge of creating a unique multimedia encyclopedia of the peoples of our land, a sign that allows the inhabitants of Russia to know for themselves that for the sake of depriving the recessions of the picture of what stench they were.

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"Disguise of Russia". Circassians. "Circassians - turn to turn", 2008

Zagalni vіdomostі

CHERK'ESI, Adige (self-designation), the people of the group Adigiv, who live in the Russian Federation, most importantly in the Republic of Karachayevo-Cherkessia together with Karachay, Russian Abaza, Nogays. Number 50.8 ths. especially, among those in Karachay-Cherkessia - 40.2 thousand. osib. For the tribute to the Population Census of 2002, the number of Circassians, who live on the territory of Russia, becomes 60 thousand 517 persons, for the tribute to the Population Census of 2010 - 73 thousand 184 persons.

In the past, the ancestors of the modern Circassians, the landed peoples, were called "Kabardinians", "beslenіїvtsі" or "adigi". Live in the same way near the borders of the Close Descent, where they moved to the other half of the 19th century. Here, under the name "Circassians" often come together for the advent of those other peoples of the Pivnichny and Western Caucasus, as they emigrated after the arrival of the Caucasus to Russia.

Mova Kabardino-Circassian (spilna with Kabardians) of the Abkhaz-Adiz group of the Pivnichno-Caucasian homeland. Vіruyuchi - Sunіti Muslims. In the XIV-XV centuries, the Circassians were respected by the Christians. Christianity penetrated to them from Byzantium in the X-XII centuries. In the XIV century, to the Circassians, becoming penetrated by Islam. I to XVIII century the Circassians were Islamized, but the elements of Christianity were preserved in them right up to the 20th century. Bulls of the Circassians and the Vlasni deities of the pagan quest. For example, the god of kinship Thagaleju, the patron of the watering Mazithe, the patron saint of Merissa, the great horned thinness - Akhina, the kiz that sheep - Yamsha. Tsikavo, that the god of glitter and thunder Shibli was the patron saint of the riding.

The name "Circassians", ymovіrno, is interchangeable with "kerket", as the old Greek authors called one of the groups of the Adighan population of the Black Sea coast. Modern Circassia Bula was inhabited by Adigs in the 5th-7th centuries. In the 12th-13th centuries, a part of the adigives moved to the Terek, having fallen asleep here the princedoms of Great and Lesser Kabarda, their power expanded into Circassia. Naprikintsі 18 - the beginning of the 19th century there was a massive resettlement of Kabardians to Cherkessia.

The Іnsh main component in the molding of modern Circassians was beslinіїvtsі. The first reports about them in Russian documents lie up to the 16th century. In the 16th-18th centuries, the stench was seen as Beslinii, Beslints, Beslenivsky Cherkasy, and the area they occupied was Besliny, Bisleniv, Beslinysky taverns.

A series of audio lectures "Peoples of Russia" - Circassians

In 1922, the Karachayevo-Cherkesska AT was established (divided in 1926 into Karachaevsk AT and the Cherkessk National District, from 1928 - AT; in 1957 the stench was reunited), in 1991 it was turned into a republic.

The main occupation is transhumant cattle breeding (vіvtsі, goats, horses, great horned thinness; before the adoption of Islam, pigs were also bred). The breeding of horses of the Kabardian breed was especially important for the area.

The traditional craft was most importantly associated with the processing of livestock products: weaving cloth, making clothes, cloaks. Circassian cloth was especially highly valued among the native peoples. On the pіvdnі Circassії, a tree trimming was unfolded. Widely wider was the forge craft, zbrojova on the right.

The Circassians united in independent rural communities, as if they had their own organs of self-regulation (mainly - from outside community members). Their members were bound by mutual responsibility, they were coronated with the earthly land and pastures, the right to vote at the popular elections. The patrilineal homeland groups were taken care of (members of some of them established special quarters near the villages), calling for religious sanctuary, hospitality, and kunastva. The great patriarchal family, which included a sprat of generations and had up to 100 people, survived until the 18th century. Family communities often began to grow up like the 19th century. Shlyub buv is strictly exogamous. Hedge fences were widened on all relatives along both lines, on people's faces, as if they were turning over from milk spores. They founded levirate and sororate, atalicism, fictitious controversy. Shlyubi pogalali through the splat Kalima.

The vindication of most modern villages of Cherkessia dates back to the 2nd half of the 19th century. In the 19th century, at the beginning of the 20th century, 12 villages were founded, in the 20th years of the 20th century, 5. The garden was surrounded by a fence. Zhitlov_ prism_schennya were sounding like a facade for pіvden. There was a little weaving of the wall on a stovpny frame, smeared with clay, two or more chotirischilias made of mud, covered with straw, adobe pidlog. It was formed from one or the other room (for the number of friends in the family couples), which adjoined one to one, the doors of the skin room went out at the door. Kunatsky served one of the kіmnat or okrema sporuda. The white walls between the doors and the window vlashtovuvali vіdkrite vіdkritė with wicker dimar, in the middle of which they installed a crossbeam for lifting the cauldron. Gospodars'kі budіvlі also struggled with mud, often small round oval shape. The modern Circassians will be square and richly furnished houses.

The traditional human costume is a cherkeska, beshmet, trousers, a hooded hat with a cloth tulle, a cloak, a sash, on the legs - chuv'yaki, legs, rich - red sap'yanny chobots, sewn with gold. At a time, less deyakі can make a new set of national costume and show up at the saint's.

Woman's clothes at the very new option formed in the 19th century. The cloth is small in size from the waist to the waist. The shawl was sewn with a seam or oxamite, embellished with galloon and embroidered. Cloth of red color was allowed to be worn by less noble women. The cloth was worn with a silver belt. From above they dressed a embroidered captan with dark red or black matter, embellished with gold and silver galloon, silver fasteners. Vzuttya, prepared from the shkіri, hung with a sreble. Headdress of a Circassian woman laying down in the її century of that family camp: the girl went in khasts or with an uncovered head, older girls and young women (before the birth of the first child) wore a "gold cap" with a high solid stake, embellished with galloon and embroidery, cloth on horseback or oxamite; on top of a thin shovkovy khustka; after the people of the child, the woman zovsіm curled up her hair with a dark hustkoy (kіntsi її were skipped behind under the braids and tied on the head with a special knot) and shallu. Modern Circassian women wear national cloth only at the saint.

Vletka is eaten more importantly with dairy products and vegetables; The most popular leafy bread fresh dough, which live with Kalmitsky tea (green from sill and tops). They also sipped dried yeast bread. The kukurudzians are widely victorious and borosno that groats. Loved grass is filled with a cock or a turkey with sauce, seasoned with a housekeeper and red pepper. Meat of waterfowl live less smeared. Eat mutton and yalovichina with jam, sing with seasoning, sour milk, and cookery and sill. After boiled meat obov'yazkovo serve broth, after lubricated - sour milk. From millet and corn boar with honey until the wedding and at the great saint prepare a booze. On holy roble halvah wheat boar in syrup), bake pies.

Folklore has a central place to oppose zagalnoadizkі plots, the Nart epos. Rozvinene mystetstvo opovіdachi and vykonavtsіv song (dzheguaki). Wider songs-weeping, labor and hot songs. Traditional musical instruments - violin, bzhamey (sopilka), pharchach (percussion instrument), various tambourines, which were played with hands and sticks. For example, in the 18th century, the harmonica was played by the Russians, women play more importantly, and other instruments - people.

Song accompanying the Circassian to the people of yoga until death. In the XVI-XIX centuries there were more heroic and historical songs. The fighters against the feudal yoke were sleeping in the songs. In the first half of the 19th century of the people, songs are written about the struggle against the conquest policy of Russian tsarism. This genre has the greatest interest in creating songs: “Like a great tsar before Abadzekhiv came”, “Bzheduz’s leaders”, “Spirna battle”, “A song about the battle of Shekhapi”.

Circassians cherish their own moral and ethical and philosophical code “Adige Khabze”, which was formed under the influence of the ancient religious system of the Circassians and brought to perfection in the course of the rich history of the people.

In the 14th-15th centuries, the Circassians were respected by the Christians. Christianity penetrated here from Byzantium and Georgia in 10-12 centuries. In the 14th century, Islam began to penetrate here. Residually Circassians were Islamized until the 18th century, and traces of Christianity were saved in Circassia right up to the 20th century. The Circassians worshiped rich ancient deities - the god of kinship Thagalej, the patron saint of watering Mazitha, bdzhilnitstva - Merissa, the great horned thinness - Ahina, kiz and sheep - Yamsha, riding horse - ZeykІuetkha, the god of the mole and the god of the mole.

I.Kh. Kalmikiv

narisi

Live by the rules sanctified by tradition

"Solidarity is crowned with good, unreasonable one alone - to misfortunes." So the Circassian people's wisdom is strengthened. Ale schob її zozumіti, zrazumіti, listen to the Circassian fairy tale "Wonderful Apple".

Once upon a time there lived three inseparable friends. Their friendship was a mitzna: three of their hearts, as if they had been sent, were beating contagiously.

And in this village there lived a beautiful woman, like she was worthy of all three friends. I did not know how to get out: how buti? Give the word to one well done - the other two will have the image.

She thought, she pondered, she wrote like this:

I will see for the one who goes to mand the light and get me a miracle.

Three friends arranged for the road. Virushili marvel shukati. For this month they chanted at once, then they virulently broke up, and for this month they again gathered together.

The axis set off the stench of a blur of light ... For this month they wandered - in the delusions of the terms they picked up,

Who knows? - feed the stench one to one.

I know a charming looking-glass, - one young man said.

I know kilim-litak, - another young man said.

And I am a miracle apple, - saying the third.

The friends began to look at the mirror in the enchantment and danced, that the beauty, for the sake of such a stench, violated the mandrivka, died,

Oh, woe to the Yake! - Viguknuv volodar charіvnogo dzerkala. - I want to say goodbye to us from Kohanoy!

Sit shvidshe on a kilim-litak, - chanting the hairdresser of the enchanting kilim.

Kilim-letak rose with three friends into the sky and flew in one mile along that path, as the stench of two girls passed through these months.

The friends told the girls' fathers about their mandrivkas, and they asked permission to look at their disguise.

Marvel! - said you crying and ripped off the seam cover.

And only a little-but they made the guise of a girl, Volodar the miracle-apple rose to the dawn of beauty, and the girl came to life.

What a mіtsny boov I have a dream! - Zivuvalas out, rose and z'їla apple.

The friends began to think and guess: who among them can be beautiful to become a squad?

Yakby is not my enchanting mirror, we would not have known that my name had died, and we would have long ago praised it, - said the master of the mirror. - She's rightfully mine.

And how badly did we find out about his death, yakbi not my kilim-letak - saying Volodar kilim. We would have gone home less for this month. For the whole hour, the sight of the bridegroom would run out of gunpowder. Don't get sidetracked! Vaughn is mine!

I charіvne mirror served us a service, and kilim-lіtak didpomіg, - saying to his hand the Volodar miracle-apple. - Ale yakby is not my miracle apple, she wouldn’t come to life. Vaughn can become my squad. - I added, turning to friends:

Do you have your charming mirror? - So.

Do you have your kilim-litak in you? - Є.

To turn me back to my wonderful apple and take your name.

Ale turn the apple, well, no one could see. Aje krasunya yogo z'їla.

So I got out for the squad of that three friends, which delivered a miracle apple.

We have translated our message from the Circassian proverb “Solidarity wins with good, unreasonable one for one - for adversity”. Now it’s understood that three friends would not be in solidarity and would not understand one another, then the fairy tale “Wonderful Apple” would be small if it were summation.

I don’t know the past, I don’t understand the current price

Who are the Circassians? All the people of the adigiv group, which live in the Russian Federation, are more important in the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia together with Karachay, Russians, Abazins, Nogays.

There are 49,591 Circassians behind the 2002 census. Usyogo at the Russian Federation - 60,517 Circassians. The language of the Circassians is the Kabardino-Circassian (spilna with the Kabardians) of the Abkhaz-Adiz group of the Pivnichno-Caucasian homeland.

Circassians also live near the borders of the Close Descent. The stench moved there near the other half of the century due to folding historical processes. Tse okrema, vzhka, hour bolіsna topic. The legacy of quiet processes, the zokrema and the Caucasian war, are seen by the Circassians dosi.

In the centuries, the Circassians were respected by the Christians. Christianity penetrated to them from Byzantium - centuries. From the capital to the Circassians, the soil began to penetrate Islam. From the 1st to the 18th century, the Circassians were Islamized, but the elements of Christianity were preserved in them right up to the 20th century. Bulls of the Circassians and the Vlasni deities of the pagan quest. For example, the god of kinship Thagaleju, the patron of the watering Mazithe, the patron saint of Merissa, the great horned thinness - Akhina, the kiz that sheep - Yamsha. Tsikavo, that the god of glitter and thunder Shibli was the patron saint of the riding. The Circassians-kovalivs have their own god - Tlєpshu.

The main occupation of the Circassians is animal husbandry (bivts, goats, horses, great horned thinness). The breeding of horses of the Kabardian breed was especially important for the area. The traditional craft was most importantly associated with the processing of livestock products: weaving cloth, making robes, cloaks. Circassian cloth was especially highly valued among the native peoples.

Leafy bread from fresh dough

What should the Circassians eat, how are they similar to them? In the summer season, the main dairy products and vegetable herbs get used to it, the wintering and the winter haul out the boars and the meat grasses. The most popular leafy bread is made from fresh dough, which is used to make Kalmic tea (green from sill and tops). They also drink dry bread. The kukurudzians are widely victorious and borosno that groats.

Loved grass is filled with a cock or a turkey with sauce, seasoned with a housekeeper and red pepper. Meat of waterfowl live less smeared. Serve mutton and yalovichina to the table with jam, sing with seasoning, sour milk and a fortified chasnik ta sill (bzhіnihu schips). After boiled meat, broth is served obov'yazkovo, after lubricated meat - sour milk. From millet and corn boar with honey until the wedding and on the big saint prepare mahsima (national low-alcohol drink). It is holy to make halvah (from pid-smeared millet or wheat boar in syrup), bake cakes and pies (lek'ume, delen, khalive).

Circassians know: to live well, you need to work hard. The theme of practice and righteous practice is clearly shown in Circassian sayings:

"Do not have small rights, only small men."

“On the right is a large floor, you can lift it up.”

It is easy to guess that people, who lead an unrighteous way of life, are sued by the Circassian Suspіlstvі and are rewired. First of all, the theme of the correct vihovannya is well developed in the kazci "Vedmіd-vikhovatel".

Dyakuyu for science

They lived a long, long time ago old in the old, bіdnі z bіdnih near their village. There was no warm clothes in them, no cotton wool. Ale didn’t stink with grief. They lamented the stench of those who had no children with them, not to ring at their house without a turbot childish laugh.

The first axis on the hills of rock came to them joy: having born a boy with them - healthy, cheerful, garny, like a sleepy promise.

The boy was born with them, the one with whom you dress him up, with whom do you slander?

Let's lead the son in lahmitti, people will laugh at us, - saying the old squad. - Come on, let's go to the forest, maybe we'll catch our luck there.

There was a stench in the dense fox, where no human foot has set foot, a little budinochok and settled in the new. Pishov was once old at the foxes for zdobichchyu, and the old one sat at home, nursed her son, sang his song. She took out the boy on the porozі pograti, she deprived one of them, she herself went to the hut for help. And z haschi vibig vedmіd, having saved the child and taken it. The old woman was dying, crying, screaming ... What's the point? You won't turn back the boy!

An old eve came home, and in the hut there is such grief that you don’t care about an evil enemy. The two of them mourned and sang:

From the fox there is nowhere to go. There, where our single child perished, let us drink death.

And the witch at that hour brought a boy from his barligs and, taking up after him, like a witch, look out for him: having yearned for him, I will reach the forest peas, berries and honey, laying down to sleep on my chest. If the lad pіdrіs, vivіv yogo vedmіd on the fox galyavin, vibrating the young oak tree and punishing:

Anu, try it, virvi with the root! Having circled the boy Stovbur Obom with his hands,

having smirked once or twice, but only savaged yogo, and virvati from the earth was not a moment.

Looks like it's not over yet! - muttered witch.

A few years have passed. I will renew the appearance of the lad of the witch on a galyavin and I will draw an oak tree from the earth. And the tree virіvnyalis, zmіtsnіlo. The boy got strength, but all the same, as if he didn’t make a lot of effort, he didn’t tear the tree by the root, just breaking off the top.

Early brother, early! - muttered and once a witch.

Ale, becoming a strong boy and a spritny young man. Povіv yogo vedmіd utretє on a galyavin. The oak is rising high, having thrown the mites. Ale th lad piling up strength. Obhopiv vіn stovbur obom with his hands and virvav oak from the earth, like a bilinka.

Axis now is the hour! - hello witch. - Now, my son, I will tell you who you are. That's why I walked like a fox and shook a little budinochok. On the threshold sat a woman with a child, she sang a sumptuous song to him. Vaughn summed up that there was nothing to tell the little son. I heard for a long time, and there was less mother and child. If she got out, I grabbed the boy and took him. Boy tsey - ti! I am vicious to you, having swung, having grown capable of them. Turn now to the father of the mother, be their helper and support. Go, learn human sounds and remember forever: evil attracts evil, good begets good!

Having said the young man to the Vedmedeva "dakaya" for science, turning to the father of the mother, they turned back to their aul, they began to live and live. They themselves did not know grief and helped the evil ones.

"Narti" - a monument of light culture

If we take the sleep of the people's creativity of the Circassians in a flash, then the entire Adig people are more popular than the Nart epos. The long hour of wine was passed from mouth to mouth. І less in the first half of the century, becoming the object of the record of that event. The Nart epic is inspired by that honesty, the readiness to live for the happiness of people. Epichnі opovіdі "Narti" є vyznachnoy mem'yatka svіtovoї epіchnі culture. Turn on songs, sing and legends.

Sayings, retellings, legends, short stories and parables are written for love of Circassians. Evidence of heroism and history. Popular sayings about Khatkokoshkho, Chechanoko Chechani, Kaitkoko Aslanbech and many others. A number of reliable podias, in the epics, elements of fantasy and guesswork are heard. Tse zblizhuє їх іz kazkami. Historical retellings told about the most important sub-history of adigives. Such retellings about Oshnauska and Bziyutsk battles.

The song accompanied the Circassian to the people of Yogo to death. A lot of religious rites were accompanied by songs. In the XVI-XIX centuries there were more heroic and historical songs. The stench tells about the most important signs in the history of the people, and about the exploits of other heroes. Chimalo song is dedicated to the fight against the bulk of the hordes of Crimean Tatars and Turkish troops. Often the songs were sung by the songs of the Abrichian songs, the songs about the rebels (for example, “The Song about Martin”, “About Ali Chorne”).

But not only historical and heroic songs are heard by the people. Like before, popular songs. Labor, love, spring, colisco, hot, child, butov.

What to rob the Circassian? Dotrimannya etiquette, which is so called "adige habze". With a respectful reading of the Nart epic, it is possible to know all the elements of the Adigh (Circassian) etiquette, all aspects are presented in detail in the new one.

It is worth to hang out and family-shlyubnye stosunkiv, spring rites, principles of hospitality and the waving of children. Life has begun. Attributing a lot of etiquette to the etiquette for an hour turned into syllables, became a part of the Circassian wisdom of the people.

“Rozum is not to be sold, not bought, but to be saved from oneself.”

“Don’t be happy there, don’t bother.

“Reason does not have value, but vihovennia - between”.

"A mother's etiquette is an eye for a daughter."

"The price of the one who does not value himself is not great."

Especially follow the respect on the foot:

"If you are cunning, you will forget vihovannya." Even the thesis is relevant for our hour.

Vikrutlivy cunning, the thought of the Circassians, nasty, and the merciful mind is good.

On this topic, there is also your own inscription:

"In the reserve of man is the strength of the mind."

Some Circassians shout: "Let me taste the dog of a sensible person." Tse, you know, is richer than the richer, lower dog of the foolish.

Navkolo pohodzhennya that signification adigіv yak cherkesіv rich superechok. In these articles, not all evidence and historical facts can be found that confirm the published version. Detailed visvіtlennya dermal fact іstorії mozhe vtomiti chichacha and rozmiti metu statti, I want to bring respect to create, like cultural, and і istorichnymi nadbannyam people. But without a brief glance at the Circassian suspenstvo, its moral and ethical norms, it is impossible to reveal the blame for the ethnonym "Circassian", and as a moral and psychological pressure, they put it on the Circassians of other peoples, calling them "Circassians". Dosi among the rich of the peoples "Circassian" means warrior.

In response to the admonitions of the Adigh heroic epic “Nartkher”, the Circassians created the moral and legal code “Adige Khabze” and the Adigh etiquette “Adigag'є” for hours of matriarchy. According to B.Kh. Nareshti, from which the other most important visnovok sings: not savage to the nature of the adigag, it is impossible to comprehend and in the new time to reveal the specifics of the adiga habze. “Adigism is the mechanism of mental organization and ethical rationalization of facts and, in fact, social tasks, a way of constructing social reality. But at the same time, the freedom to choose that zdіysnennya bazhany chi possible within the framework of the singing moral continuum, if, with all the diversity of styles of thought, that behavior is saved, the spirit and the direct alignment of moral laws. "The system of Adigian ethics has five fastnesses: tsikhug'e-humanity, nemis - shanobleness, ak'il - rozum, lig'e - masculinity, melodiously - honor."

“At the period of feudalism in the social structure of the Adigian suspense, the dominating camp took the class of professional warriors-faces - werk.” “Stavlennya vorkіv mіzh themselves and other camps were appointed and regulated by the greatest feudal law. Ale dodatkovo to tsgogo formed and acted such institutions, like uerk'ig'e - a personal ethics (or a personal moral code) that uerk' habze - a person-nobility etiquette. “Why does the peculiarity of the face of ethics, as if looking at the abominations of the infamous ethics of adigism? First, what should be designated - promotion of the vimogi to the face. In the system of uerk'ig'e, the number of obov'yazkiv, connected with the skin of the names of the principles, was richly broad, variegated, and, I would say, zhorstkіshim, lower in the zagalnoadizky ethic. For example, asceticism reached the level of certain elementary needs and bazhan: the squalor of the ordering of the inhabitants, the skarga for economic difficulties, the sickness, the cold, the hunger, the speck, the predilection for abuse, the zayva tsіkavіst, were taken into account. Not only that, to live to see sivini - and that was given to ganebni. It was necessary to accept death at the young man's young vіtsі, zdіysnyuyuchi chergovy feat, so live life short, ale yaskrave, beyond unsafe conditions. As far as the princes (pshi) and first-rate nobles (smoldering), all the stench was a work in their own meaning of the term. First of all, the pose was lost, more precisely over, the opposition “person-peasant”. Tim is no less, the princes themselves were respected and truly were the elite of the Adigian liturgy and found the best guardians and wearers of the personal ethics, they did not do anything with this kind of work.”

The history of the Circassians during the post-war wars for survival, for the preservation of the identity of the movement and culture. A lot of conquerors from the different capitals witnessed about the latest defeat and rooting of the region, which was occupied by the Circassians. However, it didn't seem to be effective. In the minds of the post-wars, the Circassian supremacy of the institute of nationality “zekIue”, de suvoro tried to understand the laws of the “uerk'ig'e” facial ethic. According to A.S. The Adigian heroic epic "Narti", for over 3000 years, depicts the Narts with an overarching warlike and two-fold people. The basis of the rich plots of the Nart epic is to be formed by military epics. "ZekIue" in the Adigic language means military march with the method of burying the glory of glory beyond the borders of your little fatherland. Ale "zekіue" is not only a Viysk trip, but it's even more expensive, so that the process is at the hour of that space. Under the hour of tsієї more expensive, there were nabіgi (teue). And, moreover, during the hour of these trips, meetings were made, visits to friends, as if accompanied by banquets, mutual gifts, new acquaintances were made in foreign and disputed peoples.

For its significance in social life, in the spiritual atmosphere, the institute of nationality has a significant role in the life of adigiv. For the tribute of the Circassians, living life, heroically defending their fatherland, it was easier to get richer, lower the reputation of the famous prince. To that, stop, for a thought, more prestigious. “It was not the Zakhist aulіv and the lane that made the glory of the Circassian,” wrote M. Dubrovin, “but the glory of the naїznik, but the glory, in the thought of the people, made the posture of the fatherland.” “The better for the inter-Batkivshchyna, the trip was more prestigious. Sounds and a wide geography of trips: the Dnipro, the Volga, the Don, the Danube, Malaya and Middle Asia, the Transcaucasus, about the folk retellings and historical documents. “According to I. Blaramberg, “the docks were not founded on the Caucasian line, the Circassians penetrated as far as the banks of the Volga and the Don and pinned all sorts of water between Azov, Georgia and Persia.” “The cob of war, zgidno with folklore tributes, for the old hours, accompanied by official voices. With this, within the framework of academic diplomacy, a victorious communicative-meaning subject was introduced: the enemy was violated by a bad arrow - a sign of a stunned war.

In order to show their peacefulness to potential opponents, the Circassian warriors poured three arrows into the sagaydak, which could be seen from afar, which was saved on the ensigns of the Circassians. In addition, they confirmed with words, in order of other words, the key word "asa" - light, "di asa" - mi peacefully sounded. For Sh. Nogmova, (Adysian-Circassian educator, who was alive in the Pivnichny Caucasus in the first half of the 19th century), who relied on folklore tribute, the Adigis-Circassians fought against the Huns, Avars, Khazars and other peoples.

Zgidno with Russian chronicles, Prince Svyatoslav in 965 defeated the Khazar Khaganate. For the Novgorod litopisom, Svyatoslav brought a lot of kasogs from himself, which was saved in Adig's retellings about sleeping in the pre-Mongolian period. For Russia, which has little trade with other lands, it was important to know the political situation on the Black Sea coast. The Russians fed the stars of the Kasogs (Adygs-Circassians), they traded and served in the Russian princes. The most common among different variations of Chuli is the word "asaga", which literally from Kazozky meant "light", tobto. "asa" - svіt. (The letter "k", as a Russian prefix to serve in the word "kasog", as a sign of where, to whom).

According to M.A. Kumakhov, in rich Circassian words such as "tig'e" - gift, "bzhig'e" - number, "vag'e" - rilla, "thyg'e" - writing - "g'e" (ha) є zagalno-adiz suffix of the past hour in the substantive liturgical chambers.

Starting with the Russian litopis, Prince Volodymyr divided his volodinnya among his sons. Tmutarakan princedom (on Taman, Pivnichniy Kavkaz) was given to Mstislav. Behind Karamzin, Tmutarakan became far and away the backbone of the deprivation of the Russian princes. Tse maє mіsce in "Words about the departure of Igor":

At Tmutorokan steps Oleg

At the golden stirrup

And the sound of that chuє onuk Yaroslav,

Old great Volodymyr Vsevolodovich,

І in Chernigiv vranci the gates are locked.

The fact that in front of Mstislav's retinue stood the cassette regiments on the choli with Prince Rededi, testify that the cassock regiments were defeated by Svyatoslav. Rededya called out Mstislav for a duel and died. For the results of the duel, according to the law, at that hour, that Volodinnya of the Kazakh prince Rededi began to lie with Mstislav. This is what I knew in the poem “The Word about Igor’s Departure”:

Wise Yaroslav,

Good Mstislav.

What infected Rededya

In front of the cassette regiments

Reverend Roman Svyatoslavich.

Nadal Mstislav, after having made friends with the elder son of Rededi, with his donkey and with the united military, turned to Russia, in a series of battles, having struck blows to his brother Yaroslav the Wise, and in 1025 he reached the rozpodіlu Rus in two parts: he went and went to Chernoslav, the prince of Avenge. Rich Russian nobility titles, such as Lopukhin, Ushakov and others make their cob blue Rededi Roman and Yuri. Everything is worth mentioning about the close connection between Russians and Kasogs (Circassians). Ale, such a sound made the descriptions hour. Starting from the article by A.V. Shevchenko “Anthropology of the Population of the Pivdenno-Russian Steppe in the Bronze Age”, an anthropological link between the population of the Bronze Age of the Pivnichny Caucasus and the populations of Central Europe is drawn up.

“According to V.P. Alexeyvoi, the last Pontic group of populations is a graceful variant of the protomorphic Caucasian type (1974. Stor. 133). On the basis of craniological and somatological materials carried in the Adigo-Abkhaz movable sleepiness, M.G.

In order to get to the coast of the Black Sea, it was necessary for the words to pass through the lands of the Kasogs (Circassians). So they celebrated not only in the 11th century, but also richly late in the 15th century. So, Prince Matregi (the current Taman River) Zakhar'ya Guygursis (for the Genoese materials Zakharia de Gizolfi) was the son of the noble Genoese Vincenzo de Gizolfi and the son-in-law of the Adigh prince Berezokhu (Bazruk). Friendship with the daughter of Berzokh (1419) gave in the fall to de Gizolf the place of Matrega, which should lie down on Berezokhu. From that hour, Matrega was changing with the sub-order - the Genoese and the Adig princes. So, in 1482, Zakhar’ya sent a letter to Genoa with a penny subsidy to pay the allowance to the Adigh (Circassian) princes, like Zacharia, he could not immediately act: on your boots." Not otrimavshi vіdpovіdі, Zakharіya dvіchі - in 1483 and in 1487, having turned to Ivan the Third - to the Russian tsar. From the place of the forked bachimo, that the phrase “through the kasogs” among the Russian natural paths was transformed into the shorthand “cherkas” (through the kasogs). So the Russians nadal became

name the Kasogs (Adygs-Circassians). For the "History of Russia" by Karamzin, even before the Mongol pile, Tmutarakan ceased to be haunted by Russian chroniclers like the Volodinnia of Russian princes. After the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars into Russia and the Caucasus, the ethnonym "Circassian" is called "Circassian". It is entirely acceptable that the Russian Mongol-Tatars adopted the name, changing the letter “a” to the letter “e” - Cherkasy to Circassian. The soundness of this ethnonym can be known from the language of other peoples. From the Mongol-Tatar "Circassian" means "changing path", which is similar to the Russian name of the word "Cherkas" - through kasogs. And without the Russian Mongols, and before them the Polovtsy, Khozars and others could not bypass the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, where they brought a great number of slaves and goods for sale. To the shore, the path lay through the lands of the Kasogiv (Adigiv - Circassians), yaks pulled the danina and plundered. After the conquest of the Caucasus by the Mongol-Tatars, part of the kasogs themselves became in the camp of slaves and the masses were sold to the Near Exodus. In the main middle ground, a dynasty of Mamluk sultans in Egypt was formed. In the Egyptian chronicles of the 12th century, the Adigis - Circassians think like "Dzharkas" - Cherkas. Aleshche long hour, and after the three hundredth Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia, and for Ivan the Terrible, and for Peter the Great, and later, the Russians were called "Cherkasy". So, in 1552, an official embassy came to Moscow from Cherkasy (adigiv). As it was written in Russian history: “They came before the Sovereign Tsar and the Grand Duke of Cherkasy sovereign princes: Mashuk the prince, that prince Ivan Єzbozlukov, that Tanashuk the prince to beat the cholom.” In 1561, the sign wedding of Ivan the Terrible with the daughter of the senior prince of Kabardia Temryuk (Temirgoko) Idarov Goshanya was born, at the new church Maria. The senior son of Idarov - Soltanuko having received the baptism. The other Idarovs (Kambulatovichi, Sungalєєvichi), starting from the 70s of the 16th century, gradually moved to Moscow for the service of the Russian sovereigns, they were baptized and took away the Cherkaskys' zagalnorodov. Until the middle of the 17th century, Cherkasy took a leading position among the boyar aristocracy due to the wealth and political influx. One of the Cherkasy Buvs was a vikhovanite of Peter the Great, and the other Generalisimus was thin. The Russian tsars, starting from the 90s of the 17th century, in a row with other titles, their titles included “Kabardian lands of the Cherkasy and Gorsky princes of states”. Step by step, for a long time the Turkic name Circassian vindicated the name Cherkas. This was due to various reasons, zokrema and the active participation of the Circassians in the Mongol-Tatar, and sometimes the Turkish conquests. The Circassians, as well as other native Mongols peoples, took an active part in the political life and the military campaigns of the Golden Horde, which was celebrated by the historians of quiet hours.

Following the tributes of the Arab mandrivnik Ibn-Batuta, the Circassians-Adigis took an active part in the wars of the Mongol-Tatars, and at the time of the greatest power of the Golden Horde under Khan Uzbek near the capital Saraychik, the "Circassian quarter".

M.N. Karamzin writes on Russian chronicles, apparently, that Khan Uzbek saw the Pivnichny Caucasus, reaching the Cherkasy Mountains. During an hour of super-nativity in the Golden Horde in the 14th century of Tokhtamish and Tamerlane (Timur), the Circassians marched on Tokhtamish's boots. After defeating Tokhtamish, Timur sent the first blow to the Caucasus against the Circassians. As written by the Persian historian Nizam-ad-Din Shami. The messengers of the army devastated and plundered the entire region from Azov to Elbrus. To bring the rest of the commander Tokhtamisha Uturku back after Tamerlane himself beat Abas (Abaza) under Elbrus.

International sights of the Circassians in the Pivnichny Caucasus are described in rich books and chronicles of rich peoples, zokrema, in the book by A.M. From the vishchevyladennogo my bachimo, that, starting from the 12th century, they are called Circassians in all similar (Arabic and Persian) and Western European dzherelakh.

The broader ethnonym "Circassian" was adopted by the military service of the Circassians in Osman's Turkey and in a number of lands. Bagato Circassian women were the squads of the sultans - pashas (generals). So in the 16th century in the Nairozkvit of the Ottoman Empire, the senior retinue of the Turkish Sultan Sulemen, nicknamed in Europe Miracle, and the mother of the official decline to the throne, was the Circassian prince Konokova. Under the cover of the Turkish soldiers of Sulemen I of the Austrian capital of the city of Vidnya, in the place of the zmіg only one leader made his way, which, having been built, was full of murders by the Austrians, violating the order of the then King of Austria Ferdinand - take it alive. Z'yasuvavshi im'ya that nationality of the hero, Ferdinand I named one of the squares of m.

Under the hour of the Russian-Caucasian war 1763–1864 r.b. the ethnonym "Circassian" having become widely accustomed by extension to all the inhabitants of the Pivnichnogo Caucasus, if it was not necessary to resurrect the nationality through the unknown number of adigivs and the area occupied by them by extension to the other peoples of the Caucasus. Pererakhuvannya (zgaduvannya) of all Russian and foreign writers, historians, poets, painters, artists, yak dedicated their articles, sing, pictures, practice about the Caucasian war and about the Caucasians, zokrema about the Circassians, borrow more than one side. But you can’t guess about Pushkin A.S., the great Russian poet is impossible. As V. G. Belinsky wrote: “Because of the light hand of Pushkin, the Caucasus became a sacred land for the Russians.” Today, there are a lot of people, inheriting the tsarist generals, in the presence of a bright history Caucasian war In the 19th century, the Circassians are depicted as "huts", that they only earned their lives by ruffians. These are the same lines in A.S. Pushkin's poem "Caucasian Fight":

In the distance, pierced by a noisy rumble

Three watering people near the village.

Vibliskuchi light braids.

They came, the fires lit up at the booths.

The Crimea of ​​A.S. Crimean A.S. Pushkin, in his chotirivirshi, indicates the role of the Circassians in the Caucasus:

Crowd among the NATO Jews arrogant

Circassian - wild Volodar to the Caucasus,

Balakuchy Greek, Turk Movchazny

І important Persian, і cunning virmenin.

Setting up the king to the mountaineers and setting up the advanced part of the intelligentsia, which spoke out against the mountaineers and convicting the methods of waging polar war by tsarism. Gluzdu zhorstokіst tsarist troops

in the Caucasus, the anti-human policy of the tsar and the tsar's generals, the endless military expeditions, without regard for spending (more than 25,000 soldiers perished in one river), if dozens of villages were undermined in one campaign. There is no sign of this: in the name of the tsarist generals to the meeting of foreigners who saw the Caucasus. I’ll bring up only the notes of P.A. Yermolov, the commander-in-chief of the tsar’s troops in the Caucasus: “We helped all the people to fight, squads to the officers, and belongings to the soldiers.” Today you can compare less with fascism. So that everything seemed to be true before the suspіlstvo, tsarist propaganda painted the mountaineers of the Caucasus, the order of the Circassians, dikunami, which was even more exaggerated in the face of activity. Arriving in the Caucasus, the Russians after the stagnant krіposnitskoy Russia were amazed at the way of life, thoughtfulness, hospitality, courage, love for the Fatherland of the inhabitants of the Caucasus, and the spirit of freedom that panuvala in the Caucasus.

Їх viru, zvichaї, vihovannya,

Loving their life simplicity.

Hospitality, I’ll save likes,

Rukhіv vіlnyh swidkіst,

I lightness is not, and the strength of the valley.

The heroic struggle of the Caucasian peoples for independence ended in the tragedy of the entire Circassian ethnos, if 90% of the main indigenous population of the Pivnichno-Zakhidnoy Caucasus - Circassians, Abazins, who lost their lives after the Caucasian war, zmusheni buli to Turkey. “To the roots of the Western Caucasus,” write I.P. Korolenko, “the fallen people of old, who were called Circassians. The leftovers of the people of the Trans-Kuban Territory were among the Russian settlements.

From the rich foreign writers, emisarіv, mandrіvnikіv, who saw the Caucasus in the 19th century, unequivocally designated the Adygs as Circassians, I want to return your respect to the famous French writer A. Dumas, who, raising the price of Russia, 1859 saw the Caucasus in 1859. At the same hour after the root of the Hidny Caucasus, tsarism threw its armies against the Circassians. O. Dumas, having explored the entire Caucasus, could not see the Circassians through the Viysks in the Western Caucasus. Ale, unrepentantly, A.Dumas, having overcome eleven peoples in the Caucasus during those months of residence, designates the Circassians: “Adizke chi Circassian tribe inhabits the expanse of mountains of the Kuban to the girl of the bunk. Kuban, then stretch to the Caspian Sea and borrow Velika and Mala Kabarda.

Massive violent execution of the Circassians, Abazins and other peoples of the Caucasus in the empire of Osman is more dramatic and is seen by rich writers and historians - eyewitnesses in the rich lands of the world. So the 21st of May is celebrated by all Circassians in the whole world as “The Day of Complaint for those killed in the Caucasian War of the 19th century”. The history of the Circassian diaspora is inspired by heroism and drama, which gives rise to pride in the Circassians, in those blue daughters. The description of this history will be borrowed in more than one book, to which I will direct rows from the “Adizka (Circassian) Encyclopedia”: “In our days, over 3 million Circassians live near the lower lands of the Close Descent, Pivnichnaya Africa, Western Europe, USA, SND, Totally more low in 40 countries of the world. The number of foreign Circassians in the kіlk once again exceeds the number of the Circassian population of the Pivnіchny Caucasus. Most important part of their lives in Turechchina, close to 80 thousand. in Syria, close to 65 thousand. in Jordan. Like in these lands, so in Europe, the ethnonym “Circassian” has established itself behind the Adigs.

Today, the Circassians, who live in the historical Batkivshchyna, together with the Russians shared all the cataclysms and ups and downs of history. Zhodin tvir that publications, scho hustle under the 19th century in the Caucasus these days in Russia are not hindered, the truth would not have been such a harsh thing. Nova Rosiya is not the defender of the tsarist autocracy. B.N. Yeltsin, the first President of Russia, publicly recognized the official thought and looked at the war as a colonial and zagarbnitska, speaking loudly and mournfully Circassians as the most suffered in this war. Adigh-Circassians of the Pivnichny Caucasus with the hope of being oriented towards Russia, and in our power, so that hope has become a faith in the bright future of Russia.

Today in the historical Batkivshchyna near Russia, in Kabardino-Balkaria, the Balkars themselves call Kabardians Circassians. Near the Krasnodar Territory in the Adigey, Russian and other peoples unofficially call the Adigeans Circassians. In Karachay-Cherkessia, all the peoples, the Crimean Abaza, call adigiv Circassians. Only in sobi adigi are subdivided into Kabardians, Abadzekhivs, Shapsugivs and others.

The Cherkeshki people, a Teritatively rose on their own Istorichny Fatherland, Yaki Rodzkino Living in the Svit, Pam'yata, about their ethnicity, rapture, people's work, gydnisty, zeroba children of the Batkivshchyna to their people. Peace of mind, the whole world of Circassians has begun to revile the law "Adiga Khabza". It seems to the Circassians: “As in you, you have a hellish code, you won’t disappear anywhere”, looming in the air, so you don’t waste your human appearance, you see out of the current situations, that’s a war, a robot, a family, a community life . Ale "the most terrible trouble for any nation," write V.Kh. . .

The ethnonym "Circassian" according to the age to adigiv gets used to the whole world. And in the historical Batkivshchyna in Russia in the Caucasus, all adigivs, as they were not officially called, are unofficially called Circassians.

I suppose, I think, that he could turn the respect like a reader, so fahivtsiv to the most pleasant, in my opinion, version of the like.

ethnonym, which is a diyshov from the depths of vikiv, like in our hour the whole world calls all adigiv glorious names Circassian.

Adigi (abo Circassians) - a common name for a single people in Russia and beyond the cordon, divided into Kabardians, Circassians, Adigeys. Self-name - adiga (adige).

Adigis linger on the territory of six regions: Adigea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachaevo-Cherkessia, Krasnodar Territory, Pivnichna Ossetia, Stavropol Territory. Three of them have Adigean peoples and one of the "titular" nations: Circassians in Karachay-Cherkessia, Adigeys in Adigey, Kabardians in Kabardino-Balkaria.

The Adyghe subethnics can be seen: Adigeys, Kabardians, Circassians (inhabitants of Karachayevo-Cherkessia), Shapsugs, Ubikhas, Abadzekhs, Bzhedugs, Adameytsy, Beslenєєvtsі, Egerukїvtsі, Zhaneїvtsі, Temirgoєvtsі, Mamhegіtsіtsі, Makhodіtsі.

The total number of adig in the Russian Federation according to the 2010 census is 718,727 people, zocrema: .

• Adigeytsі: 124 835 osіb;
• Kabardians: 516 826 cases;
• Circassians: 73,184 individuals;
• Shapsugs: 3882 osib.

Most of the adigives live beyond the borders of Russia. There is, as a rule, no exact data about the number of diasporas, orienting data are given below:

Usogo beyond the borders of Russia, for various tributes, from 5 to 7 million adigiv.

The majority of believers are Suniti Muslims.

Mova maє two literary dialects - Adigey and Kabardino-Circassian, which go up to the Abkhaz-Adiz group of the Pivnіchnokavkazskoy homeland of mov. Greater adigіv dvomovnі, that okrim native mov volodіyut majestic my land of residence; in Russia, the language is Russian, in Turkey - Turkish, etc.

The written language of the idioms was based on the transcendental Circassian alphabet based on the Arabic script. In 1925, the writing of alphabets was transferred to the Latin graphic basis, and in 1937 - 1938, the alphabet was split on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet.

Territory of resettlement

The ancestors of adigivs (zіkhi, kerketi, meoti and іn) lived in Pivnіchno-Skhіdny Prychornomori from the 1st millennium BC. At the Russian dzherelakh in the house under the names of kasogs. At the XIII century. the Turkic name of the Circassians is expanding.

In the XIV-XV centuries, a part of the Adigs occupied the lands on the outskirts of P'yatigor, after the destruction of the Golden Ord by Timur's troops, another wave of Adig tribes arrived from the sunset, becoming the ethnic basis of the Kabardians.

In the XVIII century, a part of the Kabardians moved to the basin of the river Veliky Zelenchuk and Maliy Zelenchuk, forming the basis of the Circassians of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.

In this way, the Adighs inhabited a large part of the territory of the Western Caucasus - Cherkessia (the current Trans-Kuban and coastal parts of the Krasnodar Territory, the central part of Stavropill, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and Adigea). Zahidni adigi (kahi), which were left behind, began to be called Adigei. Today's adigists preserve their unity, the richness of their traditional social structure, mythology, folklore and other.

Pohodzhennya that istoriya

The process of shaping the old age of sleepiness ohoplyuvav importantly the end of the first millennium to ours - the middle of the first thousand of ours. The tribes of Aheiv, Zikhiv, Kerketiv, Meotiv (Zokrema Toretiv, Sindiv) took their fate from the New.

In the VIII - VII centuries BC. Meotska culture took shape. The Meotiv tribes inhabited the territory from the Sea of ​​Azov to the Black Sea. IV - III Art. to the sound e. a lot of people from the tribes of Meotiv went to the warehouse of the Bosporan state.

The period from the 4th to the 7th century was the era of the Great Migration of Peoples. With a lot of gunivs, the state of the adigivs was going through a crisis. The normal process of the development of the Russian economy has collapsed, a recession has set in, which is reflected in the short-term grain crops, the decline of crafts, and the weakened trade.

Until the 10th century, a tight tribal union was formed, the titles of Zikhiya, which occupied the expanse from Taman to the Nechepsukha river, in the arm of which there was the place of Nikopsiya.

In the early Middle Ages, the state had little agrarian character, they founded crafts that were tied to metal speeches and earthenware.

Laying at the VI century the Great Shovkovy Way, having captured the radiance of the peoples of the Pivnichno-Western Caucasus to the orbit of the Chinese and Byzantine trade. Bronze mirrors were brought from China to Zikhia, from Byzantium - rich fabrics, expensive dishes, objects of Christian worship and others. Strength was coming from the frontier of Azov. These economic blues stood at the edges of the Close Descent (Iranian chain mail and sholomi, cursing judges). From their quarters, the Zikhs brought thinness and bread, honey and whisk, smartness and shkiri, fox and metal, wool from shkiri, wood and metal.

After the Huns in the 4th-9th centuries, the people of the Pivnichno-Zakhidny Caucasus recognized aggression from the side of the Avars, Byzantium, the Bulgar tribes, the Khazars. Pragnuchy preserve their political independence, the Adigh tribes waged a baked struggle from it.

Starting from the 13th century, in the 13th - 15th centuries, the Adigs spread between their lands, which was connected with the development of more thorough forms of the state and the acquisition of new areas for the rill and flock. The region of settlement adigіv іz this hour took away the name of Circassia.

At the beginning of the 40s of the 13th century, the Adighs had a chance to see the invasion of the Tatar-Mongols, the steppes of the Caucasian steppes became part of the Golden Ordi. The conquest gave an important blow to the region - the impersonal people perished, the great battles were given to the state.

In the other half of the 14th century, in 1395, the invasion of Circassia by the conqueror Timur took place, as a result of a serious scourge of the region.

In the XV century, the territory inhabited by Circassians stretched from the entrance to the exit from the shores of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov to the pools of the river Terek and Sunji. Farming was deprived of the clear galluzz of the state. Like before, a great place was occupied by creatures. Some kind of development was reached by the craftsmanship: the maisters prepared the items of custom, crafts, home stuffs from foreign references; jewelers - gold and silver beads (earrings, rings, buckles); the saddlers were engaged in the processing of the skins and the weaving of the Kinsky harness. Circassian women were honored with the glory of proper embroiderers, spun sheep and goat outside, wove cloth, cloaks and hats were worn. The internal trade was weakly roiled, the natomіst zovnіshnyokonomichnі vyazyazki developed actively, the stench of barter was serviced by foreign coins, shards of the penny system in Circassia Buv.

In the other half of the 15th century, Genoa developed an active trade and colonial activity near the Black Sea. At the rock of the Genoese penetration into the Caucasus, a significant development of the trade of the Italians with the highlanders began. There is little importance of bread - zhita, barley, millet; lіs, riba, ikra, khutra, shkіra, wine, silver ore were also imported. And then the Turks attacked, which in 1453 zahopili Constantinople and liquidated Byzantium, led to the fall of the fall and the total attachment of Genoa to the Pivnichno-Zakhidny Caucasus.

Turechchina and the Crimean Khanate became the main partners of the modern trade in the 18th - the first quarter of the 19th century.

Caucasian war and genocide of the Circassian population

Since the beginning of the 18th century, periodic conflicts of adigives with the Russian Empire are blamed, raids of adigivs on Russian settlements are replaced by zhorsty penal expeditions of Russian troops. So, in 1711, during the expedition, when the governor of Kazan P.M. Apraksin had stunned, the headquarters of the Circassian prince Nureddin Bakhtі-Girey was robbed, and the military Bakhtі-Girey of 7,000 Circassians and 4,000 Cossacks-nekrasіvtsі was destroyed. 2,000 people were seen in Russian.

The most tragic fall for the entire period of the history of the Adig peoples was the Russian-Circassian, or the Caucasian war, which was three times 101 rivers (from 1763 to 1864), as it put the Adig peoples on the border of a new life.

In 1792, Russia started actively conquering the Western Adig lands by the fate of the Russian military forces of the cordon line of the river Kuban.

After the entry of Northern Georgia (1801) and Pivnichny Azerbaijan (1803 - 1805) to the warehouse of the Russian Empire, their territories appeared in the territory of Chechnya, Dagestan and Pivnichno-Zakhidny Caucasus. The Circassians fought raids on the Caucasian fortified lines, respected the development of links from the Transcaucasus. At the beginning of the 19th century, the arrival of these territories became an important military and political task for Russia.

In 1817, the fate of Russia moved to a planned attack on the mountaineers of the Pivnichny Caucasus. General A.P. Yermolov appointed commander-in-chief of the Caucasian corps to stop the tactics of honing the mountain regions in the Caucasus with the strong cordons, cutting through the clearings in the importantly accessible forests, ruynuyuchi vshchent "nepokirnі" villages and relocating the mountaineers over the river.

The free movement in the Pivnichny Caucasus developed under the ensign of muridism, along with the flow of Sufi Islam. Muridism passed on the order of the theocratic leader - imam - and war with the unbelievers to the point of victory. For example, in the 1920s - at the beginning of the 30s of the 19th century, Chechnya and Dagestan formed a theocratic power - imamate. Ale among the Adig tribes of the Western Caucasus, Muridism did not gain a significant breadth.

After the defeat of Turechchini in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828 - 1829. the shores of the Black Sea from the mouth of the Kuban to the bay of St. Nicholas were secured for Russia. It is necessary to note that the territories inhabited by the Adigs were not included in the warehouse of the Ottoman Empire - Turkey was less influenced by its claims to the land and recognized them for Russia. Adigi was inspired by Russia.

Until 1839, during the hour of the Chornomorsk coastal defense line, the adiges were raised in the mountains, the stars continued to build raids on the Russian settlements.

At the fierce - birch 1840 fate, the numerical Circassian warriors stormed the whole low Russian coastal fortifications. The main reason for this was hunger, the creations of the Russians under the hour of the blockade were saved.

In the 1840s-1850s. Russian warriors poked their way into Zakubannya in the open spaces from the Labi river to Gelendzhik, locking themselves behind the help of the forts of those Cossack villages.

Under the hour of the Crimean war, Russian fortifications on the shores of the Black Sea were redundant, the shards were taken in, it was impossible to defend and send them for the mind of the sea fleets of England and France. After the war, the Russian troops launched an attack on the Circassian territories.

Until 1861, the greater part of the Pivnichno-Zakhidny Caucasus passed under the control of Russia.

In 1862, the roci of Russia took possession of the lands near the mountains.

The Russian-Circassian war is small and has an over-the-top baked character.

Circassian historian Samir Khotko writes: "Trivaliy periode Wrongy ended his family with a holokosta 1856-1864 pp .., if the Bula Circassia is painted with the great wire-haired machine. To the fate, having mobilized the great resources of the Russian army, the Russian army began to strike at the Circassian universities of the land, immediately destroying all the Adig villages and occupying the territory with fortifications, forts, Cossack villages. began to watch out for the most severe food crisis: hundreds of thousands of refugees gathered in still independent valleys".

These facts are confirmed by the evidence of non-Circassian historians. "Circassian auls were vilified by hundreds, they were blamed or they were trampled with stones, and the inhabitants, as if they showed submissiveness, hung on the plain part under the control of the bailiffs, not violating the seashore for resettlement to Turechchyna"(E.D. Felitsin).

After the bloody war and the mass deportation of people to the Ottoman Empire, the number of people who left the Fatherland, became more than 50 thousand people. Under the hour of a chaotic hibernation, tens of thousands of people perished in a doze due to ailments, due to the overwhelm of Turkish swimming facilities and incompetent minds, created by the Ottomans for the reception of the Vignants. The expulsion of the Circassians to Turechchin turned into a real national tragedy for them. In the rich history of the Circassians, they try to achieve significant values ​​for the scale of resettlement of ethno-territorial groups. But none of the similar migrations did not come across all the masses of the Adigh peoples and did not turn out to be such a heavy legacy for them.

In 1864, Russia took full control of the territory inhabited by adigivs. Part of the Adigian nobility at the moment passed the service of the Russian Empire. At 1864 p. Russia established control over the remaining unattached territory of Cherkessia - the swampy swamp of Zakubannya and Pivnichno-shidnogo Prychornomorya (Sochi, Tuapse, and the mountainous parts of Apsheronsky, Siversky and Abinsky districts in the modern Krasnodar Territory). A large part of the population that saved (about 1.5 million people) Adigo-Cherkessia moved to Turechchin.

The Ottoman Sultan Abdul-Khamid II, having promoted settlements on the territory of the yogi empire, and the stench settled on the empty cordon of Syria and other desolate cordon regions for the grain of the Bedouin raids.

For the Radyansk hours of the land inhabited by the Adighs, they were divided into one autonomous union republic, two autonomous regions and one national region: the Kabardian Autonomous Republic, the Adygei and Cherkessk Autonomous Regions and the Shapsugsky National Region, cases in 1945.

Searches for national identity of ads

The collapse of the Soviet Socialist Republic and the vote for the democratization of a suspenseful life created incentives for national renewal and the search for national roots among the wealthy peoples of the large Soviet Socialist Republic. Were not left out of the way and adigi.

In 1991, the International Circassian Association was created - an organization that can accept the cultural rebirth of the Adiq people, the recognition of the ties from the natives abroad and the repatriation of them to the historical fatherland.

At once there was a notice about the legal qualification of the Russian-Caucasian war.

On February 7, 1992, the Verkhovna Rada of the Kabardino-Balkarian RSR adopted a resolution "On the condemnation of the genocide of the people (Circassians) among the fates of the Russian-Caucasian war," as a deafening death of the people in 1760-1864. "Genocide" and voted on May 21 "Day of Remembrance of Adigivs (Circassians) - Victims of the Russian-Caucasian War".

In 1994, the first president of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, declared that "opir to the tsar's troops was true," but without recognizing "the guilt of the tsar's order for genocide."

On January 12, 1994, the Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic was accepted to praise the Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic about the execution of the State Duma of the Russian Federation in order to recognize the genocide of the Circassians. April 29, 1996 a similar resolution was adopted by the Sovereign Rada - Khasa of the Republic of Adigea.

On April 29, 1996, the President of the Republic of Adygea was brutalized to the Sovereign Duma of the Federal Assembly on April 29, 1996 (about the brutalization to the Derzhdumi with food for the recognition of the genocide of the Circassians).

March 25, 2005 Adyghe Republican Community Rukh (AROD) "Circassian Congress" adopted the meeting of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on the need to recognize the genocide of the Circassian people.

July 23, 2005 led the AROD "Circassian Congress" to the head of the Sovereign Duma of the Russian Federation Grizlov, and on July 28, 2005. - The AROD "Circassian Congress" to the President of the Russian Federation V.V.Putin. September 17, 2006 Bula was the head of the Sovereign Duma of the Russian Federation, in the parliamentarians they commented on the 20th century, that they could not be appointed to the appointment of the AROD "Circassian Congress" under the XVIII - XIX centuries.

The Zhovnet 2006 is of the rock of 20 Adig Grumad organized iz Rosії, Turchini, Izrai, Yordani, Siria, USA, Belgi, Canadi Tu Nimchchini, "about the vicenna of the genocide of the adigs in the Rocks of the Roski. . At the Zavlenni, Buolo said, “Rosia, I put it for a meta, not the deprivation of the Teritor, but the everyday of the nestwright of the vehicle of the coronary to the people of their own, INAKSHAS, is not able to explain the cause of the non-naughty“ rosyki-nickname-nickels. A month later, the communities of Adigea, Karachaevo-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria turned to Russian President Volodymyr Putin to proclaim the genocide of the Circassians.

In 2010, the Circassian delegates returned to Georgia in order to celebrate the genocide and the royal order. On May 20, 2011, the Georgian parliament praised the resolution on the recognition of the genocide of the Circassians by the Russian Empire during the hour of the Caucasian war.

On April 26, 2011, the International Association of the survivors of the genocide celebrated the celebration of the Circassian genocide.

Dodatkove zagostrennya Circassian food pov'yazane іz conducted winter Olympiad near Sochi in 2014 rotsi.

On the right, on May 21, 1864, in the tract of Chervona Polyana (belarus Sochi), there was a special shoving of the place of prayer among the Circassians, and they attacked the Western Caucasus from a different direction. Day tsієї zustrіchі was deafened by the day of the end of the Caucasian war. The Grand Duke Mikhailo Mikolayovich, the brother of the tsar, officially voted about the end of the Caucasian war at Chervoniya Polyana. According to a number of Adigian activists, come and go became a historical symbol of the Circassian tragedy, the extermination of people in the course of war and the cob of bread driven to the people from this land.

Nini Chervona Polyana is a mountain ski resort, one of the main objects of the Olympiad-2014.

The fact that the Olympiad is recognized for 2014, which also falls on the 150th anniversary of the parade of Russian troops on Chervoniy Polyana, is added to the suspense of the Olympics.

December 25, 2011 115 representatives of the Circassian people, who live in Syria, sent a letter to the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev , as well as the power of that bulky Adigei from a call for help. On December 28, 2011, more than 57 Syrian Circassians returned to the territory of the Russian Federation and Adigey. from the prohannyami to accept resettlement to Russia. 3rd date at the address of the Russian, Adigey, Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachayevo-Cherkessia departments Bulo directed new zvernennya vіd 76 Circassians in Syria.

On September 14, 2012, in Nalchik, an expanded meeting of the International Circassian Association (ICA) was held, for which 115 Circassians, Syrians, were praised for the return to the Church of Russia.

Culture and traditional way of life

Folklore

In folklore, the main place is composed of Nart epics, heroic and historical songs, songs-lamentations about heroes. The Nart epic is rich in nationality and expansions from Abkhazia to Dagestan - among Ossetians, Adighans (Kabardians, Circassians and Adigeys), Abkhazians, Chechens, Ingush - which is evidence of the cultural diversity of the ancestors of the rich peoples of the Western Caucasus and the Caucasus. Doslidniki vvazhayut, that from the impassioned Nart epic one can see an adig version of the endings and an independent version. Vin is composed of rich cycles, dedicated to various heroes. The skin cycle includes an opportunistic (importantly explanatory) and text-saying (pshinatle) in one's own case. Ale, the most important are those that the adig version is an epic that sings. The traditional plots of the Nart epic are cyclically grouped in their song variants into the main characters: Sausoruko (Sosruko), Pataraza (Bataraza), Ashamez, Sha-batnuko (Badinoko) and others. Folklore includes, the Crimean Nart epic, various heroic, historical, ritual, love-lyric, pobutov, mournful, merry, dancing and other; fairy tales that saying; prislіv'ya; riddles and allegories; parts; koromovki.

Traditional clothes

Until the XVIII - XX centuries the main complexes traditional clothes The people of the Pivnichny Caucasus have already rallied. Archaeological material allows, with sufficient reliability, to confirm the thesis about the mishap of the main structural details of a human and female costume. Clothes of the Western-Caucasian type: for people - a shirt, a beshmet, a Circassian coat, a belt with a silver set, pants, a linen burka, a hat, a hood, a vuzka of a povstyan or a shkiryan leg (a sash of the bula is an invisible part of the national costume); for women - harem pants, an undershirt, a tight-fitting caftan, a long cloth with a silver belt and long arm-sleeve spades, a temple cap trimmed with silver or gold galloon, a khastka. The main costume complexes adigiv are divided for recognition, for the performance of the main functions: everyday, military, virobnichiy, svyatkovy, ritual.

dominion

The traditional occupations of adigivs are farming (millet, barley, from the 19th century the main crops are corn and wheat), gardening, viticulture, animal husbandry (large and dry horned thinness, horse breeding). Among the traditional Adigian household crafts, weaving, weaving, burene, shkiryans and zbroyove weaving, carving on stone and wood, gold and silver sewing reached the greatest development. Traditionally, life was a turluch single-chamber accommodation, before which additional insulated accommodation was added with a green entrance for friendly blues. Parkan struggled with the mud.

Adig cuisine

The main staple of the Adigh table is porridge (paste) cooked at the same time with sour milk (schkhu). Among the most popular strains: schips (sauce from chicken broth with corn porridge), spit for the Adigean syrah (greasing syrah with red pepper; dumplings with syrah, served with porridge and pіdmazhkoy; s vypіchki - guubat (at the lane, break the heart) from leafy paste and Adigey syrah). M'yasnі stravi is most often prepared from lamb, yalovichi, chicken, and turkey. Halva is prepared with special attention (greased on olive oil, zukor, on water). To lay down, maybe, to the ritual stravas of the Adigian cuisine. High life expectancy Kalmic tea- Drink from the kіnsk sorrel - a brew of dark brown color, in which milk and spices are added.

Notes:

1. National warehouse of the Russian Federation // All-Russian population census - 2010. Remaining bags.
2. Terrorism in the Caucasus: the Jordanians were too rich, the natives of Israel were killed earlier // IzRus, 10.04.2009.
3. Kamrakov A.A. Peculiarities of the Development of the Circassian Diaspora at the Close Gathering" // Vidavnichiy Dim "Medina", 20.05.2009.
4. Influx of the Arab revolutions on the Circassian world // Sufyan Zhemukhov's blog on the website "Moon of Moscow", 05.09.2011.
5. Fall of the kings, varti of the queens // Argumenti tyzhnya, No. 8 (249).
6. Fund of Circassian culture "Adigi" named after Yu.Kh.Kalmikov.
7. Adig // Chronos.
8. Shakhnazaryan N. Adigi of the Krasnodar Territory. Collection of information and methodological materials. Krasnodar: YURRC, 2008.
9. Decree of the Supreme Council for the sake of the KBRSR dated 07.02.1992 N 977-XII-B "On the condemnation of the genocide of the people (Circassians) at the fate of the Russian-Caucasian war."
10. Adig are trying to confess their genocide // Komersant, No. 192 (3523), 10/13/2006.
11. Circassians scammed Putin against the tsar // Lenta.ru, 11/20/2006.
12. Georgia recognized the genocide of the Circassians from Tsarist Russia // Lenta.ru, 05/20/2011.
13. The Circassian genocide was discussed in Argentina // Voice of America, 07/26/2011.
14. Shumov S.A., Andreev A.R. Great Sochi. History of the Caucasus. M: Algorithm, 2008; Kruglyakova M., Burygin S. Sochi: Olympian River of Russia. M: Viche, 2009.

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Behind the boundaries of the borders of the Alans, between the Caucasus and the Rum (Chorne) sea, kesheks linger (Ossetians call them kasakh, Mingrelians - kachak).

“This nation is peaceful and follows the religion of magicians. In these parts there is no native people, people of such a small number would be more correct in drawing, Yaskraya color disguise and boules would be like a string. Say what їх women of marvelous beauty and even more. For your clothes, kesheks live in white linen, walnut seams, raspberry color satin, as well as other, woven with gold, seam fabrics.

Irrespective of those that the Alani are the most powerful people, the stench could not, however, feed the cashews; the stench rush about, hovering at the fortifications, like the waters of the seashore. Some say that the sea is Rum, others, that it is Nitis (Pont).

Circassians (levoruch) and Nogais

Circassians (levoruch) and Kalmik
Engravings of the 17th century.

Undoubtedly, what Yesheki be close to the place Trebizond; the stench is constantly revisited from the city, floating for yoga on the coast near the galleys, from which they bring in and bring goods. The Kesheks have not yet been able to reconcile their forces in the fierce battle with the Alans, so the stench does not care for the leader, which is a moment to unite them.

Yakbi stinks lived in modern weather, neither Alani, nor any other people could stand against them. The word "keshok" is Persian and means "proud", "arrogant".»

Wikipedia: " helmets(kashki, kashaks, kaskeytsі) - the people (a group of tribes) that inhabited the pivnіchno-skhіdna Anatolia that Pivdenne Prychornomorya(Pont) broach II yew. BC e. Galisa (Kizil-Іrmak) or on the westward, to the upper Euphrates on the westward of the river. Erzindzhan, including the valleys of the river Iris (Eshil-Irmak) and Lik (Vovcha river, Gail-Get, Kelkit). They spoke with my, disputed with my hattiv.

On thought I. Singer, helmetsі hati- Rіznі gіlki і the same people, vhodyachi zbіgu їkhny pantheon.

To come out, that the old adig were the founders Khetian civilization.

And in this world, such a marvelous hypothesis of Turchaninov is no longer possible: about tse.

In the 16th century, Adam Olearii (proper name Elschleger, 1599-1671) wrote down the following description of the people: "In summer, women walk in the same shirts, made from red, yellow, green, or blue colors and the beast up to the navel rozkriti so that you can bachiti їx breasts, live and navel. Stink comrades and love."

There are also ancient and middle-aged descriptions of adighivs (Circassians) and their national costume, that the floorings are strikingly breathtaking in the modern Islamized Pivnichny Caucasus.

"Wear (persons) also razorі touchstone, to sharpen a razor, like a stench to bare your head, covering a bunch of hair on a makіvtsі, in order to have a head at a time, like її vіdrubayut, not blathering like a crooked hands, desecrated and zabrudnennym vbivstvom people.

"The first Cossacks - a rabble from the Circassians of the Mountains, appeared at the Prince of Kursk in the 14th century, de stinks of the settlement of Cherkasy were awakened and under the control of the Tatar governors with steals and robbers, then they crossed to the Dnipro and the place of Cherkasy on the Dnipro wrote Tatishche" - writing.

Circassian in modern national costume

The Circassian fashion of wearing women has expanded among other peoples. The wear of the beard was splintered less than the hour of Islamization of the Pivnichnoy Caucasus in the 19th century.

Crimean Khan Adil Giray

I dosі Ossetians call adigіv kasakh.

Vtіm, the old Adig pantheon is not forgotten - it is still remembered in the okremi subethnic communities of the Adig people and in Abkhazia, de thought rich, not respecting the official promotion of Christianity to Islam, the priests of the Abkhaz religion are shunned.

Middle woman's robe

"Nart epic hoch in Abkhazia, hoch in Adigea, Kabardino-Balkaria, or in Circassia - there are no forgetfulness.

Acts of the episode of the ancient pantheon:

Psath'є- God of life (god of the soul), supreme god.

Shibli- God thunder and bliskavki. Dosi vvazhaetsya, scho human beaten by a blisskavkoy robbed by God.

Satan- mothers of all Narts, how to fight with the god of evil Pak.

Sosruko- Nart, who lied with the gods "sano", for whom Sataney made the first wine.

And now the denunciation of this proud tagar people

Circassians of Australia: family Jamirze

Diplomat Charles de Payssonnel (1727–1790) about the Circassian women: "Circassian women are the only ones, like the bed of the Turkish sultan and the Tatar princes; , tsі small round eyes, tsі flattened noses, yak zustrіchayutsya in all nogai, yaki did not mingle with the Circassians.

The Circassian component in the ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars is significant;

“The Circassians are called Greek and Latin languagehuddle with "zikhami", but with my power, my name is "adige".

GeorgeInteriano

Italian mandrivnik XVin.

Pokhodzhennya adizi to go to o'clock by yourselflazy ... їх likarsі pochtya, їх звічаї patriarchal-oї cleanliness without recourse to the first row of the free peoples of the Caucasus.

fr. Bodenstedt

Die Volker des Kaukasus und ihre Freiheitskampfe gegen die Russen, Paris, 1859, S. 350.

“On the basis of the fact that I am bachiv, I am guilty of lookingRuvati Circassians, sons of the masses, like the people of the greatest EUtіsno vyhovaniy, what I if-nebud bachiv chiabout which I have read.

James Stanislaus Bell

Journal of a Residence in Circassia During the Years 1837, 1838, 1839, Paris, 1841, p. 72.

“Horosity, rozum, miraculous beauty: nature isgave everything, and I especially groaned in my character - it’s cold and gentry goodness, like no waydidn’t say a wordthe most personal and with the ardent love of national freedom.

M-me Hommaire de Hell

VoyagedansIesSteppesdelamerCaspienne et dans la Russie meridionale, 2 eed., Paris, 1868, p. 231.

“The Circassian nobly represents in the Caucasus the lastI’m leftovers of that face and warrior spirit, whichthorium strait stіlki shine on the people of the middle.

L. s., nar. 189.

I. Prehistory

“Historically past people, character and featuresnostі yogo bagatovіkovoї culture signifyThe effect of scientific interest to the people of this culture. Among the sensi, the Circassians are more likemiraculous object for the legacy of the history of the Caucasusfor the history of the culture of zocrema. The stench lie down to the old main population of the Caucasus andto the first Meshkantsy of Europe".

Most recent period stone vіku (paleolithic) ha-rakterizuetsya in Circassia to the burial of the dead with bent knees and covered with ocher, and the end of the Neolithic era - the presence of megaliths - dolmens and menhirs. Dolmens have been here for over 1700. The nature of their findingsthey have inventory (Maikop, villages of Tsarskaya, now No-Vіlna, Kostroma, Vozdvizhenska and іn.) in the eramidi bring them closer to Tyuringskaya, so called Schnurkeramik Civilization . Ethnic belongingbudіvelnikіv dolmenіv dosi nevіdoma. It is easier to install the authors of a greater new era in the Kuban - the bronze capital. Tsya culture will begin to grow from the Danube,yaku is called Band Keramik . Maizhe all archaeologists attribute qiu Band Keramik to the fractions and illirii-tsyam, who inhabited the Danube basin, the Balkans, StarodavnyaGreece and a significant part of Asia Minor (Troy, Phrygia,Bethinia, Mizia, etc.).

Historical data confirm the language of archaeologygії: ancient Circassian tribes bear Thracian namesthe kind zustrіchayutsya in the Balkans.

It seems that for a long time Circassia has been storing os-new Bosphorus kingdom along the Kerch channel,bearing the name "Bosporus of the Cimmerian", and kimme-riytsі vvazhayutsya bagatma old authors alsoThracian tribe.

II. Ancient history

For the affirmations of the vchenih, the old history of the Circassiansoriginates from the period of the Bosphorus kingdom, formingNevdovzі after the catastrophe of the Cimmerian Empire close to 720 r. to R. X . under the onslaught of the Scythians.

Zgidno with Diodor Siciliisky, cherubali on the cobBosporus "old princes" with the capital Phanagoria, bіlya Taman. Ale spravzhnya dynasty ґruntuєtsya in 438 r. before R. X . Spartok, born in the "old princes". Thracianand im'ya Spartok - tsіlkom normal at fraco-Cimmerian character of the city population.

Vlada Spartokidiv did not establish itself in the face of everythingsettlement of Circassia. Levkon I (389-349) is called the "royalhowling over Sinds, Torets, Dandars and Psesses. At Perisad I (344-310), son of Levcon I, perelіk pіd- the sovereign kings of the peoples of ancient Circassia to fight piv-її: Perisad I bear the title of the king of the Sindiv, maitiv (meotiv) and fateiv.

In addition, one was written from the Taman Pivostrovbang that Perisad I ruled us lands betweenthe extreme cordons of the Tauris and the cordons of the Caucasuslands, tobto maїti (among them there are fates), as well as sindi (they havenumbers of Kerketi, Toreti, Psesi and other Circassian tribes on) became the main population of the Bosphorus kingdom. Less than pivdenny coastal Circassians: Achaeans, heniohi tasanigi do not guess in writing, but acceptin the era of Strabo, stinks also entered the warehouse of the kingdom, taking with them their princes “skeptukhivs”. Tue iOther Circassian tribes took care of their autonomy and small of their princes, such as Sindi and Dardani. Cindy zagalom borrowed especially place near the kingdom. Auto-nomiya їх bula of the flooring is wide, so the stench is small enough a coin with the inscription "Sindoi". Well, judging by to the coins of the Bosphorus, old Circassia was honoredcoin unity.

Order from the king - archon, from autonomous princesCircassian, with a legate at Tanaissi (bіlya girl to the Don), mіskemanagement to note about the high development of the bosphorussuspіlstva. The mayor stood on the spot,representative of the central government, that board, schoson the kshtalt of the Moscow thought.

Social arrangements of the Bosphorus kingdom a high level of development with a consecrated monarchy, with administrative decentralization, with a well-organizedthem with merchant spіlkami, with the aristocracy servingLoy and business, for healthy agricultural populations. Nicholas Circassia did not flourish culturally and economicallymichno, yak under the Spartokids in IV and III Art. BC Kings The Bosporus from the bliss and riches were not sacrificed to the presentthem monarchs. Krajina represented the remaining outpostAegean civilization at a pub meeting.

All trade in the Sea of ​​Azov is a significant parttrade near the Black Sea was in the hands of the Bosphorus Pantikapeya on the Kerch Pivostrov served as the head port for importation, and Phanagoria and other places of Cherkesskuzberezhzhya was heavily exported. On a day out to Tsemez(Sunjuk-Kale) the subjects of vivenance were: textiles,popular in the ancient world, honey,vysk, hemp, wood for the life of the ship and the inhabitant, farm,shkir, wool and so on.the leading rank is grain, riba and in. Here at the edge of maitisthere was a granary that bore Greece. Middle visayogo in Attica reached 210,000 hectoliters, tobto halfnecessary bread.

The Іnshim dzherelom of wealth of the Bosphorans-Circassiansthere was fishing. On the slope of the Sea of ​​Azov boulescentrifuges for the salting of ribs and wholesale warehouses.

In a number of ways, the industry was expanded, especially the production of ceramics, tiles and tiles.The items imported from the side of Athens were wine, olivekova oliya, luxury items and embellish.

French Consul at Crimou Paysonel (1750-1762 pp.) write that the ancient Circassians were not engaged inonly livestock farming, farming and farming, ale mali and rozvinene gorodnitstvo, gardening, bjo-craftsmanship and remishniche virobnitstvo at the sight of a forgerdo a lot, shornitstva, kravetstva, vicinki of cloths,cloaks, shkiri, jewelry art toshcho.

About the ruler's riven of the inhabitants of Cherkessia more laterToday, celebrate the rebirth of trade, like the stench led from the outer world. Middle river visafrom Circassia only through the port of Taman and Kaplu becoming:80-100 tis. quintals outside, 100 ths. pieces of cloth, 200yew. ready-made cloaks, 50 - 60 yew. ready-made bloomers, 5-6yew. ready-made Circassians, 500 yew. sheep skins, 50 - 60 yew. orphan shkir, 200 ths. a pair of whipping horns. Potim ishovtricky goods: 100 yew. sheep skins, 50 thousand. skins ku-nyh, 3 yew. bear skins, 200 yew pairs of wild boars; bdzhіlnitstva products: 5-6 yew. centners of goodgo that 500 centnerіv cheap honey, 50 - 60 yew. okka wax, etc.

Imported into Circassia is evidence about the templethe rіven of life. Imported were seam and paper fabrics, oxamite, rugs, bath towels, linen, threads,farbi, rum'yana that white, as well as perfume and incense, morocco,paper, gunpowder, towels, stovburi, spices toshcho.

It is respectful to the speech that the English mandriving EdMund Spencer, who saw Circassia at the first quarterof the past century, and porіvnyuyuchi її іz old, write that in Anapa there were over 400 stores, 20 greatfirewood warehouses, 16 bread houses, etc. Crimkesiv, Turks, Virmeni, Greeks, Genoese, 50lyakiv, 8 Jewish, 5 French, 4 English. Shhorіchno atOver 300 great ships called at the port of Anapaforeign ensigns. About the expansion of trade near the cityyou can judge if you want to see the sale of the canvas,which was sold on the river for a sum of 3,000,000 piastrіv,in that number 2,000,000 fell to a piece of England. It is characteristic that the amount of trade turnover of Circassia is hugeI didn’t transfer 30,000 rubles from Russia at that time. Can'tforget those who were not trading in zacordononly through Anapa, and through other ports, yak, for example, Ozersk, Atshimsha, Pshat, Tuapse.

3 hours Satura I the Greeks huddled at the Bosphorusspecial pilgas, and the Bosphorus tezh mali in Athensyour own worries. In parallel with trade linksdeveloped those cultural links between both countries.Ancient Circassians took part in the Olympic GamesGreece, at the saints of Panathena and were crowned inAthena with a golden crown. The Athenians awarded honorable enormity to a number of Bosphorus kings; on folk zibrasnyakh golden crown (Such crowned with goldenvinces buli Levkon I, Spartok II that Perisad). Leucon and Perisades have gone from the Greeks to the gallery of famous powersgood people, those names were guessed by the Greeks schools.

Until the end of the II century BC X . Bosphorus to enter at Smugucrisis, screaming vise from the side of the Scythians, us-only, scho Perisad I maw present your crownMetrodate the Great (114 or 113 rr.. to R.A. X.). 3 th the Roman period of the Bosphorus kingdom begins at the moment.va. The kings of the rest whisper the protection of Rome, but the populacebetter off to foreign vtruchannya at yoga. Deco-tori Circassian tribes: heniokhi, sanigi i zihi lie down in Rome of the epoch of Hadrian.

Near the middle of the 3rd century. after R. X . German tribesHeruli and Goti or Borani invade the Bosphorus kingdom. stvo.

The nominal link between Circassia and Rome continued even when Byzantium took over.

In the Greek and Roman periods, the religion of the ancientsCircassian Bula Thracian-Greek. Crimea cult Apollo-on, Poseidon, especially the moon goddess, etc.,the great goddess mother was read (like the Phrygians of Cybele),and the god of storm is the supreme god, which is the one who gives evidence to the Greek Zeus.

Tsіkavo indicates that the Circassians were swaying:Tlєpsh - God forging; Psethe - God of life; Thagolej - God of generosity; Amish - God of creatures; Mezithe - God of the Lіsіv Trakho R. Literature about Circassia and Circassians, Bulletin of the Institutecommemoration of the SRSR”, No. 1 (14), Munich, 1955, page 97.

The author does not dwell here on the prehistoric epoch; pratsia - Fr. Hancar, Urgeschichte Kaukasiens, Wien, Verlag v. Anton Schroll & Co.; Leipzig, Verlag Heinrich Keller weaving, sporudzhenii him on the top of Parnassus. Tsey namet vikrav Hercules among the Circassian Amazons toshcho.