This paragraph will look at the prehistory of the European Reform. Knowledge of the alternating trends and misters is also more beautiful to know the reasons for the quick and quick expansion of the reform ideas in the 16th century.

The manifestation of the Reformation was already not a spontaneous phenomenon in the European religious life. The Catholic Church, the old capital, the monopoly on the right, the whole hour of its existence saw the inner grip of the nosy groups and the misters who wanted to bring the new ideas to life. In the history of science, the process of making a name for the "pre-reform".

The Danes of the course of the Catholic Church were denounced as repugnant, and their epichetes were followed, blamed, or even intercepted in the rights of the epoch.

Istorik Yrokhin writes about the spiritual atmosphere of that period: “The XII century has a number of sects, a characteristic rice of such boules, high moral ideals. The reborn of the true old apostolic church, which was passed on to Rome, the church of the day, was transferred to the end of the cycle of ideals. "

I will find a meaningful way to the “heretic arena” of that period when the Waldensian sects appeared. The mastermind is the Italian merchant Petro Waldo (1140 - 1217). Vvazhaєya, wіn buv a wealthy people, like giving out his pennies to misfits and after preaching their minds of Evangelia, timidly emphasize on the vision of wealth. Around New, a number of associates established themselves. Progressively, he started to take shape in the Catholic Church. The new community has become self-imposed to create the mystery of communion and communion, which was introduced from churches. Prayers for the departed, the dogma about purgatory bully skazovanі. Such a sharp view from the tradition did not fail to witness the negative reaction of the Roman curiosity, and in 1184 the stench of the bullets was seen from the church and began to be enamored of pereslivan.

However, the Waldensians were not able to broaden their vision, and to this day, there is a smell of stench at the sight of compact communities in Italy. Ale, unaffected by the historical failure of this rue in a number of points in the past, it is directly similar to the ideas of the reformers of the 16th century: they were the only mediator between God and the stench of the people, they respected Jesus, they kept purgatory, sanctioned people, people ... Waldensi is symbolically wise or sacramental and saved from them only christening and communion.

The Waldensies were the butt of the recognition of reform ideas in the middle of the unrequited mas. Allegedly, the process of philosophy - philosophers - alike, for quiet reasons, looked over the familiar dogmatics and hung new ideas. One of these most famous misters is John Wiklef (1320 - 1384).

Vіklіf navchavsya at the Oxford University, de successfully receiving the title of Doctor of Theology. Yogo protistoyannya with the Catholic Church was honored not through dogmatic reading. Vіklіf yak vіddanija patriot of his Batkіvshchyna protesting against the evil of the Roman curiosity in England. At the same time, the wine has started to break out again. The theologian to translate the Holy Scripture from Latin into English, started to read his lectures on the old language. Vіklіph in his thoughts vimagav, persh for everything, rely on the text of the Holy Letter, having lost the need for church hierarchy, radically looking at the dogma of transubstantiation. Nastіlki vіlnі ideі wikipedia condemnation in Rome.

In 1378, a Roman pontiff condemned yogo vchennya. Uninvolved at the price, three rockets went to the Oxford University, the stars were irrevocably deprived of money in 1381 rots. Unimportant to the condemnation from the side of the royal power and the Roman church, the adherents continued to promote the ideas of their rector.

Vchennya Vіklіfa in the mass of manuscripts has been brought to the continent and brought in the year to the beginning of the church reformers. The axis is written by the American historian Ch. Krimens: “John Wiklef, the forerunner of Lollardism (this is the name of the epistle of Wikleph, the very name is not very continental) conveyed all the basic doctrines of the Reformation of the XVI century. Win against the papacy, adopting the whores of the clergy, condemning the principle of monasticism, imposing on the importance of the spiritual side of religion and insignificance of ceremonies, creating the real presence of Christ in the eucharistic form to the spiritual presence,

Let us learn John Wyklif, a local reformer Jan Hus (+1369 - 1415). Vchennya Jan Hus has a wide religious and socially political movement in the Czech Republic. Jan Hus appeared at the Prazkiy Universitet - one of the most sanctified centers of Europe at that hour. At the University of Jan, I will take the steps of the Master of the Mistresses and the initiation of the Vicladati. Once, having renounced the rank of priest, he became dean of the Faculty of Philosophy.

As a priest, Gus vimovlyav non-standard sermons, in which he criticized the depravity of the church, protesting against simony and non-traditional theological ideas. The wake of one of the most super-articulate ideas of the eucharistic mystery. On the thought of Jan Hus, in the mysteries, it was necessary to admit only the invisible presence of flesh and blood, which was part of the rubbing of the traditional Catholic dogma, in which it was kept, that it blew and wine for its blood and the rest of the blood of Christ.

Jan Hus was not only a reformer, but he was also interested in the interest of the Czech people against the strong Pro-German inflow.

Deyaky theses of the first time are selected in 1409 at the Prazkiy University and are renowned to be more rare. In the third hour, Hus's confrontation with Rome is only growing, unaffected by the intercession of the King of the Czech Republic. At 1412 rotsi Gus is vistupa against indulgences.

A fatal pardon for Hus was his arrival at the Constant cathedral in 1414, as he was getting ready for a church break in the Roman church. The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Sigizmund, who was active in clicks on the cathedral, giving him a reason for not being able to handle it. However, he didn’t see his own obitsyanka. Jan Hus buv of judgments yak retik, і 6 lime 1415 rock bulo burned.

I wish Gus didn’t condemn Catholicism and lost his faithfulness to Catholic dogmas and revisions, two of them became dear to the Protestant principle:

The strata of Hus overwhelmed the suspension of the first post. Comrade N. "Husitski Vіyni" is repaired through chotiri rock songs. The stench is trivial throughout the Czech Republic right up to 1438 і to produce the extreme Hussites (Taboritians) and the appearance of the Peaceful Hussites (Chalice) in the Roman Church to the battle. Husitski vіyny have shown that national supernaturals can lead to some kind of straining processes in the realm of religious wanderings.

In parallel with the establishment of new sects and the appearance of new heretics, the vimogi to reform the church sounded from the church itself. Not only the activity of lonely speeches of food about church re-incarnations. Tsi processes, shlakh and in a larger form, were carried out and in church stakes. B. A. Lapshov writes about the process as follows: “Oskilki stretching out the middle, especially the old, the roots of the children, touched the Christian light, rushing to the front in the corruption of the church, the very thing became the main object of the concept of the“ reform ”before Christianity. The natural noses of the tsikh іdey buli of the black order ".

Here, the first for all the past means the prophecy of the dominant monk Girolamo Savonaroli (1 452 - 1498). Tse buv a half-hearted fanatic, but there’s no way to compromise with kim bi.

The history of that hour would be sent to the Renaissance, and the young Chentsy had battered the spirit of the language, which had swallowed up the whole of Italy and especially among the food clergy. At 1490, rotsi wines arrive to Florence, yak and become the place of his active activity. Savonarola protests against the heroism of the daunting, stupefied by the fact that the women of Florence are wearing expensive embellishments, vimaga is strictly vikonannya all commandments. Girolamo was a half-hearted preacher, yogo mova grumbled, drew to herself. Vvazhayuyu a God prophet, as if the nod of the vicariousness of the sin of the Italy, the vin of the praise of their strict sermons, and people could not help but mention it. The dawn in their sermons has been drawn to the thought, so that Florence should lay the groundwork for the "reform of the whole of Italy".

Yogo active propaganda and political activity (the rock of Savonarola de facto ruled Florence) called before that Girolamo became an unwanted yak of the holy power, and the spiritual vladyka. However, the church did not want to immediately involve such an active and profound preacher, and the Roman pontiff himself proclaimed the post of cardinal in Savonarola, and after streaming his preaching fervor, Ale Savonarola proudly saw.

Zreshtoyu, Pope Oleksandr VI in 1497 went into a radical zasob - and the very appearance of the church. Girolamo did not accept any visit and in appeal to the Ecumenical Council. Ale of this position among the people, the bully were already badly kidnapped. Tse allowed to store it in the offensive 1498 publicly strat.

We will convert Savonarola to a Catholic, without stopping at any break or the foundations of the power community. To this end, it was followed by an even stronger signal until the reform could sound stronger and more radical in the stakes of Orthodox Catholics, so as not to miss a look at the formed Catholic doctrines.

The virtue of M. Luther, D. Wiklef, J. Hus and Savonaroly can also be fully respected by the internal church process of reforming church life. Ale tsі dіyachі bouly zanadto radical in their glances, scho і called to іх condemnation і perelіduvannya. At the same hour, the vimogas of the reformations, which sounded from the nadr of the Catholic Church, did not lead to persecution.

The presenter Yurokhin also gave a look at the internal church pre-reformation movement: “Historians see three trends in the pre-reformation era, representatives of whom spoke about the need for changes and reforms in the church. One stretching out pushed to reform the church organization, vvazhayuchi, but if the churches did their best through Edinovladdya Tat<...>Tse sobornu perebіg. The meeting of cathedrals is guilty of being regular. The cathedral is the main organ of the Catholic Church.

There was also a leak, which instructed on the need for reforms in the dogmatic side of Catholic theology. Vono transferred more actively to the text of the Holy Letter - this is the name of the biblian re-entry.

Another current has embraced the mystical components in the Catholic Church, and it has pushed to a new bloodline in the Church. "

Slid here signifies the appearance of the cathedral rue, as it paused to encircle the power of the papa behind the help of the cathedrals. The very center of the current flow is the grains of the maybut rozkolu - the nimetsky bishops are actively forbidden against the Edinovlady of the Roman Vicar. The holy hour in cathedral Russia take care of the fate of the theologian and philosopher Mykola Kuzansky, which is ready to navigate a project on the creation of the Church and Church.

This is the fact that in the middle of the high clergy there is a reason for the need for reforms, a posture with all sorts of sums. For example: in 1512 r at the Lateran Cathedral, the prominent Catholic educator Egidiya Viterbersky spoke about the reform as about the necessary process of updating, which could preserve the life of the church. Such dyachi yak name Wessel Ganforth (1420 - 1489) and English John Colet (1466 - 1519) directly stated the need for term church reform.

However, there were not any reforms, but they called to the laborious ideological vibuhu, but after the active phase of the Reformation and the holding of the Council of Trent (1545 - 1563), it was chosen as a result of the ecclesiastical break, all the course of the process. Verkhovna Vlada Tata navpaki only did her best.

Humanism has become an important change of mind in the future of the Reform. But people, for everything like individuality, humanity, it is inconceivable for themselves to lay down a new style of misinformation - people now begin to start not through artistry, in any way, but only on their right or overconfidence. In the future, the idea will go over to Protestantism, de Lyudin will be put before the eyes of God one on one, the antimicrobials will not require any kind of general structure (church). Aleh humanity became famous not only for its theoretical advances in philosophy, but for its entire concrete robot with the versatile textual basis of that period.

The Italian humanities were engaged in philology, critically grabbed a lot of manuscripts, including the text of the Holy Letter. This kind of activity bore fruit. Zokrema, the humanist Lorenzo Valla (1407 - 1457) gave the detail to N. "Constantan's Gift", a document that was known by the Emperor Kostyantin to grant Tatian power on the territory of the entire Empire.

One of the hundred of humanistic thought of the pre-reformation period can rightfully be respected by Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469 - 1536) and the lesser. Tsey smart lyudina, who knows the caress of the Holy Volodaries and the church leadership, in 1516 I saw the text of the New Zavit as a Greek language, and when the text of the Vulgati was adjusted, it became clear that the Latin text was written in Latin. rewritten. I wish in the future Erasmus did not adhere to the Reformation, his intercessor helped Martin Luther at the earliest times of his activity.

More than one hundred bureaucrat, having squeezed into the development of the Reformation, was the strengthening of the nationality of the European peoples. The development of national and patriotic sentiments was in contrast to the doctrine of the Church as a cosmopolitan, universal society. At the call of the cim, we understand that we should translate the Holy Letter and the Divine Service by the national movs, like mali D. Viklif and Y. Gus.

With such a rite, the main spirit of the hour of that period was impatient to elucidate the ongoing reforms in the Church. They poured a lot of hope for the church cathedrals were held, but more important actions for the reform of the Church were deprived of the ear of a spirited Reformation.

V. P Slobodin to carry out such parallels between the era of pre-reform and the main ideas of the Reformation itself:<…>They were recognized from the glybin of church testimony and in this world they were the fruit and the completion of the moods and ideas of the pre-reformation period. In truth, the idea of the primacy of the Ecumenical Councils has grown in the process of reform into the retention of the papal power, and then into the whole; pragnennya to moral cleansing zvuvali beasts looked up to the first century of Christianity, zhivannya still only one croc to the exclusion of the church transfer, and the condemnation of evil, scho mali on the met , as a dogmatic basis for selling indulgences. "

Having broken through a short, ale dull glance, the epochs of the forefront of the Reformation of the 16th century, we have seen that European culture step by step reappraisal the role of the church in its own light, so that it can change.

The need for renewal and reform became visible to more and more people, clergy and laity. New changes between people (the growth of the growth of national self-awareness) have shown their own natural change in the church structures. A handful of repaired as the activity of innumerable sects, at the sight of the Waldensians, the pre-reform dragged on in their mainstream and theologians and clergy of the church. For now, the reform was not turned around, and in the middle of the transition hour only from the church it was stale, and there would be a planned reform and step-by-step or spontaneous and uncontrolled.

Church vlada in the Middle Capital became a panic political and spiritual power. Zhorstoki tortiri and strati were drawn to her in the name of Christ. Promote humility, vigor and streamlining, church bagatila, making money on panchina, tithe, indulgences... The Ієrarchs of the church lived in rozkoshi, viddayuchis rozgula. During the process, the condemnation and the description of both the rank and file, and the clergymen, took place. At the XII-XIII Art. The Cathari and Albigies opposed them, revolting such bully against the Church. In the end of the XIV Art. We are active in the spiritual development of the Catholic Church and Tata himself, becoming a dominant monk Girolamo Savonarola. Winning a call to the church to see and to the wealth and food, lordship and Marnoslauda, to repentance and asceticism, for buv eddaniy pіd court і sufferings.

Ideas by John Wyclef

Unimportant to the struggle of the Catholic Church against the Ares, they didn’t shy away from it. In the end of the XIV Art. in England, the Rukh took on the form of a violent insurrection. Standing on the rebellion Wat Tyler, At the same time the priest came to him John Ballі the great theologian John Wiklef. In the situation that hung in the midst of the insurrection, the whole program of the Reformation was avenged.

Vіklef having respected, but tato is not guilty of claiming the svіtsku dominion, so as Isus Christ stverdzhuvav, who wіth wіth wіth nіt wіth sіts. The pennies and payments for the church's reproach are voluntary, not primus. Bulo is set for the sacrament rite. V_klef vvazhav, the rite is purely symbolic in nature. For words, they would not imitate over the bread, but they would not become a part of the Til of Christ. Kozhna lyudina has the right to the nobility. Holy Letter bezposredno, and not through priests. Vіklef for the first time re-read the Bible into English translation.

Ideas of Jan Hus

Czechia at that hour was the most advanced in the technical and economic sense of the land in Europe. Here the ideas of Wiklef were developed by a priest and theologian Jan Hus(1369-1415), which stood against the entrusted camp of the clergy and vimagav the family of all Christians before God. It was guilty to know the viraz persh for everything in that, that all Christians are guilty of denying the right to receive communion in the Holy, and in the Blood of Christ. Yak vyavilsya zgodom, tse vimoga played a great role in the struggle for reform. Vimoga secularization of church lands, hanging by Jan Hus, was dominated by both the peasantry and the nobility. The same one-sided podtrimkoy was crushed and opposed to the sale of indulgences.

Dad repeatedly directed against bullies. However, the population of Prague was on the boats of Jan Hus, and the king did not bother to take on a fixed position. Todi tato directing the bull, as if he would allow him to hold the liturgy until quiet feast, if Jan Hus did not leave Prague, or if there would be no visions of Vladi. Even if all the churches in Praz had crept up, and when all the churches had died, Hus was sent to the provinces, devin the author was sent to the provinces, and they were busy transferring them to the whole lot.

If the Ecumenical Council was selected in Constance, Hus was asked to do so in order to discuss the report. In Konstanz, Jan Hus buv secretly took pіd wart і after a decade of burning on bagattі. Through a few months, there is also a share of the spirit and associate of Hus Ivan Prazky. The bend of Jan Hus and Ivronim Prazkiy served as a signal before the revolution of the revolutionary movement began not only in Czechia, but also in all Central Europe. In general Russia, after passing through the reformation of Catholicism, it was not only the religious side that appeared, but the nationally-visually and socially-political side.

The insurrection was stifling only in the grass in 1443, however, it was evident that a fiery crisis was brewing. In all the lands of Europe, the roach widened widely, as the vibuchs of the Reformation grew.

Change of mind and reasons for the Reform

Be it a great suspense-political podiya, and it itself і Reformation, backed up by a whole set of reasons and changes. In order for it to be more beautiful than the intelligence, the process must respectfully look at the situation in front of you. In the XIV - the ear of the XVI century Europe experienced a number of serious internal changes? Among them are social and economic, political, cultural and religious.

In the first place, in Piznish Serednyovichya, one should reclaim a change of the type of vyrobniztva, the emergence of a commercial and industrial vyrobniztva, like coming to the change of natural government gifts, pouring into the suspension device of Europe. There is a class of bourgeoisie, people, like, not volodyucha land volodinnymi, shvidko could create wealth. Qia bourgeoisie is not included in the social structure of middle Europe, in which they live. I won’t be turned up from the camp’s suspension, like it’s tied with the land type of vyrobnitstva With such a rank, the protest of the bourgeoisie against the backyard’s suspension against the church, as it pidtrimuval the price of the camp’s settling down. A whole protest against the ecclesiastical regulation of the church, as from the point of view of the bourgeoisie, repeats of the ecclesiastical regulation of the suspension. The bourgeoisie itself pidtrimuval Reformatsiya penny, zabroyu.

In another way, church taxes were piled up for an hour, a hundred hassles for the population, and often imposed on the rubbing of the international: for example, they were respected, but italians were simply robbing the populace. Besides, the high prices for the administration of church rituals could not fail to attract the widespread dissatisfaction of the population.

In the third place, in the whole period in the Bagatyokh lands, the process of the advancement of feudal fragmentation and the determination of centralized powers is going on. The Catholic clergy at the end of the day claimed to be those who could establish their political hegemony, to support their entire life, state institutions and state power. All the claims of the Catholic Church woke up dissatisfaction between the monarchs and the great Saint feudal lords.

If the fragmented kingdoms were shattered, they were united in the mighty centralized powers. Oh, the rulers didn’t just pushed to go out of order to Papi, but the navpaki didn’t just let go of the order of Papi, but the navpaki didn’t just stop ordering their own power, like a church.

On a quarterly basis, the internal church crisis is spared. The ecclesiastical іnrarchіya has loaded at the vlastnyh ruins and got lost in the fringes of international politics. The papacy entered into an alliance with France and moved to Avignon, which became its center in 1309. up to 1377 In the end, the cardinals, the addictions of those who were distributed between France and Italy, turned one Pope into a letter, and the other - from Veresna in 1377. Great European schism in the papacy was preserved in the period of the rule of many popes. The time of the position was accelerated in the heritage of the Pizansky cathedral, like, having naked the two tat with the heretics, having taken the third one. In addition, there are signs of the fall, the moral expansion of the Catholic Church, and we will tell the testimonies of the whole sale of indulgences. Indulgences was a papal decree, which did not foresee people’s feelings of punishment for their sin in purgatory. A handful of indulgences were given for engaging in spiritual deeds. So Pope Urban called out to the participants of the Christian campaign in 1045. However, until the ear of the 15th century. Indulgences, I would like to be informal, can be bought for a penny, then a new derailment has come, if Pope Sixtus IV has allowed an indulgence for dead relatives to need purgatory. The sale of indulgences by one of the most popular promises, ale won the authority of the church.

On-p'yata, the Catholic Church until the XVI century zosered in its hands the majestic power of the land. The elite of the Bagatyokh of the European powers was the measure of the expatriation of power. Apparently, in 1528 the Danish king Kristian III in the course of the Reform of the secularization of all ecclesiastical power, as a result of which the king's land power grew up in three other ways: the king owned more than half of the land in the land.

In a nutshell, the Renaissance has changed quite a bit by the eyes of Europeans. Ear of Renaissance gave birth to new people in literature and art. In the era of the Renaissance, there was also a richly sanctified people. On these backgrounds, the fanaticism of the Bagatykh Chents and the priests became especially noteworthy.

Small bags can be due to the main social, economic, political and cultural reasons:

1. The crisis of the feudal harmony and the birth of capitalist denominations

2. Formation of centralized powers, change of the king's power.

4. Internal crisis, the fall of the moral authority of the Catholic Church.

Ear of Reformation, the essence of the ruku

Reform (Latin Reformatio - revision, renewal) - mass religious and political movement in the Western and Central Europe XVI - the ear of the XVII century, directing to the reform of Catholic Christianity in the past.

Nimechchina became the father of the Reformation. It was taken on the cob to respect the position of Doctor of Theologian Martin Luther Vittenberg: on October 31, 1517, he beat his "95 tez" to the doors of the Vittenberg Church, in which he played against the other evil evil of the Catholic Church. They have grown up, but the churches and the clergy are not in the middle between God and the people, so the church cannot tolerate sin and sell indulgences. Vira lyudyni is the only one sincere spilkuvannya with God, so the claims of the church for a permanent encampment in the mundane life without prescription. Vimogi the renovation of the church, the development of a part of the її lands turned against the Protestantism of the villagers. The villagers obeyed the protest not only against the church, but against the feudal lords. As a result of the Nimechchino reform, the reform broadened on the other lands of Europe: Switzerland, Netherlands, France, England, Italy. The ambassadors of the Reformation Otrimalized the names of them - Protestant, Lutheran, Huguenot, Calvin, Puritan, etc.

In 1518 r Luther sent a mischievous messenger to Pope Leo X, in return on yak yomu bulo was punished to come to Rome for repentance.

However, Luther turned up to the Saxon Elector Fridrikh the Wise for the haunted letting him be heard on the announcement of the engagement, not overtaking Nimechchin. At the age of 1518 in Augsburg, Cardinal Kaetan, clutching at Luther's side, was seen from his glances, but the Augustinian came to see him, Oskilki, similar to the theologians and priests who do not know the righteous At the beginning of the month, a conflict will get lost. In 1519 r in Leipzig, Luther, having stood against the omnipotent Rome, ascended the priority of the Holy Writ over the papal dominion. It looked like it was in the heart of 1520 r Papa bull "Exsurge Domini" punished Luther to repent in the two thousandth term due to the threat of coming from the church. The reformer publically burned the bull and wrote on it with treatises, which can be referred to the number of the most significant and brightest of his creations. The messenger "Before the Christian nobility of the Nimetsian nation" (serpen 1520) saw the rule of Papa over the Councils, the reign of the priests over the laity, and also the right of the clergy to vivchennya Bible.

The Kintsem of the Reformation of History takes into account the signing of the Westphalian world in 1648, with the help of which the religious factor ceased to play a role in European politics.

What are the main ideas of Protestantism from the Orthodox Catholic Church? I have completed three main caveats:

Poryatunok through Vira

Early Christian community - the ideal of church organization

The ideologues of the Reformation spoke out to the firm, but a man for the sake of his sinful soul does not need to be in the middle of the church. People's pawns can be reached not by the name of the religion, but by the internal type of skin. Forward to Protestantism, it was neatly formulated by Martin Luther. Yogo is famous for the thesis of so і names "about vypravdannya vіroyu". The idea of \ u200b \ u200bfeeding the need for the Catholic Church in that viglyad, in which there was a bull in Western Europe. And itself, zapechuvalosya especially the camp of the clergy as a middleman between God and people.

The Protestants saw the authority of the Sacred Transmission, so that church councils were ordained. Let's unite the dzherel of the religious truth, to the dummy, є Holy Letter, tobto Bibliya. Decree church councils with people, and all people are sinners. That Holy Transfer cannot be an insane authority for the faithful. For all the reformations of the Jews, it was characteristic of the destruction up to the early Christian church, before the revolutions, before the communal organization.

Features of the reformist movement in the lands of Europe

Features of the reformist movement in the lands of Europe:

· Reform in Switzerland

Particularly friendly ground The reform was known in Switzerland, and it was itself here that it broke the onset of the crocodile in ideological and organizational affairs. Here, new systems and Protestantism were boomed and new reformations of church organization were initiated.

The progressive balls of the burghers pushed back to the re-transformation of Switzerland into a federation with a centralized dominion, de facto a place in the city of the cantons. Yak and kripaki, the stench of the bully is set in the secularization of the monastic lands. From the meeting of the ruling eldership and vimagan of the church of suffering and the plebs of the city.

The food of the church reformation of the boule was staged in Switzerland, now in Nimechchin. There was no oppression of the Emperor, of the princely power, and of the weaker Catholic Church. But welcome the problems of the Swiss cantons between themselves, the Swiss and the other regions, as they pushed to put the girly passages, through all the trade flows, through their own control.

Successful advances in Lutheran repairs in Switzerland were the reform of Ulrich Zwingli and Jean Kalvin. Calvin, having written his main treatise, "Povchannya in Christianity", his dogmas were twisted by the interests of the most daring part of the modern bourgeoisie. Calvinism, having forgiven the Christian cult and divine service, giving the church a democratic character (the vibrancy of the church by the laity), having made it all the way to the state. Calvin stands in the same position, well and Luther, so from the point of view of the earth, life is a good time, in the whole life of great garlic it is patience. However, there is a great opportunity for active inclusion of a Christian in earthly affairs. Achievement of good fortune is tied to volodymy and a lot of people, it is necessary to deprive people of the sacrifice of riches from the will of God because of God's will.

The basis of Calvinism is about the Divine Rite. Calvin has forgiven and passed the price, brought it to absolute fatalism: some people have not yet been appointed by God to salvation and heavenly bliss, and they - to perish and to all agony, because no one is right in the right way. Lyudin is not repenting to the one who is wrong, but to the one who is being zoomed to the point. Divinely accustomed to the priesthood of all people, and to that the dear Christian is guilty of living his life in such a way as if it would be of value until then.

· Reform at France

The adherents of the Protestant Church in France were called Huguenots. On the vidminu of the Bagatyokh of the European lands, the stench did not occupy the strictly singing geographic territory; Occurrences of Protestantism were widespread throughout the entire territory of the country. Tse obumovlyuvali especially baked, brotherly character of the religious wars in France.

The situation with the reform in France in the deiakom vіdnoshennі nagaduvala nіmetsku, oskіlki want the central vlada bully to be stronger, the protestors of the provinces were cornered by the rights of significant autonomy, especially in the present, so for now Religious nutrition was mixed with political aspirations. The rulers of the dynasty, the family of Valois, and instead of Bourboni, pushed the stability of the country and the throne, for the help of others, expelling the mensins, or rather tolerance. As a result of the war of the Huguenots, they tripled a ten-year mark, which was written in the Nant edict 1598. I was hoped for freedom of conscience, in the contiguous regions of France, albeit krym - the lot of the great life is rightfully equal. Edict of the buv of chanting only in 1685 rotsi. For the cym, having sent the Masovies of the Huguenots from France.

· Reform in the Netherlands.

The appearance of the first Protestants in the Netherlands for an hour is practically a matter of becoming Luther's propaganda, Protestantism has not become a little bit of a priest in the country. Since 1540 Calvinism has become widespread here. Ideas of the Reforms knew here a friendly ground. There was a large population, especially in the great places - Amsterdam, Antwerp, Leiden, Utrecht, Brussels and other. So, until 1560, there was a large population of Buli by Protestants. Schob zupiniti reformation in the Netherlands Lands, Karl 5 saw a dusher zhorstoky zvіd fence. Residents of the fence about reading not only pratsi Luther, Kalvin and the other reformers, but to read and discuss ... Bibliyu! Be-yaki zbori were barricaded, humiliating or contemplating statues of saints, prikhovaniya heretikiv. Destruction of any kind from the tsikh fence led to death.

Uninvolved in repressions, Protestantism has been militarily established in the Netherlands. Over the hours of the Reformation, a rich calvinism and anabaptism appeared here. At 1561. The Calviens of the Netherlands stubbornly declared that they should accept only that power, for which they do not supervise the Holy Letter.

· Reform in England.

Features of the Reform in England. At the meeting of the Nimechchin with the initiative of the Reformation in England, it was not the tide, but the king himself. Genrikh VIII, friendship on Catherine of Aragon, relatives of the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Charles V, prompting her to be separated. Ale Pope Clement VII did not give his wife to be separated. The objections of the English king in 1534 bared the church of England to go under the order of the Roman throne. Bully closed the monasteries, and the main thing went to the state. The king appropriated sob the right to designate bishops. The archbishop of Canterbury became the patron saint of the English church. In 1571, the English parliament passed the law "39 articles", in which the main principles of the English Protestant church were adopted. The Church denounced it as the English symbol, and the principle of the revision - the Anglican symbol of the virgin. Like Lutheranism, the Anglican Church was celebrating the day of salvation, and the Holy Letter was one of the dzherel of Divine blood, for the truth. Yak and from the Lutherans, in the English Church two sacraments were taken - baptism and communion. Ale on the vidminu from them, there was saved a written Catholic divine service, as well as an episcopal way.

· Reform in the ITALY

At the time of the great majority of the European regions, in the Italy, the Protestant Movement did not know the appearance of either the broad masses of the people or the middle powers. Italia, as it was overpowered by the strong and we were ready to pour in tata, lost it to Catholicism.

The ideas of the Anabaptists and Antitrinitarians became attractive to the common people, and a wide expansion of it appeared in Italy in the first ten years of the 16th century. Particularly great scale of reforms took place in the Pivdenniy Italii, and they were clearly antipapal and anti-Spanish in character. Naples became one of the main centers of the Reformation. At the head of the reformist ruu, they were celebrated in Lucca and Florence, Venice and Ferrari, and a number of other towns. The reform, which did not wriggle into Italy in the great social movement, lagged behind the overthrow of the Catholic Church.

Reform in ON

Reform ideas penetrated into Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by means of new paths. Cultural and political links from the Czech Republic led the way for the influx of the religious-national movement of the Hussites. Navchannya in the universities of the Nimechchina knew the young landowners of the magnate princelings with the new reformations. Merchants of the Nimetsian townspeople from the places of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania tied them up with their partners.

The priesthood of the Grand Duchy from Poland and the establishment of its independence respected that Calvinism could be given to a certain ideological obedience, which Catholicism, Polish and Orthodox Christians, in the past could not have done. In the middle of the XVI century. The reform led to the fact that the gentry, behind the witnesses of the fellows, mayzhe tsilkom Bula Protestants. Every time there was no need to celebrate, for example, in the Novogrudok Voivodship, for example, out of 600 names of the Orthodox gentry in their era have lost only 16.

The first reformist community in Bilorus was set up in Brest by the "uncrowned king of Lithuania" Mikola Radzivill Chorniy. From the middle of the XVI century. such masses began to appear in Nesvizh. Galushki, Zaslavl, Minsk, Vitebsk, Polotsk and other places and places. Under them, churches, schools, spitals-pubs were organized. Keruvali was a mass of Protestant priests, who were called "ministers". In the XVI - the first half of the XVII century. on the territory of Bilorus, 85 Calvinist and 7 Arian communities were built. Important ideas and problems of Calvinism were discussed at synods, the participants of which represented either the surrounding districts or all the communities of the Great Duchy. Inodi synodi were held for the participation of Polish Protestants.

The most important Calvinist centers are Berestya, Nesvizh, Vitebsk, Minsk, Slutsk and іn. Until the end of the 16th century, the organizational and territorial structure of the Calvinist Church at the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was formed. The reform has revived the spiritual life of the suspension, promoted the development of culture and culture, expanded international contacts between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Europe.

However, the broad masses of the people have become deaf to the ideas of the Reformation. In general and її information from Europe. Besides, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania felt a wide spread of heretical ideas of anti-Trinitarianism of the Arian directing. Yogo representatives (for example, Simon Budny) stood up against the power, advocated the spirit of the lane, etc., and called them to a conflict with the Calvinist gentry. At the same hour, Rome started a counter-reform right. In the Great Principality of Litovsk, 1564 r mіsioneri-zuyti - "servants of Christ", who called Simon Budny characteristically, "devil's nasinnya", arrive. On Bilorusi they didn’t burn in the ignorance of the Inquisition, there weren’t Bartholomew's nights, Ale Uzuyti took coverage in their hands: they saw 11 colleges on Bilorusia. Children were taken right there from every batkiv. By the end of the collegiate stench they became Catholics. The Uzuity have memorized the book market with the prats of the writers of the order, they took it to the point of goodness ...

Zusilya Uzuytiv bore fruit: Protestantism began to grow. The process of catholicizing the balls that were transferred to the Reformation, adding a mass character. Until the end of the 17th century. the counter-reform in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania overcame.

Such a rank in the European regions of the Reformation wants a small spilny rice, an idea, a gateway to the Catholic Church, a small and suttuvі vіdmіnnosti: steps of change, paths of carrying out ("from the top" to the bottom) and the result. Netherlands, England. The Catholic Church was able to reduce its inflow in Italy, France, Spain. Surprised at the whole list, you can note that the first group of countries - the powers - have significantly outstripped their success in the new era of success. A protestant church, what about a zbig? A Nimetsian philosopher and social scientist, having taken into account the sound of the ringing.

Protestantska Trudova Etika

Protestant labor ethics - the doctrine of good deeds, the need for pratsyuvati summarily and diligently, has been reliably grounded.

The term "Protestant labor ethics" is a book of introductions to the science of science by the famous sociologist and philosopher Max Weber in his famous practice "Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism" in 1905.

Protestant ethics є an informal system of norms and values to Protestantism, which regulates human behavior and behavior according to social and ethical assessments. On the basis of the Evangelical commandments, the rules of Protestant ethics are not strictly fixed and not included in the canon. Smell of revenge in the books of the ideologists of the Reformation, for the reason they are included, some of the rules are included in the specific advice of the reform. The term "Protestant ethics" and yogo equivalents ("Calvinist morality", "puritanical labor ethics") are not typical for theological vocabulary - they know the understandable strictness of the leading rank in sociological and religious sciences. Protest, the soulful corpus of moral principles, the real spirit of those in Protestantism is designated by the way that the stench of the sutta swings around the witness of the reformed Christianity.

M. Weber respected that in Nimechchin (inhabited by both Catholics and Protestants) the most beautiful economic successes were dominated by Protestants; The stinks themselves were stacked by kistiak of pedagogues and high-quality technical equipment. In addition, Protestant lands developed dynamically, such as the United States, England and Holland.

On the thought of M. Weber, the economic development and development of the European American capitalism explained by the manifestation of Protestant ethics, which summed up the work of the establishment and rational organization of the robot.

A lot of sociologists explained the economic success of Protestant communities, but the work ethics of the bully was not only for the main mass of the population, but for the elite groups, including the pedagogical class. In the cikh suspensions of the achievement of material prosperity, a criterion of jealousy and consistency of labor efficiency was discerned.

On the thought of M. Weber, think of the capitalism of the boule in ancient Greece, and ancient Rome, but in the ancient suspension of the pratsya, but not prestigious, but with a share of slaves. M. Weber developed "modern capitalism" and "traditional capitalism" and developed a Protestant type of behavior often morally condemned in traditional suspensions.

Rice of Protestant communities is characteristic - the commercialization is not just for the sake of special living, but in the quality of a good-natured kind of efficiency. When M. Weber especially nurtured the asceticism of the Protestant children, the bagatom of some strangers' boules showed the rosette and malnutrition, and they looked at the wealth deprived of a kindly vicarious obedience to God.

In opposition to the Protestants, the capital of the traditional suspension, the navpaks, pushed back the power of Zusilla and the will of the most simple to see the wages, for example, the nobility of establishing a monopoly for a special kind of people.

M. Weber vvazhaє, that Protestant labor ethics does not rule over people from nature and is the product of a trivial vikhovannya. You can take a trivial hour to spare, if you can bring moral and material returns.

M. Weber's point of view will be taken away from the deyake of pidtverdzhennya during the analysis of contemporary Protestant communities in Latin America (de milyoni of people for the last 20 years passed from Catholicism to Protestantism). How to show how long ago, because people from the local faiths came to change religion, they used to live their lives, not Catholics.

Protestant ethics sanctified pratsyu and condemned inconsistency, a practical inheritance of what is in the ranks of the regions of Bulo Suvore anti-vagrant legislation. The interpretation of the profession as a response to the vimogu (call) of God was breaking through the specialness and continually thoroughly comprehended in a moral sense. Pikluvannya zebrakiv, which looked out in Catholicism as one of the "good", Protestantism condemned - merciful minds in front of us, as the hope of giving the opportunity, is the craft and pratsyuvati. With a special garlic, mercy was respected - the marnotity of the unimportant capital invested in the boule of the grave. Protestant ethics governed the whole way of life: її vimogas were put up to the general and social (lawfulness) discipline and good practice; won’t suck up a drink and let it go, let it go to children, start reading and reading and thinking about it; The true Christian of zobov'yazan will be good in the pobut, neat and diligent in the prats, honest in the vicon of zobov'yazan. The literacy of the bullet is pleasing to the Gods, who in the lands of the land, which took Protestantism as a state religion, adopted the laws about obov'yazkovu pochatkovu coverage.

At the end of the day, you can refer to material that shows the biblical root of Protestant ethics:

· Barred wages payment - "You will not rot your neighbor, and you will not grabuvati. The hireling's wages are innocent of you until the wound" (Bible, Levit 19: 13).

· Zaboroneni znushchannya and zhorstoka panuvannya bosses over pidleglimi - "Do not be happy with him zhorstoko" (Biblia, Levit 25: 43).

· On the thought of Protestants, the God of Biblia wants to see the high quality of goods and services and honestly placed before the clients and the defense of brehlivs, the ways of getting rid of - "prydannya mena in a language - you will not be curious about marnot, you will not be judged by death" (6) Proverbs world, at the vase and in the world of birth, you will be in you, you will be,

· Intercourse of a working day and a working day behind the help of a fence pratsyuvati on the 7th day of working, which is called a day of peace. In Hebrew, the word spokiy sounds like Shabbat, from which the Russian word of Subot has become: "Sip the day in peace, for the sainthood of yo, as the Lord, Thou hast punished you; Do not be afraid in him of any right, ni, ni yours, not your daughter, not your servant, not your servant, not your servant, and your donkey, and all your thinness, you will not , so that he has accepted thy servant, and thy servant, yak and ti "(Repeating the Law 5: 12-14),

This rank, the theoretical base of Protestant ethics, is to become Protestant intelligence of people, concretized in the concept of grace, priestly, worship, etc. The principles of morality were based on them, they also diverged from the christian morality of the middle. It is common to Protestantism, the main signs of preservation before salvation are the strength of the virginity, the productivity of work and success. The pragmatism of the person to bring their own and those who are concerned has created the strongest incentive to accept the basis of new moral norms and criteria. (Dodatok №) Money power and wealth of steel pleasing to God.

Bags and inheritances of the Reformation

It is hard to characterize the bags of the reformist movement unambiguously.

On one side, a Catholic light, which unites all the peoples of Western Europe, with the spiritual core of Papi Rimsky, having pinned down the idea. One Catholic church was replaced by the lack of national churches, which were often left behind in all sorts of rulers. (Dodatok №) As a result, Lutheran clerks have become a large population in Pivnichniy Nimechchin, Dania, Scandinavia, Baltic. Protestants were rewarded in Scotland and the Netherlands, as well as in some cantons of Switzerland, I want the messengers of this war of boule and in the Ugorsk region, Central Nicholas and France. The Anglican Church was established in England.

Moreover, the Reformation called to bloody civil-religious wars. The great ecclesiastical communities in the Protestant light did not bother to set up the links with the sovereign apparatus. The ringing reached the point where the church appeared under the five junior princes, part of the bureaucratic administration. We will show you the butt of the Anglican Church, as the winner of the King's Initiative, the King and Queen of the Official Church, as the heads of the Church.

As a natural result of the evil of the church and the powers, the rich countries hunted so-called religious wars, in which the warrantor of the religion was fighting for political and economic interests. With our summaries of information Thirty times war, Swiss war, France's fight, villager's war in Nimechchin.

On the other side, the national churches received the growing national testimony of the peoples of Europe. When tsomu іstotno pіdvischivsya cultural i osvіtnіy rіven zhitelіv bagatoh kraїn Zahіdnoї Єvropi - neobhіdnіst vivchennya Bіblії led to zrostannya yak Pochatkova The Teaching zakladіv (mainly in formі Church parafіyalnih shkіl), so i vischih scho virazilosya in stvorennі unіversitetіv for pіdgotovki kadrіv natsіonalnih church ... For children, the letters have been specially broken down, so the mother can see them with the help.

Prior to the found inheritance of a wide suspicious-political movement, the next step is to bring:

· The reform has meaningfully welcomed the changes of the old of the feudal economics to the new - capital.

The cost to the economy, to the development of industry, to the development of expensive services (so the very expensive services) has taken the accumulated capital, which has been invested in trade and marketing. As a result, the Protestant powers began to vireage in the economic development of Catholic and Orthodox. The very ethics of the Protestants has given rise to the development of the economy.

· The reform took the development of democracy not only in the Church, but in the state.

The voicing of spiritual rationality stimulated the development of a manifestation of political equality. So, in the provinces, the reformists became, for the most part, the laymen saw great opportunities in the governing of the church, and the bulk of the people - in the governing state.

· The reform has celebrated a great inflow on the mass of Europeans, gave a new type of specialty and a new system of values.

Protestantism in people is in the grip of religion in practical life. Religiya has become a special right people. Religious testimony changed by the light of the eye. The specialness of people is given a special role in the її individual spirituality with God. The additions in the middle of the church, Lyudin is now himself guilty of being responsible for his own children, so that more visibility has been relied on.

Entry

The reform is the most suspicious-political crumble of the 16th century, which has covered the whole of Europe. The reform and ideological development of the early bourgeois revolution, evolving a special type of human specialty, formulating the foundations of bourgeois morality, religion, philosophy, ideology of civilian principle, The reform became a spiritual response to the crisis, throwing the human spirit of the social, economic and cultural situation of the 16th century. Krym tsyogo, Reformatsiyya - rukh, wiklican with glibo-planed crisis of western European regions. Christmas spirituality, on the thought of political and economic policymakers, to enter the period of political, socially-economic, glaring crisis. That is why I put the actual nutrition of the Reformation into the present. In my robot, I want to make a note of respect for the social and economic aspects of this ruch. At the same time, I emphasized my respect for the social and economic reasons and inheritance of the process and looking at the social and economic aspects of the Protestants.

Meta of my robots:

Stitching through the links of the Reforms and social and economic development of the regions of Europe, XVI - XVII centuries "

From the declared statement, I have put the bullets as follows:

1. To look at the causal links of the European Reform.

2. Vivify the social and economic aspects of the views of the Protestant revolutions.

3. To give an assessment of the political and political movement of the Reformation.

Protestant reform ekonomichny Europe

In the course of the robotics over the abstract, I vikoristovuvav previdkova literature, monographs Bezold F., Kosarov L.S., Porozovskaya B.D. Great respect for the robot on the topic, I approached the robot of M. Bober "Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism Weber M." Krim ts'go in robotics Vikoristani Internet materials: filosof. historic.ru, slovari. yandex.ru, wikipedia.org

Change of mind and reasons for the Reform

In another way, church taxes were piled up for an hour, a hundred hassles for the population, and often imposed on the rubbing of the international: for example, they were respected, but italians were simply robbing the populace. Solovyov E.Yu. The hour on the right of Martin Luther. - M., 1991 Christ, the high prices for the administration of church rituals could not fail to attract the widespread dissatisfaction of the population.

On a quarterly basis, the internal church crisis is spared. The ecclesiastical іnrarchіya has loaded at the vlastnyh ruins and got lost in the fringes of international politics. The papacy entered into an alliance with France and moved to Avignon, which became its center in 1309. up to 1377 In the end, the cardinals, the addictions of those who were distributed between France and Italy, turned one Pope into a letter, and the other - from Veresna in 1377. Great European schism in the papacy was preserved in the period of the rule of many popes. The time of the position was accelerated in the heritage of the Pizansky cathedral, like, having naked the two tat with the heretics, having taken the third one. In addition, there are signs of the fall, the moral expansion of the Catholic Church, and we will tell the testimonies of the whole sale of indulgences. Indulgences was a papal decree, which did not foresee people’s feelings of punishment for their sin in purgatory. A handful of indulgences were given for engaging in spiritual deeds. So Pope Urban called out to the participants of the Christian campaign in 1045. However, until the ear of the 15th century. Indulgences, I would like to be informal, can be bought for a penny, then a new derailment has come, if Pope Sixtus IV has allowed an indulgence for dead relatives to need purgatory. Bezolda F. History of the Reformation in Nimechchin. - M., 1987. The sale of indulgences by one of the most popular promises, ale won the authority of the church.

Small bags can be due to the main social, economic, political and cultural reasons:

1. The crisis of the feudal harmony and the birth of capitalist denominations

2. Formation of centralized powers, change of the king's power.

3. Expansion of Ideas of Revival.

4. Internal crisis, the fall of the moral authority of the Catholic Church.

1.What are the views of the social democracy of Europe and the views of K. Marx and F. Engels? 2. What about revizionism? Decorate look yogo

representatives

3. What was the role of social democrats in the lands of Western Europe in 1920s?

4.Explain the reasons for the change in views and actions of communes and social democrats.

5.Why did Italy and Nimechchin become Batkiv's fascism? Yaka ideology lay at the base of the political movement?

6.Compare the way of denouncing fascism in Italy and Germany.

At the 16th century, Nimechchina was hunted by the Reformation - a wide rush for renewal, reform of the Catholic Church. Lyudnoyu, scho poklav the ear of the Reformation, є

Martin Luther. Representatives of all countries took part in the new one. First and foremost, the topic is relevant and at a time. The reform in Nimechchyna is detailed with a lot of happy holidays, as well as often a documentary film about it. Throwing my eyes to see the reform in the land. And the past meal is like this: "Did the Reformation of Martin Luther infiltrate the Nimechchina?" I think there are more positive influences than negative ones. First, as a result of the Reformation, the Catholic Church lost significant power in Nimechchin. This fact was even more important in the development of the country, because the church of Nicholas did not like the innovation, because it could negatively slip into them, і skinny times іnіkritі і іnі ideas took for іrе. Surely well, without innovation, there was no development. Along with the reforms, the situation changed, showing more and more new indications, which took the booming development of the country in 18 centuries. In another way, the Reformation positively infused the spiritual interests of the inhabitants of Nimechchin. Sixteen centuries of people were not satisfied with the church for its expensive rituals, love of corysty, great wealth and great land volodinnya. For that, people didn’t respect the church with “the trick of the soul”. The first idea of Martin Luther, in what he was living, that people could not be consumed in the middle between God, opened the doors to the true truth. As a result of a new religious trend, Protestantism. Thirdly, the Reformation has overshadowed innumerable literary monuments, such as "95 tez", "Article sheet", "Twelve articles". Most of them are messages about religion, written records. Quarterly, more of the land of the Catholic Church has been secularized. In the name of secularization and supremacy over the church, it was the main reason for the success of Luther's Reformation, and for the princes it was a great success, and they did not have the same vibration, they didn’t have a lot of reform. In the first place, in 1524, a huge vіyna, yaka triva rіk, was reigned. The reason for the bully is the dissatisfaction of the peasants, tied to the intermarriage of their freedoms, to the increased lordship and church tithes. The stinks are ready to tell only those light orders, which can be decorated with the texts of the Bible. It's a pity the rebels didn't just play, but they destroyed their camp. Nearly 100 thousand people died in the winery, and the main number of victims was the villagers. In a different way, in the course of the Reforms, the bullets of rich historical memorials, linked with Catholicism: ikons, churches, etc. This is a great waste for the master of Germania. In the course of last week, I made a splash, but in the whole the Reformation was infused positively. Vona accepted the development of Nimechchin, showed Protestantism and miraculous literary memorials, expanded the powers of the state by secularization. Ale boules and negativities: huge vitality, dementia of catalytic monuments.
Yak you ese?

Throughout the entire Middle Church, the role in the life of the suspension is significant; Ecclesiastical ієrarhіya Bula Povny vіdobrazhennyam ієrarhії svіtskoї: podіbno before yak in svіtskomu feudal suspіlstvі vishikuvalisya rіznі categories senyorіv i vasalіv - od King (High senyora) to litsarya so i member of klіru graduyovanim of feudal stages od tata (High pervosvyaschenika) to parafіyalnogo cure ... As a great feudal lord, the churches in the foreign powers of Western Europe volodil up to 1/3 of all the crumbled earth, on which the victoriously grew up in the past, they stagnated the same methods and priyomy. Usurping by such a rank the ready forms of the feudal suspension, accepting from them indiscriminate fruits, as the organization of the church instantly formed the ideology of the feudal suspension, setting their beloved ones of the rule of justice. The monarchs of Europe were sent to their own ranks to be-yakі vitrati, so that all the clientele must be sanctioned for their panuvannya.

The feudal Catholic Church, the number of ideological sanctions of the middle-aged suspension, could sustain and prosper to quiet feasts, leaving the panuval and the material basis - the feudal harmony. Already in the 14th-15th centuries, a handful of things in the Middle Italy and Flanders, and from the end of the 15th century and everywhere in Europe, the formation of a new class began to grow, step by step to grab the economy in its hands, and because of the established A new class, which is a pretender for panuvannya, needs a new ideology. Vlasne, there wasn’t such a new thing: the bourgeoisie didn’t get to see it from Christianity, but it’s not the same Christianity, as the old society served; the new religion is guilty of being guilty of being led to Catholicism in the first place of the Church by its simplicity and cheapness; First and foremost, the entire path of organizing the church with the toms, cardinals, bishops, monasteries and church lands was simply awkward. In quiet powers, the king's vlada was strong, and where the nazustric national bourgeoisie (for example, in the English France), the Catholic Church was surrounded by special decrees in its claims, and in such a way it was hidden for an hour. In Nimechchina, for example, the central vlada of the Bula was primarial and the papal curiosity received the power of the sovereign, as in its patrimony, the Catholic Church, with numerous extortions and health, wished the primal hate, and the unclean

Besides the economic and national oppression of the overthrow of the Reform, humanism and the change in the intellectual middle of Europe served. The critical spirit of the era of the Renaissance made it possible to take a fresh look at all the phenomena of culture, including religion. The Revival's emphasis on individuality and the specialty of being able to take a critical look at the church structure, which has brought its own kind of revisionism, and the fashion for old manuscripts that first began to revive the respect of people against the persistence of the church structure People, awakened by a rosum and a worldly glance, became critically adjusted to the religious life of the Catholic Church.

It is hard to characterize the bags of the reformist movement unambiguously. On one side, a Catholic light, which unites all the peoples of Western Europe, with the spiritual core of Papi Rimsky, having pinned down the idea. One Catholic church was replaced by the impossibility of national churches, as they were often left behind by the saint rulers, so that earlier the clergy could appeal to papa in the quality of an arbiter. On the other side, the national churches received the growing nationality of the peoples of Europe. At the same time, the culturally evolving cultural and educational traditions of the inhabitants of Pivne Europe, in such a way as the biological outskirts of the Christian Holy establishment of universities for the training of personnel of national churches. For children, the letters have been specially broken down, so the mother can see them with the help.

The main achievements of the Reforms were those that were meaningfully accepted by the old men of the feudal economics on the new capital [approx. 2]. The cost to the economy, to the development of industry, to the development of expensive services (so the very expensive services) has taken the accumulated capital, which has been invested in trade and marketing. As a result, the Protestant powers began to vireage in the economic development of Catholic and Orthodox. The very ethics of the Protestants gave rise to the development of the economy.

Entry

Meta of my robots:

Stitching through the links of the Reforms and social and economic development of the regions of Europe, XVI - XVII centuries "

From the declared statement, I have put the bullets as follows:

1. To look at the causal links of the European Reform.

2. Vivify the social and economic aspects of the views of the Protestant revolutions.

3. To give an assessment of the political and political movement of the Reformation.

Protestant reform ekonomichny Europe

Change of mind and reasons for the Reform

In another way, church taxes were piled up for an hour, a hundred hassles for the population, and often imposed on the rubbing of the international: for example, they were respected, but italians were simply robbing the populace. Solovyov E.Yu. The hour on the right of Martin Luther. - M., 1991 Christ, the high prices for the administration of church rituals could not fail to attract the widespread dissatisfaction of the population.

On a quarterly basis, the internal church crisis is spared. The ecclesiastical іnrarchіya has loaded at the vlastnyh ruins and got lost in the fringes of international politics. The papacy entered into an alliance with France and moved to Avignon, which became its center in 1309. up to 1377 In the end, the cardinals, the addictions of those who were distributed between France and Italy, turned one Pope into a letter, and the other - from Veresna in 1377. Great European schism in the papacy was preserved in the period of the rule of many popes. The time of the position was accelerated in the heritage of the Pizansky cathedral, like, having naked the two tat with the heretics, having taken the third one. In addition, there are signs of the fall, the moral expansion of the Catholic Church, and we will tell the testimonies of the whole sale of indulgences. Indulgences was a papal decree, which did not foresee people’s feelings of punishment for their sin in purgatory. A handful of indulgences were given for engaging in spiritual deeds. So Pope Urban called out to the participants of the Christian campaign in 1045. However, until the ear of the 15th century. Indulgences, I would like to be informal, can be bought for a penny, then a new derailment has come, if Pope Sixtus IV has allowed an indulgence for dead relatives to need purgatory. Bezolda F. History of the Reformation in Nimechchin. - M., 1987. The sale of indulgences by one of the most popular promises, ale won the authority of the church.

Small bags can be due to the main social, economic, political and cultural reasons:

1. The crisis of the feudal harmony and the birth of capitalist denominations

2. Formation of centralized powers, change of the king's power.

3. Expansion of Ideas of Revival.

4. Internal crisis, the fall of the moral authority of the Catholic Church.

Late after the ear of the era of cultural revival, the Great Geographical Indications and the hospitable international supernatural in Europe, a grand revolution in the spiritual sphere appeared, which took the form of the religious Reform.

change the minds of the reform

The understanding of the "Reformation" signifies a wide collapse for the modernization of the Catholic Church, which burst into flames in all Europe, as it called in the bag until the adoption of the new, so-called "Protestant" churches. The reform took place in the most of the Italian warriors, in which practically all the powers of Europe took part, which began in the course of the reform in the Russian lands.

The humanism of the era of the Renaissance, putting in the center of respect people with earthly, creepy interests, which manifested itself to see the behavior of the high priests of the Catholic Church. In the end of the XV - the first half of the XVI century. The Roman throne one after the one was occupied by the tata, who were seen to the prazkoshi, glorified to those who were far away, serving God on the right. Tsi "renaissance tata" were famous for their lack of principles and unrepentant behavior, not being scared before the murder and by the evil malignancies in order to reach their goals. Zrozumilo, well, this behavior weakened the authority of the church and supported the pragmatic before the reforms.

The main reason for the Reformation became the internal crisis of the Catholic Church itself. A protest against the official church was raised from the city of religious honor. It is necessary to vrakhovuvati, so the religion is small persochergove meaning in the spiritual life of the middle-aged people, by virtue of all this svitoglyad, and through the new one - all the behavior. In fact, be it any change in the galuzzi, great inheritance was poured into literally all sides of life.

Stretching out of the midst of the Middle Ages in the European support, as respected by the God of the "Christian Republic," In reality, the life of the church, as it was building, entered into a clear rubbing of the Christian revolutions. Particularly the stupefaction wicked the inconsistency of the way of life of the church servants of the one who preached the stench. The behavior and the policy, which is being carried out by Rome, provoked such a reaction as a result, and called it to the Catholic Church. The Reform rook, in such a rank, was not antireliginny, but anti-church in nature. It is not enough on the basis of a change of faith in the fight against the revolution of the Catholic clergy.

Rejection wicked, persh for everything, to feed the Roman church. All those who were paid tithing - a special tribute in the range of 1/10 of all income. Was conducted during the trade in church estates, scho did it on the cob of the XVI century. in conjunction with the Italian wines. The clearing of the top of the Catholic Church knows everything new and new. In all Europe, there is a majestic number of monasteries, but there are not so many great lands of life and wealth, with a number of populations, a way of life that gave a reason for throwing away from inconsistencies.

A great role in the success of the Reform was brought about by a rapid development of book-making, which gave the ability to grow more accessible, and it helped bring new ideas to the public for a wide distribution of new religious ideas.

Nemechchina ahead of the Reforms

Batkivshchyna Reformatsiya became Nimechchina, de all accumulated until the ear of the XVI century. problems were seen especially badly. Of great importance are the little ones who, stretching out the capital in Nimechchina, have formed their own traditions of religious thought, which evolved from the rest of Europe. Itself here the People's Movement was declared for the "new piety", the participants of which were maggized independently to vivchati Holy Letter. At the same hour, the preachers appeared in Nimechchin, they called out to a simple life in the Evangelical wretchedness, the stench was picking up the number of heralds around them.

The Catholic Church in Nimechchin has occupied a fortunate camp in the same lands. Vona Volodya mayzhe third of all Nimetsky lands and was ordered by a majestic number of villagers. The churches in Nimechchin are larger, not be-yak іnsha, lay down to Rome. The fall of the imperial power gave the Tatars the opportunity to practically uncontrollably work on the territory of the Holy Roman Empire of the Nimetsky Nation.

In a simple way, the income from the buv sales of indulgences - special testimonials about the "release" of images. At the XVI century. trade with indulgences has become the call of no-nonsense. For a penny, the church is ready to try not only to get past the shit, ale and maybutny, guaranteeing the lack of money and actually wanting to live in hell.

Ear of Reformation in Nimechchin

Sales of indulgences, distribution for financing the future of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, had a particularly wide range under Pope Leo X (1513-1521 rr.). People who threw you a wiklik, becoming a Saxon monk Martin Luther (1483-1546).

The Maybutny reformer was born in the family of the miner, and became the owner of a small industrial enterprise. It’s a little bit of rocky provinces at the monastery, and then theology of theologian at the University of Vittenberg, who was rooted at the Duke of Saxony’s Volodymyrs. The good knowledge of church life and deep thoughts on religious problems led Luther to think about the need to cleanse the Catholic Church from all the vices that were wicked in the back of the village. We are grateful for the achievement of the tsієї meti vіn bachiv from those who were converted to the ideals of early Christianity, since the only authority for Christians has acquired the text of the Bible in its primordial purity.

On the 31st of 1517, Luther brought the famous “95 tez” to the door of the church at Vittenberz, which was taken up at that time. Qia podіya vvazhaєya on the cob of the Reformation.

Shifting from Latin to the name of Luther's words, the words of Luther were dramatically widened throughout all of the people, the zealous young people were thinking about the establishment that was formed in the country. Trying to get rid of some of the best ideas has led to the deprivation of respect for the people even more than the severity of Luther.

In 1520 r Luther broke the offensive, more and more luscious croc, publishing the beast "Before the Christian nobility of the Nimetsky nation about the correction of Christianity" On proof of the seriousness of his intentions, Luther defiantly burned a papa bull about the visit from the church.

In 1521 r Luther blamed on the Reichstag at Worms, de standing before the court of Emperor Charles V. For example, the legend, at the announcement of his incursion, the unprepared reformer lucidly stating: "I cannot stand on that." The Emperor at that moment was not up to Nimechchin. I wanted to go to France, who was not in the most critical history of Nimechchini’s history because she needed it for the development of his own political ideas. Charles V saw the edict about the condemnation of Luther, and he was constantly at the house of the Duke of Saxon Fridrikh the Wise, who was the first of the great Nimetsian princes to side with the Reformation.

Luther made a shift from Biblia to a good news, which played a colossal role in the history of good culture, giving an impulse to the formation of good literature. Luther's shift became the basis of the entire system of Nimetsian education, which was given great significance.

Religiyne vchenya, based on the ideas of Luther, was called Lutheranism. In the Danish hour, there are dozens of millions of messengers from the Bagatykh lands of the world (they are also called Evangelical Christians, or Evangelists).

The main sense of Lutheranism is built up to the idea of "truthfulness to the truth", which means the vision of the first manifestation of the relevance to the corny of the inner experience of the skin people. The voice of the soul was voiced by the individual right of the person, but not being drawn from the side of the official church. Holy Letter was denuded by the only authority among the nurses of the virgin, who did not demand any in any tampering, but more - in the formal decisions of the church for his approval.

Lutheranism kept the lack of need in the middle between people and God - and, in such a rank, the lack of need for the church as a special organization. New vchennya conveyed a message from the blessed aspects of the church lane. At the place of small, richly decorated Catholic churches, "cheap churches" came, the unused embellishments and written rituals were removed. From the Catholic Church, they were deprived of those who did not directly supervise the Writing: chrest, vivtar, organ. There are few of those that are more important than Latin liturgical services that were now being conducted on the occasion of the next day. Religin life is now being re-enacted in church communities, ocholyuvannym preachers - pastors.

Selyanska Viyna

The reform gave rise to hopes for the re-creation of the Nimetsian suspension. All over the country, the change is widening, so there is a light ahead of the coup d'état, prepared by the whole course of history. Nicholas before, Nimechchina did not experience such a pore of nadiy, entuziasm, or an update.

The hatred of Rome for the last hour was overwhelmed by the minds of forgetting about the ideas of interests, which became even wider in the number of students in the hands of social forces;

The first person to take on their interests was a nimetska. However, the face of the insurrection has become aware of the misfortunes, it has called to the weakening of both the independent community's strength and the step-by-step knowledge of the historical arena.

The broad masses of the people, in their own way, tinted "Christian freedom" and vimagali the money of the mind and mind of their life. The result was the "People's Reformation". Until 1525 r, the entire Nimechchina was hunted by the rebels, which they called the Selyansk Vinyi. These events took up an important place in the history of Nimechchin in the period before the New Hour. The stench has become the inheritance of the rapid destruction of the minds of the peasantry, and the Reformation has given the basis to the villagers.

In the most recent document of the Selyanskoy Vіyny - "12 Articles" - it was read: "The day of all the rural articles (as far as you can clearly see the distance) is straightforward to the point of being aware of the evangelism and life with him."

They pointedly showed that the podiatry began to develop not so, as by allowing the initiator of the Reformation. Luther condemned the revolts by publishing the brutal "Against the rogue village hordes."

Fighting bore a bitter character, in the course of the strangling of the villagers, the insurrection buried close to 100 yew. Cholovik.

The prince of reform and the department of reform in Nimechchin

Pislya end The village war on the right The princes took over the reformations, as they made a permanent camp in the podiatry, which is going to be built. Having repaired the period of the Reformation, which I will call the "prince" Reformation. The inclusion of the junior princes in the reformation of the ruh came to a new age.

In the Nimetsky Empire, two categories of princes were eliminated: the princes of the Holy and the princes of the church. Seriously rubbed against them. The reform gave a credence to the princes of sainthood for the expansion of their powers for the rakhunok of the powers of church princes.

The rapid expansion of the Reform throughout the empire was also taken up by the struggle for power between the emperor and princes. The reform allowed the princes of the saints to make their own camp in the Empire for the rakhunok of the weakened power of the monarch.

The head snake of the "prince" of the Reformation was the drowning of monastic lands and the secularization of church powers, so that the brutality of church power (overwhelming land) into svitsku. Charles V did not immediately get involved in a conflict between the princes and the church. The whole hour was spent in Italy. At 1529 r, after writing to the world in Kamor, Charles V took off, nareshti, the opportunity to take care of the nimets' right. In front of the Emperor he fenced in the burial place of the monastic and church lane and updated the Imperial Edict of 1521 about the fence of Lutheranism. The time of the decision woke up to the celebrations of the protest of the five princes and 14 imperial cities - the attachments of the Reformation. Looks like an understanding of Protestantism and Protestant, as they became the gross names for the whole reformatory movement and the last post.

With the help of Charles V, the unity of Nimechchin did not come to the fore. The furnishings, bound by the outward policy, mocked the emperor of the new power to fight against the Protestants. Tilki of laying in 1544 r svit with France untied Charles V's hands to fight with the Protestants. The first Religion Viyna in Nimechchin (1546-1547 rr.) Ended with a quick change of the Emperor. However, in the course of another war of 1552 r, the Protestants entered into an alliance with the king of France, and they quickly got over it.

Tim for an hour Nimechchina passed in the midst of general chaos. At 1555 r in Augsburg there was a Reichstag clique, who was judged to put the risk of religious war in Nimechchin. The relationship in Augsburg is a religious world of knowledge based on the principle: "Chia land, that and vira" (so that in the principality of the skin the ruler has the right to establish a revolution, like vibrav himself). In the Empire, two Christian traditions were recognized, however, they were equal before the law - Catholic and Lutheran.

Bachachi is the collapse of his ideals, Charles V has seen all the titles, but finish your life in one of the Spanish monasteries.

Reformation pods in Nimechchin

As a result of the Reforms, the Nimechchin was re-embodied. Introduced the empire of the bullet was chopped into two uneven parts. Protestantism is overwhelming at winter. The Day of the Empire, including the fall of the Habsburgs and Bavaria, has become Catholic.

The Kozhen prince himself stood up to the war of his children, so that the fragmentation of the Nymechchin was even more powerful, and it made it possible for him to become a centralized state beyond the intelligence of the other regions of Europe.

From the call of Martin Luther "Before the Christian nobility of the Nimetsian nation about the correction of Christianity" 24 chervnya 1520 rub

"The hour of moving has passed, and the hour has passed to instruct." And "maybe, God still wants to help His Church for the help of the laity, the clergy, who are better off, but not beastly respect." Azhe "all Christianity came to the zhakhlivy zanepad", and "the power of tata to supervise the Scriptures." The head of the Christian church "we have such a holy and written way of living, reaching and growing up with someone who is not in a serpent, any king, any emperor." In Rome - “buying, selling, exchanging, exchanging, suєta, nonsense, deceit, robbery, stealing, rozkish, fornication, love and anger to God in all kinds, so it’s nasty not to rule and antichrist”. There is nothing "not a turbulent, it is legal, but it is illegal, there is no need to think about those who bring pennies, but they are not."
To that "the nimetska nation, bishops and princes are guilty of their own sake about Christianity and people, and what they do to cheruvate them and seize their material and spiritual blessings." Nimetske "the Christian nobility is guilty of being against papa yak against the gateway and ruin of Christianity." It is guilty "to help the German nation know the status of Christianity and vitality from the common, language and non-Christian government."
"I nagato more wins Vin, so the empire was ruled by the Christian Nimetsian sovereign."

Vikoristan Literature:
V.V. Noskov, T.P. Andriyivska / History from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century

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change the minds of the reform

Nemechchina ahead of the Reforms

Ear of Reformation in Nimechchin

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The prince of reform and the department of reform in Nimechchin

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