The atmosphere of the earth is short in Budova. What is the atmosphere? Atmosphere of the Earth: Budova, meaning. Meteorites, meteorites and bolidi

The atmosphere of the Earth is like a fox.

The appearance of a special cooler above the earth's surface was brought to light by the ancient Greeks, who called the atmosphere of a steamy gas cooler.

Tse one of the geospheres of the planet, without such a glimpse of all living bulo would be unhelpful.

There is an atmosphere

The atmosphere will send the planet away from the earth's surface with a fiery twirling ball. Stay close to the hydrosphere, curving the lithosphere, going far away from the cosmic space.

What is the atmosphere for?

Rotating ball The earth is stored over and over again, the back of the ball has a reach of 5.3 * 1018 kilograms. From them, the ailment is a bit dry, and much less - water vapor.

Above the sea, the density of the atmosphere is 1.2 kilograms per cubic meter. The temperature in the atmosphere can reach -140.7 degrees, depending on the water temperature.

Before the atmosphere warehouse, enter the ball:

• Troposphere;
• Tropopause;
• Stratosphere that stratopause;
• Mesosphere and mesopause;
• A special line over the sea trough, which is called line pocket;
• Thermosphere and thermopause;
• Zone of rosiyuvannya chi ekzosphere.

The leather ball has its own peculiarity, the stench is tied around it and it will make the function of the planet's winding shell unbeatable.

Cordoni atmosphere

The lower edge of the atmosphere passes along the hydrosphere and the upper balls of the lithosphere. The upper boundary is to be repaired in the exosphere, which is located 700 kilometers away from the surface of the planet, and within 1.3 thousand kilometers.

For deyakim danimi, the atmosphere reaches 10 thousand kilometers. At the same time, they were homely, but the upper boundary of the magical ball is the line of Karman, and there is already a lot of frustration here.

The directors of the permanent vivchens at the tsiy spheres, at the same time, set up, so that the atmosphere drifted into the ionosphere at a height of 118 kilometers.

Khimichno warehouse

The whole sphere of the Earth is stored from gas and gas houses, to which there are deposits of mines, sea water, ice, water, drank. Warehouse of that mass of gases, as it is possible to evolve in the atmosphere, practically does not change, it does not change without the concentration of water in carbon dioxide.

Warehouse water can change from 0.2 to 2.5 times, so it can be stored in latitude. Additional elements - chlorine, nitrogen, syrka, ammonia, carbon, ozone, carbohydrates, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride, bromodenum, iodine.

Okremu part will be occupied by mercury, iodine, bromine, nitrogen oxide. Moreover, near the troposphere, there are some solid particles, which are called aerosol. In the atmosphere there is one of the most important gases on the planet - radon.

Behind a chemical warehouse - nitrogen borrowed 78% of the atmosphere, sour - 21%, carbon dioxide gas - 0.03%, argon - 1%, the total amount of speech should be less than 0.01%. Such a warehouse has taken shape, since the planet has just begun to develop and has begun to develop.

When people appear, they step by step have moved to virobniztva, a chemistry warehouse is changing. Dropping gradually increases the amount of carbon dioxide.

Functions of the atmosphere

Gazi, you know how to be in the food sphere, to see the different functions. First, glaze the exchange and exchange the energy. In a different way, to inject the shape of the temperature into the atmosphere and the Earth. Thirdly, I will take care of the life of that yogo relocation to the Earth.

In addition, the whole ball will ensure thermoregulation, whatever the weather and climate, the regime of heat dissipation, and the atmospheric pressure. The troposphere additionally helps to regulate the flow of displacement mass, to begin the flow of water, and the processes of heat exchange.

The atmosphere is permanently interconnected from the lithosphere, hydrosphere, preventing geological processes. Naygolovn_shayu funktsіyu those who see the zahist as a saw of meteorite promenade, as in the flow of space that sun.

Fact

• Kisen will be stored on the Earth for the distribution of organic speeches of a solid breed, which is even more important for wikids, distribution of species, oxidized organisms.
• Carbon dioxide gas sprays to ensure photosynthesis occurs, as well as the passage of short periods of sleepy radiation, and the passage of warm temperatures. Iakscho ts'ogo nemaє, todi promote so the title of greenhouse effect.
• One of the main problems associated with the atmosphere is the difficulty in getting through the robot of enterprises and automobiles. In addition, special ecological control is prohibited in the provinces of the region, and special mechanisms for regulating the greenhouse effect are used at the international level.

At the sea level 1013.25 hPa (close to 760 mm Hg). The global average temperature of the Earth is 15 ° C, its temperature fluctuates approximately from 57 ° C in subtropical heaths to -89 ° C in Antarctica. The strength of that grip is changing with the height of the law, close to the exponential.

Budova atmosphere... Along the vertical, the atmosphere becomes a sharuvat structure, which is primarily due to the peculiarities of the vertical temperature rise (babies), which lie in the geographic position, season, hour, and also. The lower sphere of the atmosphere - the troposphere - is characterized by a drop in temperature at altitude (by about 6 ° C per 1 km), its altitude is 8-10 km at polar latitudes to 16-18 km at the paths. Due to the high altitude in the troposphere, there is close to 80% of the atmospheric mass. Above the troposphere, the stratosphere grows - a sphere, which is characterized by the inward temperature fluctuations with the height. The transition sphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere is called the tropopause. Near the lower stratosphere, near 20 km, the temperature does not change much in height (this is the name of the isothermal region) and changes slowly. The temperature rises through the exposure of UV radiation to ozone, sometimes, from 34-36 km from the level of 34-36 km. The upper inter-stratosphere, the stratopause, is rostered at a height of 50-55 km, which corresponds to the maximum temperature (260-270 K). The sphere of the atmosphere, rots at a height of 55-85 km, the temperature drops again at the height, it is called the mesosphere, on the upper cordon - the mesopause - the temperature reaches 150-160 K, and at a charge of 200-230 K. Shvidkim temperature fluctuations, which reach at a height of 250 km, the value of 800-1200 K. At the thermosphere, the corpuscular radiation of the Sontsya is glazed, and the meteors burn, the function of the Earth's earthly sphere is visible. There is still an exosphere, the stars of atmospheric gas rise in the light of the space of dissipation and the transition from the atmosphere to the planetary space.

Atmosphere warehouse... Up to a height of about 100 km, the atmosphere is practically uniform behind the chemistry warehouse, and the middle molecular weight (close to 29) has become. Near the surface of the Earth, the atmosphere is deposited with nitrogen (close to 78.1% of the total amount) and sourness (close to 20.9%), and also to take revenge on small amounts of argon, carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide), neon and other wondrous components )).

In addition, the atmosphere does not have much to do with ozone, nitrogen, ammonia, radon and other oxides. Vidnosniy instead of the main warehouses constantly in some parts of the same in the rural geographic regions. Zmіst water steam and ozone wintry in the vastness of the hour; unaffected by maliy zmist, their role in atmospheric processes is even greater.

The food is 100-110 km away from the dissociation of molecules of acid, in carbon dioxide and water vapor, so the molecular weight changes. At a height of close to 1000 km, they repair light gases - helium and water, and the Earth's atmosphere is gradually transformed into interplanetary gas.

Most important is the change in the atmospheric component - water vapor, as it enters the atmosphere when vaporized from the surface of water and in a natural environment, as well as through the transport of roses. The daily change of water vapor changes from 2.6% on the paths to 0.2% on the polar latitudes. At the height of the sky, it falls very quickly, dropping by half at a height of 1.5-2 km. Near the vertical one hundredth of the atmosphere in the middle latitudes, there is close to 1.7 cm of a ball of lined water. With the condensation of water steam, the gloom is set in motion, and the atmosphere falls off the woods, hail, and snow.

Ozone is an important warehouse of atmospheric energy, 90% of the growth is near the stratosphere (between 10 and 50 km), and close to 10% is found near the troposphere. Ozone will preserve the presence of hard UV radiation (with a dose of less than 290 nm), and, in general, has a role for the biosphere. The value of the amount of ozone in addition to ozone varies in fallowness from latitude and season in the intervals from 0.22 to 0.45 cm (the volume of ozone to the ball at a vice p = 1 atm and temperature T = 0 ° C). In ozone depths that can be used in Antarctica since the ear of the 1980s, instead of ozone, it can drop up to 0.07 cm. and grows to high latitudes. The whitewash component of the atmosphere є carbon dioxide gas, instead of 35% in the atmosphere for the last 200 rocky spars, which can be explained by an important anthropogenic factor. The latitude and seasonal diversity is associated with the photosynthesis of the growth of the sea water (due to Henry's law, the gas distribution in the water changes with the growth of the temperature).

An important role is played by the formulated climate of the planet by the atmospheric aerosol - the harmful particles of solid and small particles in size from as small as nm to tens of microns. Aerosols of natural and anthropogenic activity are growing. Aerosol is established in the process of gas-phase reactions from the products of the life of the trees and the government's activity of the people, the volcanic branches, as a result of the sawing from the surface of the planet, especially from the empty and empty regions There is a large amount of aerosol in the troposphere, aerosol from volcanic verges asserts about the Junge ball at a height of about 20 km. Most of the anthropogenic aerosol is consumed in the atmosphere as a result of robots and vehicles and thermal power plants, chemistry, burning and burning.

Evolution of the atmosphere... The atmosphere is chaotic, mabut, secondarily prodigious: it was settled in the gases, seen by the hard shell of the Earth, for the completion of the formation of the planet was close to 4.5 billion rubles. In the course of the geological history of the Earth, the atmosphere became aware of significant changes in its warehouse because of the low prices: dissipation (vaporization) of gases, which are also lighter, near the space; seeing gases from the lithosphere during volcanic activity; chemical reactions mіzh components of the atmosphere and rocks, which will store the earth's crust; photochemical reactions in the most atmosphere under the infusion of sleepy ultraviolet viprominuvannya; Acrese (drowning) of the material of the interplanetary middle (for example, meteoric speech). The development of the atmosphere is closely related to geological and geochemical processes, and the remaining 3-4 million rocky are also due to the wide range of the biosphere. Significant part of the gases, which create a hot atmosphere (nitrogen, carbon dioxide gas, water vapor), winnickle in the course of volcanic activity and intrusion, as well as wine from the earth's glybin. The kisen appeared in some small quantities close to 2 billion years, which is the result of the efficiency of photosynthetic organisms, as they were born in the surface waters of the ocean.

For data on the chemical warehouse of carbonate deposits, an assessment of the amount of carbon dioxide and acidity in the atmosphere of the geological past is made. Through the Phanerozoic (the remaining 570 million rocks in the history of the Earth), the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changed at wide intervals, depending on the level of volcanic activity, the temperature of the ocean and the level of photosynthesis. The greater part of the whole hour of concentration in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was significant for every day (up to 10 times). The amount of sourness in the atmosphere of the Phanerozoic is changing rapidly, and moreover, it has overtaken the tendency of its improvement. In the atmosphere of the Precambrian, the mass of carbon dioxide in the bole, as a rule, is greater, and the mass of the acid is mensha in the atmosphere of the Phanerozoic. The amount of alcohol in carbon dioxide was poured in the last suttuviy pouring in on the climate, a greenhouse effect is possible when the concentration of carbon dioxide grows, and the climate stretches out the main part of the phanerozoic, which will be warmed up in the ages of the ages.

Atmosphere of life... Without an atmosphere, the Earth would be a dead planet. Organizational life is opposed to the atmosphere of the atmosphere and tied with her climate and weather. The atmosphere is insignificant behind the mass against the planet (approximately a million part), the atmosphere is a non-uniform mind of all forms of life. The greatest value of atmospheric gases for the living of organisms may be acid, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide gas, ozone. When the photosynthesizing dewlins are clinging to carbon dioxide, an organic speech pops up, as a result of a dzherelo energy, a greater number of living organisms, including a human being. Kisen is necessary for the detection of aerobic organisms, since the surge of energy is not provided for by the reactions of oxidized organic speech. Nitrogen, taken up by deyakim microorganisms (nitrogen fixators), is a necessary mineral food for growing. Ozone, which will glaze over the UV-viprominuvannya Sontsya, will significantly weaken the sleepy radioactivity for life. Condensation of water steam in the atmosphere, setting it down, and farther away from atmospheric falloff, will pump water onto land, without any unhappy life. The life of organisms in the hydrosphere is a lot of reasons to start as a chemical warehouse of atmospheric gases that are available in the water. Oskilki chemical warehouse of the atmosphere of the earth can be found in the activity of organisms, the biosphere, that atmosphere can be seen as a part of the single system, the appearance of that evolution of the earth (the divine of the biological earthly atmosphere for the great significance of the winter

Radioactive, thermal and water balances of the atmosphere... Sleepy radioactivity is a single source of energy for all physical processes in the atmosphere. The main specialty of the radioactive regime of the atmosphere is the so-called greenhouse effect: the atmosphere is good enough to let through to the earth's surface sleepy radioactivity, but it is actively gliding over the warmth over the earth's surface, a part of which is able to turn to the surface of the earth's surface. Without the atmosphere, the average temperature of the earth's surface is -18 ° C, for good reason it is 15 ° C. Sleepy radioactivity, which comes in small parts (close to 20%), glaze into the atmosphere (with water vapor, water drops, carbon dioxide gas, ozone and aerosols), and also grow (close to 7%) on particles of aerosol and flux Total radioactivity, reaching the earth's surface, small (close to 23%) see it. The quality of the visualization starts with the visual appearance of the surface, which is also called the albedo. The mean albedo of the Earth for the integral flux of sleepy radioactivity is close to 30%. Vono change from small amounts of moisture (dry soil and black earth) up to 70-90% for fresh snow. The radioactive heat exchange between the earth's surface and the atmosphere is often accumulated in albedo and becomes effective against the surface of the Earth that is destroyed by it against the atmosphere. The algebraic amount of streams of radioactivity, which enters the earth's atmosphere from the cosmic space and backwards, is called a radio balance.

The re-creation of the sleepy radioactivity by the atmosphere and the earth's surface starts the thermal balance of the Earth and the planet. The atmosphere was warm to the head - the earth's surface; the heat from it is transferred from the viglyad to the hypochondriac vyprominuvannya, and by the way of convection, and to be seen during the condensation of water steam. Parts of the circulating heat inflow will rise at the middle 20%, 7% and 23% altogether. Suddenly, you get close to 20% of the warmth for a shower of direct sleepiness. Potency of sleepy radio in one hour through a single maydan, perpendicular to sleepy changes and changes in the atmosphere in the middle of the country from the Earth to Sonce (this is the name of sleepy stop), 2є 1367 W / m the cycle of sleepy activity. With a planetary albedo close to 30% average per hour, the global surge of sleepy energy to the planet becomes 239 W / m 2. Oskilki Earth as a planet is released into space in the middle as well as the amount of energy, then, by the Stefan-Boltzmann law, the temperature of the thermal pressure is effective, about 255 K (-18 ° C). At that very hour, the average temperature of the earth's surface becomes 15 ° C. Rіznitsya at 33 ° С vinnikє for rakhunok greenhouse effect.

The water balance of the atmosphere is generally attributed to the parity of the earth's surface, and the number of fallen falls on the earth's surface. The atmosphere over the oceans will be removed more from the vapors, lower over the land, and 90% will be lost from the vigels. The surplus of water hover over the oceans is carried to the continents by shifting currents. There are a lot of water bets, which can be transported into the atmosphere from the oceans to the continents, and the rychok run off the drain and flow into the oceans.

Rukh povitrya... The earth grows in shape, so that until the high latitudes come on a smaller scale than sleepy radioactivity, below the paths. The results between latitudes have great temperature contrasts. At the temperature rise with a significant world, it also melts the oceans and continents. Through the great mass of ocean waters and the high warmth of the water and the seasonal temperature of the surface of the ocean is much less, lower than the land. Near the middle and high latitudes, the temperature over the oceans is slightly lower, below the continents, and the temperature is higher.

A dissimilar atmosphere rosіgrіv at іnіzhny galuzi earthly vyklikє a heterogeneous space rozpodіl atmospheric vise. On the sea level, the grip is characterized by remarkably low values ​​near the eq. vise) and lower middle and higher latitudes. At a time over the continents of the post-Atlantic latitudes, the grip of a narrow circle is due to changes, and a lot of reductions, which are tied to the temperature rise. From the grip of the city to the grip of being arrogant, straightening from areas with a high grip to areas with a low one, to bring the mass of the wind up to the displacement. At the turning of the masi, which collapses, the movement also sees the power of the Earth's wrapping (the force of the Coriolis), the force of grating, decreases from the height, and at curved tractors, the force of the center. The great value of the turbulent change of wind (div. Turbulence in the atmosphere).

A folding system of alternating leaks (backward circulation of the atmosphere) is tied behind the planetary rosette. Near the meridional area, in the middle one there are two or three mid-midlands of the meridional circulation. As soon as you get close, warm up as you go down and down in the subtropics, setting off the Hedley commerce. There it will go down by itself, as it turns out, into the ferocious middle of Ferrell. At high latitudes, a straight polar midstream is often quilted. The speed of the meridional circulation is close to 1 m / s or less. Through the power of the Coriolis of a great atmosphere, the backward airs are made more difficult by the air at the middle troposphere at about 15 m / s. Run the airborne system in a proper manner. Before them, passati is introduced - three, how to dim from the belts of a high vise in subtropics to an adequate level with a cleared warehouse warehouse (right off the bat). Delivering stinky monstrosities - inconsistent currents, may well be seasonal in nature: the stench blows from the ocean to the mainland and from the opposite direction. Especially regular muson of the Indian Ocean. At the middle latitudes of the mountains of the winds, there is a cross-border direction (from the approach of the Skid). There is a zone of atmospheric fronts, on which there are great vikhori - cyclones and anticyclones, which are rich in hundreds and thousands of kilometers. Cyclones win in the paths; here the stench comes from smaller sizes, and even even more great airs, which are within reach of hurricane force (33 m / s and more), so called tropical cyclones. In the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean, the stinks are called hurricanes, and in the Pacific Ocean they are called typhoons. In the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere in areas where there is a straight line in the middle of the meridional circulation, the head and the vortex center in Ferrel, often spontaneously grow in the middle, in hundreds of kilometers between the streams,

Climat and weather... There is a sense of the number of sleepy radioacies that come in the middle latitudes before the physical power of the earth's surface, which is the reason for the diversity of the Earth's climes. From ekvadora to tropical latitudes, the temperature of the earth's surface in the middle 25-30 ° C and little change in the rock. In the ekvatorialny belt, you will see a lot of fall off, so that you can wash away excess waste. In tropical zones, the number of fallen goods is changing, and in a number of regions it is becoming even smaller. Here the great empties of the Earth are growing.

In the subtropical and middle latitudes, the temperature varies significantly with a stretch of rock, and the difference between the temperatures of the summer and winter is especially great in the far oceans in the regions of the continents. So, in some areas of Skhidnoye Siberia, the temperature amplitude was 65 ° C. Mind the disturbance in the circulating latitudes even more profitable, lie down in the main mode of the atmosphere circulating in the background and quite change the rik at the rik.

At the polar latitudes, the temperature becomes too low, due to the presence of a seasonal change. There is a widening ice cover on the oceans and dry land and deep ice, as in Russia there are 65% of the area, but also near Siberia.

The last ten years have become the dedication to the change of the global climate. Temperatures move at high latitudes, lower at low ones; more charge, lower price; more nights, lower days. Over the 20th century, the average temperature of the earth's surface of Russia has grown by 1.5-2 ° C, moreover, in some regions of Siberia, the increase in degrees is increased. You will not be able to use the greenhouse effect due to the growing concentration of small gas houses.

The weather starts with the minds of the circulation of the atmosphere and geographic development The place is the most popular in the paths and the most minor in the middle and high latitudes. The best weather changes in the zones of windy weather, zooms in the passage of atmospheric fronts, cyclones and anticyclones, which are falling and stronger in the middle. Data for forecasting the weather are taken on ground meteorological stations, sea and sailing ships from meteorological stations. Marvel at Meteorology as well.

Optical, acoustic and electrical phenomena in the atmosphere... With an expanded electromagnetism in the atmosphere as a result of refraction, the glinting and growth of light by small particles (aerosol, crystals of ice, drops of water), the development of a different kind of fun: The growth of light to the visibility of the visible height of the blue colors of the sky - Stock images Due to the openness of the atmosphere, the growth of the age needs to lie in the distance and the possibility of seeing objects, in the future, the power of astronomical warnings from the Earth. For the optical heterogeneity of the stratosphere and mesosphere, the role of the visualization of the situation is important. For example, photographing the days from space devices allows the aerosol balls to emerge. The special features of the expansion of electromagnetism in the atmosphere are the accuracy of the methods of remote sensing of the parameters. Efforts to feed, as well as rich, vivchau atmospheric optics. Refraction and development of radiohilles to summarize the possibilities of radioactivity (div.

Expansion of the sound in the atmosphere to lay down from a spacious temperature rise and air temperature (div. Atmospheric acoustics). Vono tsіkavit sounding the atmosphere by remote methods. Vibuchs of charges, which are launched by rockets near the upper atmosphere, gave a wealth of information about the systems of winds and temperature surges in the stratosphere and mesosphere. In a stiffly stratified atmosphere, if the temperature drops at a higher altitude for an adiabatic gradint (9.8 K / km), it is so called internal problems. They can go wide uphill into the stratosphere and wind near the mesosphere, go out of the air, letting down the wind and turbulence.

The negative charge of the Earth and the electric field surrounded by it, the atmosphere at once from the electric charge by the ionosphere and magnetosphere, creates a global electric lance. An important role is played in the whole visualization of the installation of the thunderstorm and thunderstorm electricity. The problem of thunderstorm discharges has woken up to the need to develop methods for the thunderstorm operator to get the message out, with the help of the power line and the call. I am especially fond of this phenomenon є for aviation. Thunderstorms wake up atmospheric radio transceivers, which I will name atmospherics (marvel of whistling atmospheres). During the hour of a sharp increase in the tension of the electric field, there is a surge of energy, how to light up, how to pick up objects, how to appear above the earth's surface, on the surrounding peaks in the mountains and in (Elma). Atmosphere depends on the number of light and important ions, which are the electrical continuity of the atmosphere, which varies greatly in the presence of specific minds. The main ionizators of the earth's surface are the vipprominuvannya of radioactive speeches, like the earth's crust and the atmosphere, and the space promenades. Marvel at the same Atmospheric electrician.

Injecting people into the atmosphere. Throughout the rest of the capital, the growing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is due to the government's activity. Compared to methane - from 0.7-10 1 approx. 300 - 400 times to 1.8-10 -4 per ear of 21 stolittya; Nearly 20% of the greenhouse effect in the last century was given freoni, which practically did not boil in the atmosphere until the middle of the 20th century. The speeches were made known by the stratospheric ozone runners, and they were protected by the Montreal Protocol of 1987 to rock. An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will result in more and more amounts of gas, oil, gas and other types of coal burns, as well as the production of foxes, in case of photos of what to change. The concentration of methane grows in the form of growth in the form of oil and gas (for the first time), as well as in the case of expanded crops in rice and increased numbers of great horny thinness. All rooms have a warmer climate.

For winter weather, the methods of active injection into atmospheric processes have been developed. The stench will become stagnant to the seizure of the silkskogospodar roslin from the hailstorms of the rossyuvannya in the thunderous gloom of special reagents. There are also methods of growing fogs in airports, picking up frosts from frosts, pouring into the clouds with the help of falling off at the required missions, or growing gloom at the moments of mass calls.

Vivchennya atmosphere... The information about the physical processes in the atmosphere should be recognized in advance of the meteorological warnings, which are carried out by the global scale of meteorological stations and posts, which are constantly moving on all continents and on the islands of the Bagate Islands. They also give information about the temperature and the health of the drink, the atmospheric pressure and the fall, the coldness, the weather and the weather. Keeping an eye on the sleepy radio and transformations is carried out at actinometric stations. The great significance of the atmosphere can be seen in the range of aerological stations, near which with additional radio probes there are meteorological weather up to a height of 30-35 km. At low stations, they are keeping an eye on atmospheric ozone, electricity in the atmosphere, and a chemistry warehouse.

The date of ground stations will be supplemented with caution on the oceans, for the day of the ship, wait a minute, that they will constantly pass by the northern regions of the Svitovoy Ocean, as well as with meteorological views, possessed from the scientific and past and other ships.

More and more information about the atmosphere of the last ten years will be recognized behind the addition of meteorological companions, on which installations have been attached for photographs to take a look at the stream of ultraviolet, information and radio communications. Companions allow to adjust the views about vertical profiles of temperature, coldness and water storage, elements of radioactivity balance of the atmosphere, about the temperature of the surface of the ocean and іn. ... Thanks to the help of companions, it became possible to clarify the value of the sleepy persistent and planetary albedo of the Earth, being a picture of the radio balance of the Earth system - the atmosphere, in contrast to the small atmosphere of small atmospheric houses, and the appearance of rich monstrous atmospheres. dovkilla.

Lit .: Budiko M.I. Climat at the last one. L., 1980; Matvev L.T. Course of foreign meteorology. Physics of the atmosphere. 2nd view. L., 1984; Budiko M. I., Ronov A. B., Yanshin A. L. History of the atmosphere. L., 1985; Khrgian A. Kh. Physics of the atmosphere. M., 1986; Atmosphere: Dovidnik. L., 1991; Khromov S.P., Petrosyants M.A.Meteorology and Climatology. 5th kind. M., 2001.

G. S. Golitsin, N. A. Zaitseva.

Usi, hto litav lіtakom, sounded until such a thing: "Our flight passes at a height of 10,000 m, the temperature overboard is 50 ° C." To be built nothing special. As far as the sun goes from the surface of the Earth, it is colder. Bagato, who thinks, that the lowering of the temperature is not interrupted, and the step temperature is falling, approaching the temperature of space. Before the speech, so they thought until the end of the 19th century.

Save the report because of the rise in temperature over the Earth. The atmosphere is complemented by a series of balls, which are brought to the fore by the nature of the temperature change.

The lower sphere of the atmosphere is called troposphere It means “the sphere to turn.” All the changes, wait for the climate, are the result of physical processes, so that the ball itself grows in the same ball. і 7-8 km above the poles Yak і the Earth itself, the atmosphere under the inlet wrapping of our planet is also flattened over the poles and rocking over the equator, the effect of rotations in the atmosphere is much stronger, but the solid envelope of the Earth becomes close to the equator. -62 ° С, and above the poles it is close to -45 ° С.

U 1899 p. at the vertical profile of the temperature at the lower altitude, there was a minimum, and then the temperature of the trocha was increasing. An ear of ts'go pidvischennya means a transition to the offensive ball of the atmosphere. stratosphere The term "stratosphere" means "the sphere of the ball." rіzke pіdvischennya the temperature of the drink. The process of temperature adjustment explains the reaction to ozone - one of the main chemical reactions that occur in the atmosphere.

The main mass of ozone is recovered at altitudes of about 25 km, while ozone in the whole sphere is strongly stretched along the vertex, which will loom over the entire stratosphere. The interaction of ultraviolet interchanges is one of the pleasant processes in the earth's atmosphere, which take in life on earth. Ozone scouring the energy for the overworldly hopefulness on the earth's surface, the very same level of energy, which is suitable for the realization of earthly forms of life, continues. The ozonosphere clouded a part of the exchanged energy through the atmosphere. As a result, in the ozonosphere, a vertical temperature gradient of about 0.62 ° С per 100 m rises, so that the temperature rises from the height to the upper stratosphere - stratopause (50 km), reaching 0 ° С for data.

At elevations from 50 to 80 km. a ball of atmosphere, ranks mesosphere... The word "mesosphere" means "intermediate sphere", here the temperature is going down again. Visce of the mesosphere thermosphere the temperature rises up to about 1000 ° С, and then drops even more rapidly to -96 ° С. However, the fall is not indiscriminate, as the temperature rises again.

Thermosphereє first ball the ionosphere... At a glance from the previously thought-out spheres, the ionosphere is not seen beyond the temperature mark. The Ionosphere is an area with a very electric nature, and it’s very powerful to see a radio connection. The ionosphere travels to a number of balls, which are designated by letters D, E, F1 and F2. There were reasons for the wiklikano decilcom ball, the middle of which is not the same infusion of balls on the radiohville passing through. The lower ball, D, is mainly made of radioactive material and by itself transformed into a wider area. The best way to wrap the ball is E, it can be worn at a height of about 100 km. over the earth's surface. Yogo is also called the Kennelly-Heaviside ball after the names of the American and English people, like one hour and one moment one saw one. Ball E, similar to a giant mirror, visualized by radio. The managers of this ball, the first time radio passes through more distant places, but not later, because the stench has widened only straightforwardly, not being seen from the ball E. At the same time, from the Kennel-Heaviside ball, the image of radio stations is displayed to the ground-based radio stations. Appleton's ball of sewing at a height of about 240 km.

Another region of the atmosphere, another sphere of the ionosphere, is often called exosphere... Tsey term informs about the sight of space near the Earth. By the way, the atmosphere must end and the space must be repaired, it is important that the splinters of the atmospheric gases change step by step and the atmosphere itself smoothly transforms into a vacuum, in which case there is no more molecules around it. Even at a height of approximately 320 km, the thickness of the atmosphere is small, but molecules, which do not stick one by one, can travel more than 1 km. The very last part of the atmosphere is to serve as the upper boundary, to grow at altitudes from 480 to 960 km.

More details about the processes about the atmosphere can be found on the site "Earth Climate"

The atmosphere is the whole part of the gas envelope around the planet. From the inner side of the road, you cover the watery earthly part of the planet, and from the outer edge of the earthly space. One of the main functions is the formation of climatic minds, which are taught by such sciences as meteorology and climatology.

At the same time, with the official scientific preliminaries, the atmosphere was formulated from the visible gases in the history of volcanic vyverzhen. With the emergence of oceans and a biosphere further away, the solution was brought up during gas exchange with water, tall and food-grade light and products of life and distribution.

At the current moment in the atmosphere, gas-like and solid words (drank, marine minerals, mining products and others) are taking place.

Vidosotkovy instead of driving in carbon dioxide is practically invisible for every change. The greatest amount of moisture from chemical elements is due to nitrogen, and in the atmosphere it is close to 76–78%. Then, during the fall, goose oil (close to 22%), argon (close to 1%), in carbon dioxide in carbon dioxide (less than 1%), and inert elements, instead of being less than 1% in some cases. Leaders of cim talk are people, creatures, growths and other organisms can normally be found on the planet.

The corrosiveness of the atmosphere is unappreciated, for this reason, the zealous people who live on the planet are all alive. People of that creature live, breathe in kisin, and dewlines - glaze in carbon dioxide, so they can take revenge in the morning. Alert, the atmosphere is so important, it is necessary to see all the beliefs and influences on the planet. Such shells bitch science nalichuє 5: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.

Atmosphere balls

• The first sphere of the atmosphere above the surface of the planet is called the troposphere. It is in itself necessary to take revenge on speeches, to allow the dichotomy of the things that inhabit the planet. At the same part of the atmosphere, there is a collapse of cyclones and anticyclones near the winds of the cold and the circuit of water in nature.
• The stratosphere and mesosphere take revenge on the accumulated ozone, as it is called the ozone ball. Seemingly, it’s won over because of the luscious inflow of ultraviolet and infrarednuclear vitamins, and a part of the sleepy light. Likewise, tsі shari zahischayut live on the planet from the radio space promenades.
• The thermosphere and Exosphere, the upper boundaries of the atmosphere of the planet Earth, are stored from the ionized wind. Itself in tsikh spheres before the day of radioactive sleepy and cosmic vipprominuvannya, it becomes "polar syayvo".

Zabdyakov that, scho bouly vivcheni chemistry warehouse that Physical power of all verses of the atmosphere, people have seen new possibilities, such as that space is flying in the sky. People have come to predict the climatic changes and have learned about the mismatches, by and large, they are corny and the ones who want to be healthy. Alas, all the same, all the same, those who are all alive can have a lot of dysfunction and are overwhelmed by the harshness of the great space atmosphere. Without it, our planet would not be very much aware of the inanimate Misyatsya, Mars and the other planets of the sleepy system.

The value of the atmosphere

The significance of the atmosphere is totally unappreciated, and I don’t even forget about those who are so modern in technology and how to create a colossal school and run out of the atmospheric envelopes. Tsi processes can cause a catastrophe on a planetary scale. For example, chemistry, it is widely used in aerosols, air conditioning and supply of warm food, anti-fire systems and thinly with a ruinous ozone ball. Of course, there are ozone droplets, through which ultraviolet and infrared sleepy exchanges pass to the ground at a certain number, which can be produced until the end of the day. shkіrnykh pokrivіv and slickers of the eye.

It is also impossible to overshadow the pose with respect and "greenhouse effect". The process of accumulating in the lower spheres of the atmosphere of young gases, which is the result of industrial activity. The gases are adjusted to the temperature of the twilight, so that it can be brought up to the level of ice and the temperature of the ocean. A close maybut may have a moment, if the entire dry land of the planet is covered with water and all-time flooding will come.

Knowing about the corny atmosphere of the rumor and about the ways of ruinuvannya, skinny people are guilty of pondering over the tim, which is not її life for the dovkill. So, perhaps, more than one hundred and thousand generations of land plots can live on the planet at a safe, water hour, ruinous and technical achievements. But, nevertheless, don't forget about the corny atmosphere that is meaningful for all living things and being humane in terms of appearance before it.

Budova is the warehouse of the Earth's atmosphere, demand to say, do not depend on the same values ​​in the same period of development of our planet. Seasonal vertical of the Budovian element, which I will produce 1.5-2.0 yew. km, represented by the main balls, zokrema:

1. Troposphere.
2. Tropopause.
3. Stratosphere.
4. Stratopause.
5. Mesosphere and mesopause.
6. Thermosphere.
7. Exosphere.

Basic elements of the atmosphere

The troposphere is a ball, for which strong vertical and horizontal collapses are prevented, the weather itself, sieges, climatic wits are forming here. There are 7-8 kilometers of distance from the surface of the planet, everywhere, except for the polar regions (there - up to 15 km). In the troposphere, the temperature decreases, approximately 6.4 ° C with a skin kilometer. This indicator can be seen for different latitudes and for the first time.

Warehouse of the Earth's atmosphere at the central part of performances with such elements of the earthly parts:

Nitrogen - close to 78 vids;

Kisen - mayzhe 21 vidsotok;

Argon - close to one vіdsotka;

Carbon dioxide gas - less than 0.05%.

Single warehouse up to 90 km

In addition, here you can know drank, drops of water, water vapor, mining products, ice crystals, sea salts, free from aerosol particles, etc. Such a storehouse of the Earth's atmosphere spurs up to approximately ninety kilometers in height, which, by the way, is approximately the same behind a chemical storehouse, not only at the troposphere, but at spherical balls. Along with that, the atmosphere has little physical characteristics. And the ball, which is a great chemical warehouse, is called the homosphere.

How many elements enter the Earth's atmosphere? In vidotkah (for a lot, in dry weather) there are such gases and yak krypton (close to 1.14 x 10 -4), xenon (8.7 x 10 -7), water (5.0 x 10 -5), methane (close to 1.7 x 10 - 4) 4), nitrous oxide (5.0 x 10 -5) and in. In most cases, according to the weight of the recovered components, the most nitrous oxide and water, further helium, krypton and other.

The physical power of the atmospheric verses

The physical powers of the troposphere are tightly linked to the planet. Beat the sleepy warmth in the form of infrared exchanges straight back up the hill, including the processes of heat conduction and convection. The temperature itself is falling from the distance from the earth's surface. Also, the phenomenon spurs up to the height of the stratosphere (11-17 kilometers), then the temperature becomes practically unchanged until the mark of 34-35 kilometers, and further increases the temperature up to 50 kilometers (the upper boundary of the stratosphere). Between the stratosphere and the troposphere, there is a thin intermediate ball of the tropopause (up to 1-2 km), and the temperature above the equator de-escalates - close to minus 70 ° C and lower. Above the poles, the tropopause "warms up" to a minus of 45 ° C, the temperature rise here at the mark of -65 ° C.

The gas storage of the Earth's atmosphere includes such important element yak ozone. Yes, no doubt about three beats of the surface (ten minutes from the top), some gas is set in upper parts atmosphere. The growth of the most ozone at a height is close to 25 km, and the entire "ozone screen" of expansion in areas of 7-8 km in the area of ​​the poles, 18 km at the equator and up to fifty kilometers in a hole above the surface of the planet.

The atmosphere of the land

Warehouse of the Earth's atmosphere has become even more important for saving life, as well as some chemical elements and compositions, from a distance, it will intercept the access of sleepy radioactivity to the earth's surface and people, create, grow on the snow, live. For example, molecules of water vapor efficiently glaze evenly all ranges of infrared viprominuvannya, crim dovzhin in an interval from 8 to 13 microns. Ozone, on the other hand, clays ultraviolet up to the level of 3100 A.

Zero for Celsius at stratopause

Between the two advancing rims of the atmosphere, the stratosphere and the mesosphere, the monstrous ball is the stratopause. The temperature is approximately the same as the ozone maximum, and here the temperature is very comfortable for people - close to 0 ° C. It is a stratopause, in the mesosphere (to repair here at a height of 50 km and to end at a height of 80-90 km), it is more difficult to get back to the same drop in temperatures from the increase in temperature from the surface of the Earth (up to minus 70-80 ° C). In the mesosphere, meteors start to rise.

Thermosphere - plus 2000 K!

The cold store of the Earth's atmosphere in the thermosphere (to repair during the mesopause from a distance of close to 85-90 to 800 km) is the reason for the possibility of such a phenomenon, as the act of heating the balls in the same way as the developed "winding up" under the infused sleepy viper. At this part of the planet's "twist" of the planet, temperatures range from 200 to 2000 K, as they go around the junction with ionization sour (at least 300 km of atomic sour), and also recombine atoms of sour into a molecule, like a superconduct great number heat. The thermosphere is the center of the polarization of the polar seas.

The exosphere is the essence of the thermosphere - the inviting sphere of the atmosphere, from the light of the atom and the water, which quickly move, can go into the cosmic space. The chemical warehouse of the Earth's atmosphere here is more represented by atoms of sourness in the lower balls, atoms of helium in the middle and even more than atoms of water - at the upper ones. Here panuyut high temperatures- close to 3000 K and the overall atmospheric grip.

Yak pretended to be an earthly atmosphere?

Ale, yak zgaduvalosya vische, such a warehouse of the atmosphere, the planet is small yaky. Usogo contains three concepts of a similar element. The first hypothesis of the allowance is that the atmosphere of the boolean was taken during the process of the protoplanetary hmari. However, the current theory is susceptible to criticism, and the atmosphere was blamed for the blame, but it was blamed by the sleepy wind that swept through our planetary system. In addition, it was not possible to transfer the transmission of the elements to the zone of the planet’s setting on the planetary group through high temperatures.

Warehouse of the primordial atmosphere of the Earth, as transferring another hypothesis, at the beginning of the active bombardment of the surface by asteroids and comets, which came from the outskirts of the Sonyach system at the early stages of development. Proceed with a simple concept to finish smoothly.

Experiment at the IDG RAS

Most likely, the third hypothesis, which is important, is that the atmosphere appeared as a result of the vision of gases from the mantle. earth measles about 4 billion rubles to that. The concept went into revision in the IDG RAS in the course of the experiment under the name "Tsariv 2", if in the vacuum the words of the meteoric trip were raised. Todi bulo recorded the appearance of such gases as Н 2, СН 4, СО, Н 2 О, N 2 and ін. To this, they justly let the chemical storehouse of the primordial atmosphere of the Earth include water and carbon dioxide gas, steam fluorine water (HF), liquid gas (CO), water (H 2 S), nitrogen gas, water, methane (CH 4), steam ammonia ( NH 3), argon and in. At the tied camp in organic speech and girsky rocks, nitrogen is transferred to the warehouse of daily food, as well as in the siege of organic speech.

Warehouse of the primordial atmosphere of the Earth, not allowing bi-weird people to go to them without spirited apparatuses; Tsei element at the significant obsyagy appeared the author of the milyard rock in that, as vvazhayut, at the connection with the development of the process of photosynthesis in the blue-greens and іnhh algae, which are found by the slugs of our planet.

Minimum Kisnyu

On those that have a warehouse of the Earth's atmosphere, which can be acid-free, I will use those that are easily oxidized in the found (Catarchean) rocks, but not oxidized graphite (carbon). Years later, the so-called strip parts of gold ore appeared, which included prodrugs of mineral oxides of gold, which means I will appear on the planet of a hard-pressed dzherel sour in molecular form. Alle the elements were trawled from time to time (perhaps, also the water growth and the production of sourness were small spikes in the acid-free wilderness), so the light will be anaerobic. The only thing to say about the cinnamon is that those who are pyrite, which are easy to oxidize, were near the pebbles, chipped with a flow without any trace of chemical reactions. Oskіlki flowing water and it is hard to know disgustingly aerated, wobbling a thought, so the atmosphere on the cob of Cambrian is less than a hint of sourness from the current warehouse.

Revolutionary change to the warehouse of food

Approximately in the middle of the Proterozoic (1.8 billion rubles), the "Kisnev revolution" took place, since it was moving to an aerobic dilemma, in the course of one molecule of living speech (glucose) it is possible to eliminate 38, and not two energy. The warehouse of the Earth's atmosphere, at a part of the sourness, has become a transcendental one from the other, becoming an ozone sphere, which is a preserve of organisms from the radio. Itself from her "hoalis" under these shells, for example, such ancient creatures, like trilobies. From that hour to the present hour, the main "dichotomous" element of stepwise growth has changed, preventing development of forms of life on the planet.