The Center for the Study of National Conflicts (CINC) published another rating of international tension in the regions of Russia on June 6. The latest version is posted on the "Club of Regions" website.

The regions with very high tension were exhausted by Moscow, the Republic of Dagestan and the Khanti-Mansi AT. High tension of ZINC experts was recorded in the Krasnodar region, the Republic of Crimea, Tatarstan, St. Petersburg, Saratov region, Stavropol region and Chelyabinsk region. Other subjects of the Russian Federation are divided into zones with medium, low and even low tension.

According to experts, the number of recorded ethnically motivated conflicts in the situation has changed by 35% since the first investigation. In my opinion, the Ukrainian crisis has aggravated the Russian marriage, pushing into the background such pressing problems as uncontrolled Central Asian and Caucasian migration and ethnic malignity. In connection with tzim. There is a document that is seriously concerned about national nutrition, which has been demonstrated by the federal center since 2013. - at the beginning of 2014, it changed to calmness.

In this case, as the predecessors say, regardless of the decrease in the number of international conflicts, the fundamentally ethno-confessional situation has not changed: Central Asian migration is gradually becoming one of the same of the most serious problems, ethnic malignity is no longer a subject of heated debate, the expansion of radical Islam is no longer a pressing factor that destabilizes.

The study reveals that in most regions, due to the difficult ethno-confessional situation, national politics are becoming increasingly important, and local authorities perceive “symptoms” and not “the cause of the disease.”

Almost 70 experts were included in the rating. Some of them did not advertise their fate to the investigator. Having once again voted on expert assessments from the regions, the federal experts can no longer characterize the conditions in all regions, but reportably.

The scientific foundation of the project Ivan Zhukov supports that the foundations of any similar investigation may have a singing world of character. Behind these words, in the correct way, a full-scale investigation will give a full-scale investigation of the picture of interconnected veins: sociologically, as revealed by various methods, psychosemantically.

It is significant that the data from the first ranking CINC did not compare with the results of the study by the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Its director Valeriy Tishkov criticized the way the rating of ZINK was compiled.

1. Southern Caucasus. Causes of conflict:

Large number of refugees in Dagestan, Ingushetia, and Northern Ossetia, lead to an increase in unemployment, social tension, and mischief.

Social media In the ancient Caucasian republics they feel from the 70s. Until 1989 In Pivnichny Ossetia, a portion of the fakhivtsi with the greater awareness of the Ossetians and Russians was practically equal (wonderful causes of conflicts). It was not long before the trained fakhivs could find themselves working behind the fak.

In our minds the suppression of the national elites will really come to power in the former USSR, which was disintegrating, became a factor of ethnopolitical tension. However, as far as the Polietny region is concerned (there are republics with two titular nations, Dagestan does not have a titular nation), the pro-Tirichs belonged not only to the Russian ethnic group, but also between the Caucasian peoples.

Complicating the situation in the region following deportation, the desire of ethnic groups to renew their sovereignty and autonomy is gradually leading to frustration among important groups of people.

In addition, inter-ethnic disputes are taking place near the Kerivnyk republics. for Vladi's morning. These are poised for a great influx on the population, the fragments of which spill over into traditional institutions and manifestations, as well as the low political culture of the population.

Chechen conflict.

This conflict has many connections with the situation in the region as a whole. The conflict started through fight for nafta and pennies. Another version is being watched The Chechen conflict as seen by the National Liberal Revolution, in the context of historical, socio-economic, ethnic, socio-economic factors that meant the struggle for sovereignty.

2. Ural and Volga region

Tatarstan.

This is a republic based on the traditions of national rulers. In the historical memory of the Tatars - power. 1989 - 1993 expressions, mass national movement. In 1992, the Constitution of Tatarstan was adopted, which stated its independence. However, in 1994, after a series of negotiations, the Treaty between the authorities of the Russian Federation and Tatarstan was signed, which is why the main differences were regulated.

Bashkortostan.

In Bashkortostan, Bashkirs become 22% of the population, costing less than Russians and Tatars. This republic signed a federal treaty, but for the singing minds. The conflict was resolved after the Agreement on Disengagement was signed again. An object of serious respect for the authorities of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the national school, which educates the children of the local people. So, as of 1990. In the schools of the republic, 70 hundred children of Bashkirs, perhaps as many as Tatars, and about 50-60 hundred children of Chuva were buried in our country. sh, udmurtiv ta mari.

Sakha (Yakutia).

At the beginning of the 90s, nationalist movements were actively active in the republic. This meant that more independence was to be denied to the people within the borders of the Federation. The Constitution of the Republic of Sakha, adopted before the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993, establishes the priority of the laws of the republic over federal ones.

Complicating the situation from the Center through resources (diamonds, naphtha, etc.) will aggravate the situation without reaching an open conflict on the right.

Tuva.

Tuva is more than 90% a subsidized republic, which means both the people and the religious community. Social tension is even high due to the low level of people’s lives and high unemployment. Dissatisfaction is projected onto the national sphere, which creates tension in international relations.

Buryatia.

The following trends in suspinal development are immediately integrated into international networks for all of Russia, such as:

The persecution of peoples to the point of self-defeat for the objective necessity of integration of the Russian marriage;

Before the problems of the Buryat people, one should note the incompleteness of the process of internal consolidation, the urgent need for a preserved ethnic culture, language, native language, traditional forms of government activity, as and became aware of the deformations of the totalitarian system.

4. Russian Distant Skhid - remoteness from the center of the region, lack of natural intelligence, lack of transport from the region.

On the territory, what to become 35% of the territory of Russia is home to less than 5% of its population. Since 1991, the migration influx of residents (mostly Russian) has reached over 100 thousand residents. As soon as the Russians came from Far Away, the Chinese came there. 1993 rock Over 700 thousand Chinese invaded Russia. It turned out that not all the citizens of the PRC, who entered the territory of Russia as tourists or formally for service purposes, turn back to China, by hook or by crook, to stay in Russia longer, or else Live in it permanently.

Chapter 1 Migration processes and national policies in Russia

1.1. I understand, you see the reasons for migration………………………………..3

1.2. Specifics of daily migration in Russia ………………………….9

Chapter 2 Cross-voltage zones of the Russian Federation

2.2. International conflicts in the Pivdenny Federal District. Their influx into the international tension in the region at stage…………………………………………………………………………………14

2.3. International reports in the Far-Fast Federal District…17

2.4. International reports in the Pivnichno-Zakhidny Federal District…19

Chapter 3 International conflicts

3.1. Specifics of inter-international conflict, its causes and structural elements……………………………………………………………………………………………21

3.2. Typology of international conflicts…………………………………..23

3.3. Form and methods of regulating international conflicts…………26

Chapter 4 National security and ethnopolitical terrorism

4.1. Threats to national security……………………………………...28

4.2. Ethnopolitical terrorism……………………………………………..34

4.3. Methods and mechanisms for ensuring national security………..42

List of references…………………………………………………………….47

Chapter 1. Migration processes and national policies

In Russia

Specifics of daily migration in Russia

Migration processes in Russia over the past decade have been characterized by an influx of negative and positive officials. Negative factors include the disintegration of the Soviet Socialist Republic, the manifestation of nationalism, terrorism, the lack of protection of several plots of the Sovereign cordon of the Russian Federation, the deterioration of the quality of life of people and will become dowkill, economic instability and social con conflicts. At the same time, positive factors include the democratization of domestic and political life, the implementation of the constitutional principle of freedom of transfer, the development of market transactions and entry into the international market.

Immigration to Russia, including from the extreme political, economical and sanitary-epidemiological situation, is of a large-scale nature. Over the past 10 years, over 8.6 million migrants have moved to Russia from the SND and Baltic countries. The number of foreign communities who migrated to Russia is gradually outweighing the number of citizens who migrated, and in the border areas foreign communities are intensively forming. Daily effective government control over migration processes.

The massive influx of migrants (immigrants, refugees and those who are looking for the hourly rush), which reached a peak in the first half of the 90s, is gradually decreasing.

The long-term problems of rich migrant migrants who were expected to be lost from the Russian Federation are still ongoing. Often the smell is due to serious problems and social protection. There is no due respect for the high-level task of the organized resettlement of displaced migrants, the transition from the first basic assistance given to them to the creation of minds for a normal life, the security of employment and the extension of human rights. Problems of socio-economic adaptation of migrants remain, which do not affect the status of displaced migrants and refugees.

The number of refugees who are fleeing the immediate or political influx into the Russian Federation is dwindling, including through the threat of terrorist organizations infiltrating Russian territory. More than 1 million 600 thousand migrants from the SND and Baltic countries have received refugee or forced migrant status. Terrorist attacks have made it difficult for the world's partnership to live with the remaining fate of calls to strengthen the procedures of immigration control, both of which are fussing about the recognition of refugees or searching for the hourly and political side. , and so on to economic migrants. Low powers went with this method to unprecedented levels of security. Give due respect to the nutrition of anti-terrorist integration of Russia.

The socio-economic migration of the population in the middle of the Russian Federation will continue to be positive, necessary for economic developments. This is due to the imbalance between payments in the legal sector of the economy and the market value of housing, the transfer of residential housing assets to the municipal government, and the lack of security mechanisms the working force of production for the territorial reorganization of internal labor resources. All this makes it difficult to ensure the working power of new plants that are reviving and is not conducive to economic growth.

The processes of modern labor migration are developing in the form of recruitment and migration in the Russian Federation due to the movement of foreign citizens, the departure of Russian citizens beyond the border for the purpose of hiring. Among foreign workers, such as Russia, and Russian citizens who work behind the cordon, there are many people who carry out labor activities illegally, which leads to the destruction of their labor and social ial rights. In Russia, this creates a threat to the national market and suppresses the development of the shadow economy.

Internal migration is being maintained due to the unfavorable environmental situation and natural disasters. Natural and man-made disasters necessitate the urgent mass resettlement of people, which will require additional efforts by the state to overcome their problems.

The increase in the permanent population of Russia is speeding up. Due to the rate of migration, natural population changes are becoming less and less likely. In many regions of the Russian Federation, a change in the migration growth of the population is expected to result in a significant decrease in the population due to an increase in mortality and a decrease in the population.

In the future, migration of the population will not ensure a reorganization of the population in the territory of the region due to the balance of supply and position on the market. The needs of the national economy, which inevitably lead to territorial and Galuzian disproportions, will require an active redistribution of the population and labor resources within the borders of the country.

The migration situation has been identified as calling for new approaches, and migration processes in Russia have become an official responsible for the positive development of the Russian marriage, coming from the needs of the economy and national interests and safety, protection of public order and healthy population for the harsh uprising of international demands on the Russian Federation.

Chapter 2. Cross-voltage zones of the Russian Federation

In a broad sense, to zones of intermediate tension, the trace includes all flight regions of the power through those that are based on the same territory of representatives of various ethnic groups, regardless of the type of individuals of the national policy of the state, most often it is unfair and conceals a great vibukhian potential that can be realized under the influx socio-economic and political officials.

The specificity of flight regions lies in the presence of latent inter-tension stress, as G.U. Soldatova characterizes it as follows: the division of the household into “us” and “outsiders” takes place behind the national sign, although in the hierarchy of elements of social harmony “nationality” rarely disappears. Its significance is determined, in particular, by the flow situation of interspecific atomization and is reflected in its adequacy. In regions with latent inter-tension, there is daily emotional neutrality, and intergroup interactions are cooperative and magisterial in nature.

Shchorichno from leaf fall 2005 until April 2007 in 128 settlements (46 regions), Levada Center conducted representative sociological surveys to identify subjective perceptions of possible stress among Russians. These surveys showed that in regions that were not faced with the problem of conflicts on the national level, some respondents felt discomfort in other areas.

The results of the survey show that the minimum level of inter-tension tension is observed in the Siberian, Volga and Central federal districts, in the Pivnichno-Zakhodny, Dalekoskhodny and Pivdenny districts in and, by the way, maximum.

In these territories (Pivnichno-Zakhidny, Dalekoshodny and Pivdenny Federal District), while there was previously little military conflict on the national level, or there is a real threat of their guilt, there may The actual tension is presented in obvious form.

Thus, in a narrow sense, to zones of international tension, the traces include regions of power in which international tension is in obvious form, and there is a threat of conflicts on the national On the other hand, there are political and ethnopsychological problems looming, which will ignite international conflicts.

The current detection and diagnosis of the situation of possible tensions in the regions of Russia represents one of the important tasks of national policy. The effectiveness of its implementation has a lot to do with the safety and stability of the edge.

Unfortunately, within the framework of the initial publication, due to the interconnectedness of the subject and the subject of education, we are unable to identify the report characteristics of interconnections in all subjects of the Russian Federation. We will look at only 3 federal districts, which represent the maximum indicator of inter-international tension: Pivdenny, Dalekoskhidny and Pivnichno-Zakhidny, more precisely, their borders with administrative and national-territorial not a single one.

2.2. International conflicts in the Pivdennoye Federal District. Their influx to the international tension in the region

At the current stage

Chechnya, Pivnichna Ossetia, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adigea, Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria are closely associated among the masses of Russians with interethnic conflicts and etc. and intolerance. In these republics, which were dissolved from the Pivdennogo Federal District, after the collapse of the Radyansky Union, the indicator of international tension reached its maximum level. With only a few remaining rocks, there was a clear trend towards a decrease in its value.

How to try to establish a hierarchy of the main ethnic conflicts in the Eastern Caucasus in the context of their influence on the dynamics of the foreign political situation in the region and Russia Given the current international tensions, the Chechen conflict comes first, the Ossetian-Ingusk conflict comes next, and ethnostatus comes in third. republics – Karachay-Cherkessia and Dagestan.

The leader here is the Chechen Republic, as the bloody separatist ethnopolitical conflict flared up.

The underlying reasons for the foreign exchange between Chechnya and Russia, between titular and non-titular populations were as follows:

1. Historical memory of the massive deportation of Chechens from their native lands between 1943 and the first half of 1944.

2. The fact that the people gained freedom quickly, having recognized discrimination for a long time. First, during the period of the founding of the USSR, 1989. Having become a Chechen, a leader of the republic, there was an increased representation of the indigenous nationality in the administrative sphere and senior posts of the people's dominion.

3. The struggle for ownership and economic resources (on the territory of the Chechen Republic there is one of the largest oil and gas complexes) in the middle of the Chechen consulate and the continuation of power vertically (the center and the region).

4. Large reserves of various types of armor, especially streltsy, were lost in the region after the collapse of the USSR and the withdrawal of the Radian army from its territory.

5. Lack of objectivity of the interests of the designated republic. More than once, federal and regional television broadcast reports that were less than negative about the national situation.

Such facts have hidden the flames of interethnic wardens, the overlap and merging of the political space with the ethnic one.

Other, least welcome in the middle of international tensions in the Northern Caucasus and the Republic of Northern Ossetia-Alania and Ingushetia, for example, the beginning of leaf fall 1992 In the history of the Russian Federation, ethnic conflict has emerged in the form of open violence.

The subject of the conflict was the territory of Zamiskoe region of Pivnichnoye Ossetia. Claims were made against them on both sides: the Ossetians tried to save the territory, the Ingush tried to annex it to the Republic of Ingushetia, and claimed that people’s rights were not respected and that discrimination was based on nationality. I'll let you know.

Just as in the Chechen conflict there was an overlap of political and ethnic spaces, the Ossetian-Ingush conflict is one of the greatest manifestations and most striking forms of ethnic space. The two conflicting parties were mobilized behind the principle of ethnic power. The acts of violence were of a small-scale character - the Ossetians killed the Ingush, the Ingush killed the Ossetians. “Ethnic cleansing” was carried out in secret, possibly in highly divergent forms of implementation. In Eastern Ossetia, the attack on the rights of the Ingush (national minority of the republic) occurred in the form of repressive norms and laws, propaganda actions in the form of mass information, and in the form massive outbreak of fire with the participation of the special forces militia, riot police and other official military formations of Southern Ossetia.

The republican government completely took the position of “national interests of the Ossetians” and gave priority to blood solidarity over the protection of the interests and safety of the residents of the republic, which became ethnic Well, the minority (toil for the respect of the Ingush). Moreover, they acted as organizers of the forceful action of expelling part of the population from the territory of their residence instead of the light efforts to reduce the rule and neutralize the provocative activities of the Ingush radical-nationalists among the meshkans of the Primsky district.

Instead of positive approaches to gaining the Ingush from the harmonious political life of the republic, strengthening their loyalty and social and cultural satisfaction, there was a path towards exclusion and further harassment of those who within the memory of a generation, having recognized the trauma of deportation and easily becoming a victim of the hopeless agitators of “our own” and "fair" cordons.

It is important to note that these Ingush sides were far from innocent. The defense strategy of Ingushetia included both peaceful actions (the functioning of civil structures, mass emigration of refugees), and forceful entry (military drives of volunteers for self-defense).

Thus, in the Chechen and Ossetian-Ingush conflicts, the territorial super rivers suppressed the increased tension. Don't forget to save it.

A different situation in the Republics of Dagestan and Karachay-Cherkessia. The underlying reasons for the consolidation of interethnic veins in these territories are the adherence to a folded ethnic structure and the constant struggle of ethnicities for the dominant position in the region.

2.3 .Interstate reports in the Dalekoskhodny Federal District

Expert research 2005 – beginning 2006 characterize the country of inter-ethnic and inter-confessional localities in the Far Eastern Federal District as stable, given the numerical presence of migrants in the district from neighboring countries, especially from the PRC. According to some estimates, one million Chinese were living illegally at the beginning of the 20th century.

It is possible that these figures are protected, but it is clear that the victorious activities of foreign communities on the territory of the Amur region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk regions were relevant. Low population, high mortality rates, availability of a sufficient number of qualified personnel, especially in remote areas of the region, practicality and versatility of foreign workers spurred robot sellers obtain foreign labor force.

In these regions, the “celestial” people literally grew into everyday life, the Chinese subjugated trade, huge food, forest dominion, etc. The residents of the town could not be deprived of the knowledge of this fact. There was literally dissatisfaction in the air.

This process was detonated by the fall of the Russian government about the reduction from 1st quarter of 2007 to the reduction of the number of foreigners who trade on the markets, to 40%, and from 1st quarter - to zero.

Most of the Chinese decided not to check the knight, but to complete their affairs in the capital of the Far Gathering before the new fate. The thoughts of the local population were divided. Some of the residents supported the initiative in the order, while others reacted negatively to the innovation, being concerned about further securing themselves with cheap light and grub goods. On this basis, an increase in episodes of casual nationalism was recorded, the frequency of conflicting inter-socialist episodes on the national level, and a massive expansion of lowly ethno-group characteristics, etc.

Unusually, the results of sociological surveys recorded a sharp increase in the indicator of interim tension in the Dalekoshodny Federal District in the leaf fall of 2006. Until April 2007 The situation with Chinese migrants stabilized: some of the illegal immigrants moved abroad, some were legalized in the field of labor activity. After this, there was a decrease in the indicator of inter-country tension.

We respect that in the near future the level of tension in the Far Eastern Federal District will be moderate to a steady level. Wines are increasing and changing due to the influx of domestic and international socio-political, economic, and environmental pressures. conjuncture.

Ethnopolitical terrorism

At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the problem of terrorism became acute. In the first place, it is the national and the world’s policy. At any time, anyone among us, regardless of state, age, social status, or place of living, may become a victim of terrorist violence and find himself in a situation of physical and psychological pressure on the side of terrorists. This situation necessitates a detailed investigation of the terrorist threat by specifying the concept of “terrorism” and analyzing its structural elements, forms and features.

Nina, in domestic and foreign literature there are over a hundred different references to terrorism. Due to the fact that terrorism is a multifaceted phenomenon, followers often pay attention to only one of the sides of this phenomenon, which is terrorism.

The main causes of terrorism can be classified into such groups.

The first group should include the following definitions: terrorism is defined as a type of violence. This approach, according to the laws of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, dominates over others, and is one-sided, and does not mean between terrorism and other manifestations of violence (for example, criminal and malicious activities ) and does not characterize its underlying root (reason), practically does not discern socio-political and socio-psychological legacies of terrorist activity.

Other groups also suffer from similar disadvantages, which are also important in legal documents and identify terrorism as a type of evil activity.

The third group is represented by those who focus on the psychological legacies of terrorism (R. Aron, E. Aregach), aimed at killing and killing living people, created by neurotic fear, in which a person falls into apathy or does not act in an unjust manner. or bring ruin to yourself . This terrorism is being undermined by the power of malicious actions, such as achieving economic gain (robbing a bank, taking guarantors with a ransom, etc.) or liquidating a competitor. The psychological approach is radically different from the views of the general public, since the goals of terrorist activity are seen here.

The fourth group of descendants (B. Jenkins, W. Lacker, N. Hancock, Yu. Avdeev, I. Karpets) represents the largest number of definitions of this phenomenon, which emphasize respect for other signs of terrorism, purposes and special x reach. They define terrorism as a “form of political struggle” and assert that the main thing in terrorism is its political germ, which dominates over others.

To be honest, terrorism is a social and political phenomenon. Due to the creation of society, the vast middle class, problems and contradictions, such as sovereign institutions do not function properly and properly. The deep root of terrorism lies in the dominance and power politics. Without giving the necessary respect to the underlying problems, without properly addressing them, the state itself accepts the guilt of extremist methods of their rise. The emergence of terrorism is due to the inadequate policy of the state government, the inappropriateness and inadequacy of regulating essential social and political problems, or providing legal means to the prevailing social interests. expression and implementation. Such a situation will give rise to terrorism, which will flow into the structures of power in an antisocial, unlawful and inhumane manner. Through his actions, he brings the respect he has gained to a wide range of important problems. It is important to understand that terrorism, politics and marriage are three inseparable elements of a single concept.

Tom terrorism can be calculated like a politician-an organizational form of extremism, generated by numerous socio-political political problems and problems and which, as a rule, represents organized and ideologically motivated violence or the threat of stagnation, which transmits activity against individuals and that of the marriage (of its institutions) with the method of socio-psychological slander and pouring onto organs of sovereign power (sovereign splennota) to change the sovereign policy to the benefit of the singing forces.

The specificity of terrorism as a socio-political phenomenon is helped by revealing its structural elements.

The first of them is subjects of terrorist activity, which constitute a broad system of power and non-power structures (government organizations, social groups, etc.).

Another most important element of terrorism is this goals. Terrorism is intractable without a song - an idealistic foundation that veritable political violence underlies. Terrorism is always politically motivated and oriented towards political results.

Objects of terrorist influx This is another important structural element of terrorism.

How these can act: the state, all communities or outside the state (for example, law enforcement agencies), large, middle and small social groups and other beliefs of the population. The object of terrorism is not only the victims who perished at the hands of terrorists, but also the people who lost their lives.

The smuggling and smudging of the living undermines terrorism in the face of criminal acts, which have an economical benefit in the first place, and the psychological influx is of no importance.

The fourth structural element, without any unacceptable terrorism, is create and method terrorist influx, the flow of which is expanding, and the stench itself is becoming more complex and the development of terrorism in the world is being completed.

Today's features and methods of terrorist infusion are represented in diverse forms of violent violence. Their spectrum ranges from the theft of guards, the direction of bombs and contaminated leaves to scorching, knocking, armed attacks, burial of damaged land and sea vessels, killings, looting, etc.

Fifth element - the scale of terrorist influx, how terrorism is expanding around the world and has become increasingly relevant since the middle of the twentieth century.

Zrestoy, the sixth element of terrorism - This is the reason for that motivation. This element significantly complements the socio-political picture of the investigation. Bottom line, the deep root of terrorism lies in the fundamental ethnic, religious, socio-economic, political and legal problems and issues that the authorities of the state do not prevail or prevail, regardless of their nature. The presence of vitally significant problems and the impossibility of addressing them in legitimate ways lead to the emergence of terrorism and terrorist organizations.

Well, terrorism is not “the outbreak of war.” Terrorism is an intense ideological and political explosion, a “way of life, a way of death and a sense of human fulfillment,” a legacy of the innocence of these and other problems.

A more socio-political picture of terrorism is presented - a look at its different types.

Zalezhnoe vіd subject, Terrorism may be perceived as either sovereign or oppositional.

State terrorism activities of the noble elite, to establish and maintain the dominance of the singing system of politically-ruling councils in specific ways (by threatening and stagnating ideologically motivated violence against individuals and matrimonies).

Opposition terrorism It is a form of protest against the government’s policies and methods of solving problems that the family faces. Here, the terrorists appear in the same way, spontaneous-mass strength or well-organized and structured terrorist groups.

Zalezhnoe vіd goals, Terrorism can be classified as follows:

1. Religious, What is being done is to consolidate the religious denominations and weaken the position of other faiths in order to prevent the maximum possible harm.

2. Nationalistic and (or) racial, Which way is the path of retracement of another nation (race), trying to gain control of it, sometimes they want to acquire land and land, to maintain their nationality and wealth. This is terrorism in the Russian Federation. The raids, thefts, raids of armed gangs on the civilian population, the burial of guarantors, etc., veiled by nationalist gassels, were carried out with a single method: to destroy the existing system of the sovereign and ethnocultural order.

The ethnopolitical form is characteristic of Russian terrorism. The butts could be the separatist movements of the Basques in Spain, the Corsicans, Bretons, Alsace-Lorraine in France, etc. It is noteworthy that in countries with broken democracies, international opposition and ethno-separatist aspirations were stronger than before the legalization of human rights and freedoms.

3. Social and revolutionary, Terrorism of radical orientations will overwhelm the clear system of the political-ruling denominations and the world. Here, political claims and ambitions go far beyond the borders of other spheres of social life, terrorism prevents fundamental political, social and economic changes.

It is significant that all of the above types of terrorist activities manifest political terrorism All of them are concerned about the struggle for power and feed on it from the position of great social interests and set before themselves great political goals. The most broad ones are:

1) due to protest against the policy and order;

2) physical and moral slack of political opponents;

3) destabilization of the activities of the state power;

4) change of political order.

Scale Terrorism is the basis of this category, both domestic and international.

Participants domestic terrorism There are communities of one power, and the legacy of terrorist activity does not extend across powers.

International terrorism affects the interests of two or more powers. Here the object of immediate influx is: powers and international communications, the sovereignty of a power, the right of a nation to self-esteem, the functioning of international, domestic, maritime communications, etc.

The order of subjects, goals and scales, the basis for typology can be Features and methods that are used to develop terrorist activities. From this point of view, terrorism may be in the mind's eye hitting and swinging, armed attacks, knocking, stealing, burying guards, burying transport vehicles, etc.

Finally, we will look at the peculiarities of current terrorism, which must be taken into account in the process of creating an effective system for countering this threat.

Current terrorism, under the leadership of its predecessors, has radically transformed, and all its structural elements have become known to the changes.

According to the first The hostile richness of current terrorism is hostile. Today's powers, social groups and communities, together with individuals, are committing terrorism to achieve their own political goals.

High level of organization and structure represents friend's specialness current – ​​international stage of development of terrorist activity. In various cases, terrorist acts are prepared and carried out by the same terrorists. As a rule, their preparation and implementation reflect the goals of the “concern”, which exerts its powerful structure in many countries. The stench consists of ceremonies and Vikonavians, ideologists and practitioners, fakhivs and the fascists of the kingdom of assassinations, sabotage, the preparation of false documents, etc.

Third feature Current terrorism is associated with the expansion of the geographical scope of terrorist activity to a global scale. Today, the continent of the planet is not safe, even if any point on earth could become the target of terrorist attacks. Globality is manifested in the transcordality of terrorist organizations. Many of them train fakhivts in one region, carry out terrorist actions in another, are financed by a third, and are financed by a third. We are unique in characterizing current terrorism as international.

Fourth peculiarity The stage of international terrorism is characterized by deep super-sensitivity, because, on the one hand, it is becoming more and more careless, aggressive, and at such a scale one can sometimes marvel and cry. Otherwise, it is possible that a more unpromising method of political struggle against the achievement of the goal may be transformed in the near future, which will provoke a negative reaction from the authorities and the population. It is consistent with the transition from a democratic partnership to a police and dictatorial one, leading to a numerical reduction of rights and freedoms, and, obviously, to a sharp change in the likelihood of achieving the goals set by terrorists.

P'yata speciality It is characterized by the terrorists’ expansion of psychological abuse and demoralization of ordinary citizens. Current terrorism is not controlled by a partisan war, but a large-scale, lasting socio-psychological effect is required. For which grandiose “theatrical shows” are created and various forms of mass information are created.

Apparently theatricality and publicity mean Mostly specialness international stage of terrorist activity

It is important to pay attention to the importance of the mass of the world, the turbulent terrorism is constantly changing and the use of new technical inputs in their activities - chemical, biological, information I wonder what it means so specific between current period of terrorist activity

Thus, the new civilization has revived the old monster in a new form, called terrorism. It’s impossible and simply foolish to live without worrying about anything. It is necessary to root out or, at least, change the intensity of the spread of such obvious evil. Feeding against internal and external threats to the national security of the assignments of the offensive section of our initial companion.

List of references

1. Gariev M.A. The character of future warriors/M.A. Gariev// Right and safety. - 2003. - No. 1-2 (6-7), red. - P.16-19.

2. Golov A. International tension: leaf fall 2005-Kviten 2007. [Electronic resource] / A. Golov. – Access mode: http://levada.ru/press/2007051501.html – 25k

3. Denisova G.S. Ethnosociology: navch. Pos_bnik / G. S. Denisova, M. R. Radovel. - Rostov-n / D: View of TOV "TsVVR", 2000. - 282 p.

4. Dorozhkin Yu. N. Terrorism as a social and political phenomenon / Yu.M. Dorozhkin, L.O. Izilyaeva. - Ufa: Similar University, 2005. - 120 p.

5. Kapto A. Non-military features of the defense security of Russia / A. Kapto, V. Serebryannikov / / Dialogue. - 2000. - No. 2. - P.12-23.

6. Kobakhidze E. Socio-psychological problems of international interaction in Eastern Ossetia // Bulletin of the Center for Social and Humanitarian Research of the Vladikavkaz Institute of Management and the Vladikavkaz Center of Ethnopol Historical research of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 2000. - No. 2 (6) - [Electronic resource] / E. Kobakhidze. – Access mode: http://kavkaz-uzel.ru/analyticstext/analytics/id/495017.html

7. Kobakhidze E. The state of the interethnic situation in the Republic of Pivnichna Ossetia - Alania as an official of the social self-esteem of the citizens of the republic [Electronic resource] /E. Kobakhidze, G. Pavlovets. – Access mode: http://kavkaz-uzel.ru/analyticstext/analytics/id/422560.html

8. Merton R. Social structure and anomie / R. Merton // Sociological research. - 1992. - No. 4. - P. 91-96.

9. Novitsky G. V. New approaches to secure national security in the minds of globalization [Electronic resource] / G. V. Novitsky. – Access mode: http://www.russianlife.nl/analitika/sbornik novickij_1.htm

10. Platonov Yu. P. Ethnic factor: geopolitics and psychology / Yu. P. Platonov. - St. Petersburg: Mova, 2002. - 350 p.

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13. Russian Federation. In. President (2000, V.V. Putin). Concept of national security of the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation 10 June 2000 [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://dvabop.narod.ru/docum/knb/knb.htm.

14. Serebryannikov V.V. New model of safety: dialectics of equal parts.

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• Entry 3
• Section 1. Theoretical aspect of international conflicts
• 1.1 Understanding the international conflict 5
• 1.2 Forms and features of international conflicts 7
• 1.3 Causes and factors of international conflicts 9
• 1.4 The role and place of religion in international conflicts in Russia 10
• Chapter 2. Geography of international conflicts in Russia 12
• 2.1 Pivnichno-Caucasian conflicts 12
• 2.1.1 Factors that contribute to conflicts in the region 12
• 2.1.2 Kabardino-Balkarian conflict 15
• 2.1.3 Ossetian-Ingush conflict 17
• 2.1.4 Chechen conflict 19
• 2.2 International tension in the regional aspect 24
• Chapter 3. Overcoming and regulating international conflicts 27
• Visnovok 32
• List of Wikipedia Literature 34

Enter

Over the past decades, the problem of ethnic conflicts has been one of the most pressing topics for researchers in various fields of science. The main reason for such intense respect for such nutrition lies in the importance of such conflicts, which have previously become one of the largest areas of conflict and political instability. Most of the current conflicts can be identified as ethnic-religious-territorial. A large number of ethnic conflicts continue to destabilize the situation in the regions of Africa and Latin America.

For Russia, this problem is also one of the most serious. We can also talk about one of the conflicts that flared up on the territory of Russia - the Chechen war, which was based, among other things, on an ethnic component - one of the greatest political events of the late 20th century. Aunt. Arguments for the sake of justice of the remaining development may be the extreme severity of the conflict, the advancement of the interests of the world community to the development of Chechnya, the development of religious and national protests throughout the Eastern Caucasian region, as the war in the Chechen Republic intensified.

The remaining events have demonstrated that ethnic conflicts in various parts of the world extend beyond domestic powers and into regional ones. This connection is especially significant because regions of ethnic instability are associated more often both in periodicals and in scientific literature with potential subjects of international territorial orism.

The topic of this course is international conflicts in Russia. The method of work is a comprehensive investigation of this problem, so the following can be brought to the main tasks:

The important concept of “international conflict”, a look at the main forms and characteristics of conflicts.

Revealing and understanding the factors and reasons that give rise to a potential conflict and indicate its particularity.

Characteristics of the geography of the expansion of international conflicts in the Russian space: views of the main regions where conflicts arise.

A review and analysis of the main ways of regulating and avoiding international conflicts.

The structure of the coursework is determined accordingly until the assignments are made.

During the preparation period, primary literature, periodicals (newspapers and magazines), resources of the global information network of the Internet were collected - the text has a message.

Section 1. Theoretical aspect of international conflicts

1.1 Understanding the international conflict

Science has accumulated an anonymous, significant phenomenon that is seen as part of the conflict in the future. We can safely say that the ethnic conflict, as a type of conflict, has no current precedent. It accompanies humanity through a troubling historical period, repeated violent acts, ruins, wars and global catastrophes.

International conflicts (often called simply ethnic) have become a widespread phenomenon in the world. According to data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in Oslo, two-thirds of all violent conflicts in the mid-90s were international. The transition to democratization in our region and the collapse of the USSR were also accompanied by intense interethnic tensions and conflicts.

One of the most important aspects of such conflicts is their connection with the phenomenon of ethnicity itself: what are the connections between them and everyday life, embedded in the very ethnic diversity of humanity, and Is it functional? If you recognize the true first approach, then the Ingush and Ossetians, the Arabs and Jews, the Turks and the Azerbaijanis are considered “not crazy.” When you come from another, you need to develop a basis: it is not ethnicity that becomes the essence of such conflicts, but the form of their manifestation.

In conflict situations, there are differences between groups of people, consolidated on an ethnic basis. Far above the skin, the conflict is affecting the entire ethnic group, perhaps its part, group, as it perceives in itself and is aware of the opposition that is leading the conflict. In essence, conflict is a way to increase friction, problems, and they can be different.

The functional approach to the resolution of the conflict appeals to most ethnic conflictologists. V.A. Tishkov defines international conflict as a form of “huge, political and violent confrontation in which both sides are mobilizing, living and suffering under the sign of ethnic differences "innosti".

L. M. Drobizheva emphasizes the functional basis of the ethnic conflict that lies above ethnicity, and the social problems that arise between groups consolidated on an ethnic basis.

A. Yamskov defines ethnic conflict through a description of collective actions: “Ethnic conflict is a dynamically changing socio-political situation, generated by the hostility of the status quo, which was previously agreed, in part y representatives of one (decile) from the local ethnic groups and appear in the appearance of one of the current members of this group:

a) ethnic election emigration from the region began;

b) the creation of political organizations that declare the need to change the existing status for the sake of a designated ethnic group;

c) spontaneous protest actions against the exploitation of their interests by representatives of another local ethnic group.”

Z. V. Sikevich, in his important ethnic conflict, replaces the emphasis from a behavioral warehouse to the analysis of the intersection of ethnic and political spaces: “Under the ethnic conflict and the understanding of the social system a situation caused by the diversification of interests and goals of adjacent ethnic groups within the framework of a single ethnic space and ethnic group of one side , and powers, on the other hand, on the balance of the ethnic and political space that is expressed in the oppressed ethnic group (groups) will change the ethnic inequalities and political space in its territorial region. ri".

In the end, the subjects of the conflict and the underlying goals of their political activity are closely tied to the importance of declarations, and the ethnic conflict itself does not appear in any form. .

The ethnic conflict is the moment of culmination of inter-ethnic conflicts, which reveals the nature of an open confrontation. The psychological dictionary states, for example, the following meaning: “Ethnic conflict is a form of intergroup conflict when groups with distinct interests are polarized along ethnic lines.”

A significant place in everyday life is occupied by national-ethnic conflicts - conflicts based on the struggle for the rights and interests of ethnic and national groups. Most often they are associated with status and territorial claims.

1.2 Forms and features of international conflicts

There are several forms of ethnic conflicts: interethnic tensions and political struggles, sporadic violence and pogroms, ethnic cleansings, and intense struggles. The ground for such conflicts can be formed by the passing of international plagues, wars, violence between ethnic groups on the side of other power groups, religious intolerance and cultural-historical conflicts. Their participants may be representatives of one or more ethnic groups, they may be of an intergroup nature, or they may be active between a group and a power.

Ethnic conflicts include conflicts of any form (organized political actions, mass insurrections, separatist uprisings, huge wars, etc.), “which will continue to run along the ethnic line sti".

Their main features are:

1. All possible conflicts are complex and complex in nature. Because their essence is determined by the fact that the ethnicity has been transformed into a powerful state (as soon as such a meta is not put through the reality of the real possibility of achieving it), then these conflicts inevitably become political. But this is not enough: in order for the ethnic crisis to “ripe”, the ethnic group must feel discriminated against both for socio-economic indicators (low level of income, over-importance of non-prestigious professions, inaccessibility of good education, etc.) and for spirits them (oppress religion, do not respect their traditions, etc.). Well, any international conflict is not “two in one”, but three, and even “primary” conflicts in a single international space.

2. Conflicts whose conflicts are always provoked by high tensions of emotions, addictions, manifestations of irrational sides of human nature.

3. Most of the great ethnic conflicts have deep historical roots.

4. Ethnic conflicts are characterized by high mobility. Protected ethnic identities (language, culture, religion) mean freedom of speech and elections, which not everyone is praised. These particularities become the everyday life of each member of the ethnic group, which will ensure the mass character of the revolution on their protection.

5. International conflicts may be of a “chronic” nature, and there may be a residual stench. Bottoms of ethnicity are even crumbly. And that level of freedom and independence with which the current generation is satisfied with the ethnic group may seem insufficient to the present generation.

1.3 Causes and factors of international conflicts

The general knowledge of modern Russia, and often the scientific mainstream, has the main idea that ethnic conflicts are the result of socio-economic problems, and that they are based on or evil people y, or the struggle elit for resources or for power for the sake of control over resources. A wide range of vision is hidden by the features of mass information. From whom you have a stable transformation of practical practitioners. Thus, during the course of the monitoring investigation carried out in the Stavropol Territory using the method of expert testing (as the experts were practical practitioners of the local and regional Lanka, whose competence included these and other aspects of ethnic problems) 70% of respondents indicated that the causes of ethnic conflicts may be of an economic nature, A 90 % reconciliation, which is the main approach to the emerging ethnic conflict in the region and the work to get out of the economic crisis. These results clearly show that experts actually support the ethnic conflict in their reality.

Depending on the causes of conflict, they are divided into social-economic (with regard to living standards, access to the benefits of marriage, etc.), political (with regard to division of power), national-ethnic, religion no, territorial and other.

Of course, the progress of the ethnic conflict is influenced by the indifference of officials, for example, the cultural center of the flow of the conflict, placed to new extremes and so on. Identification of the ethnic conflict and its presentation to another type allows us to move on to more complex types of its development - modeling and forecasting its dynamics.

In the development of conflicts, a subjective official plays a great role. People are drawn to the conflict and are aware of provoking and encouraging them. The actions of these people, whose strengths are not easy to reveal: such people veil their interests with prominent signs, accessible to the common people with calls, who are always in the shadow of conflicts.

Thus, among the main causes of ethnic conflicts are territorial problems, religious and social-economic factors.

1.4 The role and place of religion in international conflicts in Russia

Russia is a richly religious power. Russia is wary of a religious renaissance. This is due to the catastrophe of communist ideology, the devaluation of large social values, and the disorientation of entire faiths of the population. This is how science matters. The Russian Orthodox Church undergoes complex and heterogeneous processes. Beginning in the 20s, the Orthodox clergy emerged after a huge war outside Russia and organized itself into an independent church, also known as the Russian Orthodox Church, rather than subordinate to the Moscow Patriarchate. It began to be called the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad. The RZPTs called the ROC at the spіvpratsi with the Bolsheviks, who were anathematized by Tikhin.

A serious blow to Russian Orthodoxy was the refusal of some of the Orthodox clergy of Ukraine to leave the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate. But she herself recognizes difficulties through the expansion of Catholicism and Protestantism. Disappointed by high centralization and great discipline, Catholics, hastened by the difficult situation in Russia, are successfully expanding their influx there. In addition, the Protestants, due to their great financial capabilities, will strengthen their influx. All this complicates and weakens the spiritual strength of the Christian population of Russia.

Regardless of those who, after the collapse of the USSR, the main regions of Islam (Central Asia and Azerbaijan) settled beyond the borders of Russia, the pro-religion for the number of believers in Russia sits in another place If you are Orthodox.

The great Nenets philosopher G. Hegel had mercy when he wrote that “Islam has long since departed from the world-wide historical arena and has again returned to a similar calm and indistinctness.” Islam is dynamic, expanding its reach, Catholicism is rapidly spreading out of Africa, and the number of Muslims in Europe and America is increasing.

In today's Russia, Islam is mainly practiced by the Tatars, Bashkirs, the peoples of the Eastern Caucasus (including most of the Ossetians), as well as the peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. The ideological influx of Islam into Russia is important from Iran and Saudi Arabia. In Arabia, Muslim stakes will provide financial assistance for the establishment and ownership of mosques, the organization of the Hajj to Mecca, the creation of Muslim initial mortgages, the financing of students, which begins in Muslim initials their pledges to the Islamic world.

Russia has ethnicities that directly follow Buddhism - Lamaism; Tse Tuvans, Buryats, Kalmiki. At present, in Kalmikia, Buryatia, and Tuva, the process of renewal of the Lamaist church, destroyed by Radian barbarism, is underway. Often, unfortunately, extremist elements emerge from the process, which intensifies nationalism.

Chapter 2. Geography of international conflicts in Russia

2.1 Eastern-Caucasian conflicts

2.1.1 Factors that contribute to conflicts in the region

The largest conflict-generating “zone” of the Russian Federation, the super-churches, both between adjacent ethnic groups and between the ethnic group and the power as a whole, has the most violent, radical character, and The Eastern Caucasus, which is due to a whole range of factors.

1.

Geopolitics. The Caucasus, as a “nearby” Euro-Asian region, where the ever-increasing Christian and ever-increasing Islamic civilizations collide, each of them arousing strategic interest in our country. major world powers from the beginning of the British, Ottoman and Russian empires, and in the 20th century - from both sides, powers -a member of NATO and first of all the United States, and of the other, the USSR and its right-offender of the Russian Federation.

Small 1. Southern Caucasus

(for materials visit http://www.newsite.ru/Megafon/Mega_maps/Kavkaz)

Particular respect is given to the Caucasus due to its geographical expansion (div. Fig. 1), and significant economic resources, mineral oil, and nafta. Until the end of the 19th century, especially after the victory in the last Russian-Turkish war, the geopolitical priority of Russia in this region was recognized by all interested parties, and a similar situation While it persisted throughout the entire period of the founding of the USSR, the collapse of the Allied Power radically changed the Caucasian situation.

As of the beginning of the last century, however, with a thoroughly updated set of participants, a new strategic division of this territory is emerging, and the Upper Caucasus, which was lost to Russia, in many geopolitical In them, “games” play far from the remaining role, although no one can lay claim to any “ from the side" is not declared. However, it is not at all out of the ordinary that both during the course of the war and after the truce, the Chechen side consistently appeals both to the peace of the world in general, and to certain, most reliable “ally” for itself ів" - to Turechchina and other Islamic powers.

2. The history of the conquest of the Northern Caucasus. Since most of the Russians were “rooted in the Caucasus” in the last century, it is no longer a historical, but rather a socio-cultural artifact, then a representative for the rich and the Eastern Caucasian peoples - this is a real policy of “pacification” of the mountain people, carried out Russian general Yermolov and his followers throughout the Caucasian war of 1817-1864. The policy that led to the massive, largely motivated emigration of the Adigians, Circassians, and other ethnic groups of the Upper Caucasus, to the change of the ethnodemographic structure of the region to the core of the Cossacks and Russians. .

The events associated with the experiences of “national humiliation” are preserved in the collective historical memory no less than in the past, and at the stage of ethnic mobilization during The conflict with its historical “conqueror” is constantly being updated, supporting images and claims, intransigence. and a “crook.”

3. Stalin's deportations. The same effect, even stronger, because of the approaching hour after hour, to restore the memory of the violent “hangings” from the quiet lands near the Kazakh steppe, during which thousands of innocent people perished. It is completely clear that the law on the rehabilitation of repressive peoples may often mitigate the tragedy that befell the Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, and most of all, part of their territory ї has already appeared occupied by the Susids (Zokrema, Ossetians and Kabardians) who did not suffer from repression, who were not collected . Turn it over to the great “gentlemen.” The absolute root of ethno-territorial conflicts between neighboring ethnic groups of the Eastern Caucasus was laid both by the very fact of deportation, and in legal terms by the unsecured rehabilitation of the victims.

4. Cossacks. An additional destabilizing factor in this region is the presence of Cossacks, especially Terek, who may have a special sub-national identity (“we are not Russians or Ukrainians, but Cossacks”) and in a number of cases appear a third party to the conflict, which raises powerful claims to protect “Cossack interests” .

The situation is further aggravated by the fact that during the regime period, most Russians (in Russia, the Russian population of Grozny and other areas of ethnic conflict zones) who migrated to the Eastern Caucasus om at 30-50 rocks of the XX century (that’s the name of labor migration), the Cossacks began settled on the lands adjacent to the territories of the mountaineers, since the end of the 17th century and respected themselves in exactly the same way as the indigenous inhabitants of the Upper Caucasus, as they stink.

Today's Cossack Movement, which has a powerful organization and military formation, without seeming to be at a high level of ethnic mobilization, is a serious force for which it is necessary to face more than just a conflict educational ethnic groups, and the federal authorities.

Among the listed factors, which are of great importance for the Northern Caucasus, there may be economical, environmental, demographic and cultural motives for conflicts, which have already been discussed in connection with the underground plan. I understand the conflict potential of the post-graduate space.

2.1.2 Kabardino-Balkarian conflict

Kabarda went to Russia in 1774 through the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi agreement with Turechchina. In 1921, the Kabardian Autonomous Region was established at the warehouse of the RRFSR; in 1922, the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region was established; in 1936, it was transformed into an autonomous republic. From 1944 to 1957 It was founded by the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1957 the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was reinstated. Since 1992 - Kabardino-Balkarian Republic at the warehouse of the Russian Federation.

· Subjects of the conflict: ethnic groups (two titular peoples) of the subject of the Russian Federation.

· Type of conflict: status with the prospect of escalating to ethno-territorial.

· Conflict stage: status claims before changing the ethnic hierarchy.

· Ethnic rhizik: medium.

On the 8th of February 1944, the Balkars were expelled from their inhabitants and forcibly transported to various regions of the steppe of Kazakhstan, the memory of this tragedy is still alive, although direct eyewitnesses of it are deprived of time. she.

After Khrushchev imposed repressive acts on one hundred Balkars, all the grown-up representatives of whose people had a subscription taken from those who, after returning to the Caucasus, de stink to lay claim to their colossal budinki and lane.

After the expulsion of the Balkars, the “dispossession” of the territory was carried out not so much for the benefit of their closest Kabardian neighbors, but rather for the benefit of the Georgian RSR following the initiative of L.P. Beria. The Balkars themselves are part of the deportation movement, officially called “collaboration with the Hitlerite occupiers.” Right up to the beginning of the natural disaster, the cordons that had formed after their gallows could be seen from the side of the suffering Balkars, which were seen, including anti-Radiant protrusions, and were strangled even at the formulation stage. The potential conflict situation was also underlined by the fact that in the party-radyanskaya structure, those in control of the autonomy remained until the end of the presentation, although they became less than 10% of the population of the republic.

For thirty years after the Balkars turned to their historical fatherland in their settlement, there were significant changes in the ruler’s way of life: part of the mountain people, whose traditional occupations were in shepherding and weaving, went down to the valleys, obtained light, replenished the ball of local grass.

Well, songs of the mind have been created for ethnic mobilization. In 1990, the congress of the Balkar people, which formed the powerful organs of ethno-national representation that was transferred, came into conflict with the Congress of the Kabardian people, created in 1991, - finally -political organization of the national movement of Kabardians. The political confrontation between the official bodies of power of the republic, on the one hand, and the national authorities, on the other hand, does not have widespread support on the side of the neighboring communities of the autonomy, such as the Kabardians and Balkars. Prote, already in 1996 the Balkar national movement supported the strong separation of the “Balkar territories” from the full autonomy and establishment of a separate entity of the Russian Federation, the Balkar Republic.

The latent conflict in this region is due to the distinct ethnic differences of both main ethnic groups of the “binational” republic (Kabardians, together with the Adigeans and Circassians, lie together until the ethnic news of the “Adige”, Balkars and Alan-Turkic movement and disputed Moreover, the socio-psychological complex “menshosti” among part of the Balkar population.

2.1.3 Ossetian-Ingush conflict

Ossetia became part of Russia, as did Kabarda, in 1774 after the Russian-Turkish war. In 1924 the Pivdenno-Ossetian AT was established (in 1922 the Pivdenno-Ossetian AT was established in Georgia), in 1936 it was transformed into an autonomous republic. Since 1992 - the Republic of Pivnichna Ossetia-Alania at the warehouse of the Russian Federation.

Primsky district, which became close to half of the territory of plain Ingushetia, came under the jurisdiction of the Pivnichno-Ossetian Autonomous Republic after the deportation of the Ingush and the encroachment of the Chechen-Ingushetia Autonomous Republic SR born in 1944. After the rehabilitation of the Ingush, the renewal of autonomy was withdrawn from the warehouse of Pivnichnaya Ossetia. The number of Ossetians living in the Republic of Pivnichna Ossetia-Alania is 335 thousand. chol., Ingush 32.8 thousand. chol. (For data from the 1989 census).

Ingushetia became part of Russia in 1810. In 1924, the Inguska AT was established at the warehouse of the RRFSR with its center near the metropolitan Vladikavkaz, in 1934 it was merged with the Chechen AT into the Chechen-Ingush AT, in 1936 it was transformed into an autonomous republic. In 1992, Chechen-Ingushetia was divided into two republics - Chechen and Ingushetia.

· Subjects to the conflict: the titular people of the republic, which includes the Russian Federation (Ossetians) and the national minority (Ingush);

· Type of conflict: ethno-territorial.

· Conflict stage: force action, the situation is “mothballed” when both sides of the conflict are dissatisfied.

· Ethnic riziku level: high.

After the deportation in 1944 of the Chechens and Ingush to Kazakhstan and other regions of Central Asia, part of the territory of the United Republic (including the Prigorodny district, which is traditionally populated Ingush) was transferred to the Pivnichno-Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Preservation of the Primsky district in the warehouse of central autonomy after the rehabilitation and return of the Ingush to the Caucasus in 1957, becoming a source of ethno-national tension, which had been the cause until the mid-eighties latent, haunting character.

The transition of the conflict to the open phase of confrontation between the parties was, first of all, praised by the 1991 revolution of the law “On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples”, in other words, passed in the 1992 revolution of the Inguska Republic, decisions are not supported by the cordons of the new subject of the Russian Federation. In this way, it is completely obvious that the conflict situation was initiated by the ill-considered actions of the federal authorities.

By the way, the Primisky district was used by the Pivdennaya Ossetian government to accommodate refugees from Pivdennaya Ossetia, which was caused by the ethnic-contact situation in this region (Ossetians, expulsions from Georgia, from one side, those Ingush who seized this territory as their “everlasting land” ). , - from another) could not but lead, finally, to mass actions directed against the Ingush population. The Ingush suddenly flee from the Origorodny district, which is once again not covered by Ingushetia without clear administrative cordons.

Due to the stabilization of the situation, by presidential decree in 1992, the territory of both conflicting republics was re-established as the supreme state, and the first head of the time administration, G. Khizha, instead of knowing to reach a compromise solution may ambiguously support the position of the Ossetian side in the attempt to provoke a serious conflict with Moscow and, In this way, put an end to the “Chechen problem.”

However, Chechnya did not succumb to provocation and tried to calm the situation that ended (actual deportation behind ethnic markings) by becoming a presidential decree about the transfer of several settlements to the Ingush and the settlements of their Ingush by emigrants.

About the insignificance of the Russian position in this conflict (later it manifested itself during the Chechen war) we can talk about the permanent change of heads of the timely administration of the region of the super-church state, one of the Which pins were hit by unknown terrorists in the sickle in 1993. Preservation of the conflict until today is not yet to speak of its significance, regardless of the reverse part of the deported Ingush to the Primsky region, the differences between the Ossetians and the Ingush who live near Pivnichnaya Ossetia , so between both republics they will lose even more tension.

2.1.4 Chechen conflict

In 1922, the Chechen Autonomous Republic was established, in 1934 it was merged with the Ingush Autonomous Republic, and in 1936 it was reorganized into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1944 the autonomy was limited due to the deportation of the Vainakhs and was renewed after their rehabilitation in 1957. At the end of 1990, the session of the Supreme Council of the Republic adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty and declared its claims to independence.

· Subjects of the conflict: the Chechen Republic of Chechnya and the Russian Federation.

· Type of conflict: secession.

· Conflict stage: war, overshadowed by the Khasavyurt lands (spring 1996).

· Ethnic riziku rhubarb: very high.

It is clear that there are two interpretations of the Chechen conflict:

1) the Chechen crisis is the result of the vast struggle of the Chechen people against Russian colonialism and neo-colonialism;

2) this conflict deprives Lantzug of any contribution to the collapse of the Russian Federation for the USSR.

In the first approach, I see the value of freedom, as understood in the context of national independence, in the other, the power and its territorial integrity. It is impossible not to note that the offending points of view do not include one another at all: they simply reflect the positions of the conflicting parties, and their continuity is consistent with the sounds of a pleasant compromise.

It is important to see three stages in the development of this conflict.

First stage . The beginnings of the Chechen conflict can be traced back to the end of 1990, when the democratic forces of Russia and the national movements in other republics began to extinguish the fight against the “empire” and the “imperial visions”, encouraged e Russian kerivnitstvo. At the same time, with the initiative of the closest associates of the President of Russia, Major General of Aviation Dzhokhar Dudayev, he asked to grant the Unification Congress to the Chechen people - the main force that was supposed to change the enormous amount of party-radyanism eat on the spot with Doku Zavgaev. With his strategic plans (the fight for the strengthening of Russia), Dudaev relied both on the radical wing of the Confederation of Caucasian Peoples of the Caucasus, as well as on other Transcaucasian leaders, and was quickly gaining the status of a charismatic leader a significant part of the population of Georgian Chechnya.

The rogue of the Russian democrats, who with their own hands laid the “mine” of the upcoming conflict, lying not only in the unknown and unreasonable Vainakh psychology in general and the mentality of General Dudayev, in isolation, but in This is due to the democratic nature of the activities of its “visuvan”. Before that, the memory of the violent hanging of 500 thousand Chechens on the Kazakh steppe was not taken into account at all, as, figuratively, the “song of Klaas” beats in the heart of every Vainakh - both Chechen and Ingush.

(The desire for revenge has become an independent official in this crisis, especially since the beginning of the military operations, since the historical “case” has come before the people to avenge their comrade, the destruction of booths, the increase in life, it seems, and from both sides, gradually creating conflict for everyone on a wider scale).

The situation of double rule continued in Chechnya right up to the beginning of 1991, when the support of D. Zavgaev of the State Emergency Committee played into the hands of his opponents and brought the Unification Congress of the Chechen People in the person of Dudayev to power, which became legitimate head of the republic (the election took the fate of 7, and 90% of them voted for the general), it is wrong to make a statement about giving Chechnya full independence from Russia. Whose end of the first stage of the conflict.

Another stage. Immediately anterior to the ear of the vegetative action, the period of the ear is 1992. until the fall of 1994 Since the beginning of 1992, under the special kerivnitsa of Dudaev, the formation of the armored forces of the Ich-keriya has been formed, and the armor is often transferred to the Chechens at the base of the settlements with Moscow, which is often choked by the militants kami. The 10 soldiers killed in the brutal 1992 in battles near ammunition depots became the first victims of a conflict that is gaining strength.

Throughout this period, negotiations have been ongoing with the Russian side, and Chechnya invariably insists on the formal recognition of its independence, and Moscow invariably insists on it from whomever turns its back. “The territory has its own womb. In essence, a paradoxical situation is emerging, as now, after the end of military operations, it will repeat itself again, even more unprofitable for Russia’s minds: Chechnya is “giving away”, having become a sovereign power, the Federation is “giving away”, everything is in order and the status is saved - the quo can still be achieved.

Since 1992, anti-Russian hysteria has been growing in Chechnya, the traditions of the Caucasian war are being cultivated, offices are being decorated with portraits of Shamil and his companions, and the sign is hanging: “Chechnya is a subject of Allah!” However, the Chechen consolidation with the current, rather ostentatious, consolidation is lost until we split: the opposition forces, which are concentrated in undisguised support of the Center (Zokrema, Avturkhanov, Gantemirov, Khadzhiev) in some areas of the establishment love parallel to Vlad, hesitate to try to “see” from Grozny.

The atmosphere is heating up to the brim and in this situation the President of Russia issued Decree No. 2137 on November 30, 1994 “On ensuring constitutional legality and law and order in the territory of the Chechen Republic.”

Third stage. From this moment begins the most dramatic period in the course of this conflict, since the “renewal of the constitutional order” will result in large-scale military operations with significant expenses on both sides, as, it seems, experts, put together close to 100,000 chol. The material surplus cannot be accurately calculated, but, judging from indirect data, it exceeded 5,500 million dollars.

It is completely obvious that since the beginning of 1994, turning back to the exit point in the development of the conflict has become impossible, and for both sides: the ideology of separatism, as well as the ideology of the integrity of the state, will materialize there are killed, unknown, tortured and crippled people, in ruined places ta selah. The crooked image of the war transforms the parties to the conflict from opponents to adversaries - this is the most important reason for the third period of the Chechen crisis.

After the liquidation of General Dudayev, his obligation will move to the much less popular Yandarbiev. Until mid-1995, Russian troops established control over the most important settlements of Chechnya (Grozny, Bamut, Vedeno and Shatoy), the war collapsed to a result favorable to Russia.

Proterrorist actions in Budyonnovskaya, and through the protest in Kizlyar, convincingly demonstrate that the transition of the Chechens to autonomous “partisan actions” will disturb Russia to steadily dominate in one of its regions in essence “about The military forces, who are guilty, are constantly subject to the pressure of the militants, and in this case once again supporting the population.

To what extent will conflict itself be inevitable? Insanely, the advances of the ethnic leader in Chechnya having already ceased, all sides could follow a more “soft” scenario for more thoughtful, consistent and inconsistent actions of the Russian side.

Factors that indirectly contributed to the conflict situation include: General Dudayev’s “request” to Chechnya on the basis of a malicious statement about his new democratic orientation; the actual transfer to the separatists of Russian military assets that were located on the territory of the Chechen Republic at the first stage of the conflict; passivity in the negotiation process 1992-1993; Even in the course of the military actions, the victorious milk’s tactics combined the power pressure with the negotiation process, which disorientated the Russian army and in no way accepted the value of the “military spirit.”

However, the main factor that the Russian side did not take into account was the underestimation of the role of the ethnic factor in ensuring stability in Chechnya and in general in the Southern Caucasus.

The unreasonable specificity of the national self-confidence of not only the Chechens, but also of other mountain peoples of the Russian Caucasus, leads to excessive economic possibilities of increasing conflict, in addition to the propositions of The Czech side should come out of the statement about the “cooperative” and “trustworthy” people, as they say in Western Europe and the USA not fully formed, and already not at all typical for peoples who are at the stage of ethnic mobilization and perceive themselves as victims of foreign expansion. These minds “perform” absolutely all the functions of ethnicity, which constitutes “self-worth.” This, perhaps, holds a major lesson from the Chechen conflict that has not yet been demanded by Russian politicians.

2.2 International tension in the regional aspect

Nowadays, there is a real threat of the disintegration of Russia on the borders of an independent power, as we are not averse to voting not only on national, but also administrative and territorial creations.

Table 1. Indicators that indicate interethnic tension, %

	Petrozavodsk	Cherkesk
	non-Russian		non-Russian		non-Russian
Problems of national policy
Migration from other regions
Improved economic situation
Failure of the central government to stabilize the situation
Powerlessness of the local government
Disappointed with national language, language, culture
The activity of popular fronts and movements

The depilies are the main submarous submarines of the National School of Crouping of the sofas, then the Self -Pochutta is social, the estimates of the Mali for nashu analiza, the spirals on Matereli, Odrimani at the herbal 2006 p. in the course of sociological research, the highest significance (Table 1).

In advance, we turn our attention to the alarming concern of the mass awareness in the regions of the situation that has developed here. It is important that this is characterized by song tension in interethnic regions: in Cherkessk – 55% of the population, in Stavropol – 40%, Ulan-Ude – 36%, Moscow – 33%, Ufa – 29%, Orenburz – 20%, Petroza vodka – 15% . At the same time, in Stavropol, Moscow and Cherkessk, 19%, 18% and 15% considered the real possibility of conflicts.

An important role in the important atmosphere of interethnic collaboration is played by the behavioral practice that develops from official and everyday contacts, their moral and ethical basis. The trace will be updated to the results of the investigation conducted in 2005 and (again) 2006. (Table 2). In such a short hour-long period of time, some of the features that overlapped with these and other facts, which by no means belong to normal data, grew into a repeat, two, or even three.

Table 2. Divide of food types “Which of the following foods have you ever encountered in everyday life?”, %

Negative phenomena	Stavropil	Orenburg
Designated on Kerivny Posad under the national sign
Disproportional representation in municipal authorities
The provision of material benefits in the absence of national power
Preservation of national remnants
Prevention against people of other nationalities, migrants
Victimization of religions to destroy national concerns
Hooligan acts on the national soil
Hostility towards representatives of other republics who are engaged in trade

With the influx of persistent dissatisfaction with the powerful national status, a significant part of the marriage formed an attitude towards an active conflict situation for their national group (Table 3). In Moscow, 72% of respondents stated this, and only 20% simply imagined such a possibility.

Table 3. Willingness to participate in conflicts, %

The fires of international confrontation, which flare up and smolder, at the present edges of our country create serious insecurity for its expansion and expansion into depth. In view of the instability of the social climate, the anxiety of mass media is foreshadowed, causing the population to be susceptible to various types of “phobias”, fear for the future, which will give rise to the persecution of “strangers” or, for hire, exchange live their rights, committed to ensuring their own safety and well-being.

Chapter 3. Overcoming and regulating international conflicts

You can see six changes of mind that are necessary for the regulation of ethnic conflicts:

- the skin of the hostiles is grouped guilty by the mother with a single command and control over him;

- the parties are responsible for controlling the territories, so as to ensure their reliable security after the establishment of a truce;

- I will become vocally jealous of the conflict, if the parties have either exhausted their military capabilities, or have already achieved many of their goals;

- The presence of a powerful mediator, able to promote the interests of the parties until a truce is achieved and to achieve recognition of the ethnic minority as a party to the conflict;

- because of the need for parties to “freeze” the crisis in order to introduce more political regulation of the meaningless term;

- placement of the peacekeeping forces along the line, to reach authoritative and powerful parties in the renewal of combat operations.

The presence of an authoritative unified command in each of the warring groups, as there would be insufficient power to ensure control over the field commanders and the punishment of any kind, would be the first necessary reason for conducting any negotiations about the use of fire. Otherwise, it would be impossible to achieve any kind of pleasure. Not surprisingly, one of the first crumbs of Russian power, as the Ossetian-Ingush conflict escalated, was the creation of ruling structures in Ingushetia in order to create a leader with whom dialogue could be conducted. The presence of control over the territory, which will provide the parties with complete security, even if not a key change of mind before regulation. If the way to please the truce is to freeze the extremely invisible and spilling configuration of the control zone, such an agreement is doomed to failure. The interstitial nature of the enclaves controlled by the Virmen and Azerbaijani formations in Nagorno-Karabakh, which, having been established until the beginning of 1992, where the population of the Azerbaijanis fortified the Shusha-Khojali region, practically cut the Virmen area into two parts, did not having deprived the possibilities of the Viconn of Zhodny and the numbers. It should be noted that the conflict phase, associated with the creation of a compact and dry area, is the most dangerous and bloody. The achievements of song and steadfastness in the course of the conflict, if the parties either, at least in the near future, have exhausted their military capabilities, or have already achieved many of their goals, it would seem that the most favorable stage for the Chatku of the girl peacekeepers zusil. And everything that both parties need is to fix the line of control on paper and put an end to the fire that has developed de facto. Nowadays, the legal consolidation of the fire after reaching the stage of equalization is associated with great difficulties. In Abkhazia, they came under the influence of a strong Russian pressure on the conflicting parties. In other cases, peaceful regulation was achieved even at this stage, if the conflict had increased in the country's natural resources. In essence, the access to natural balance is achieved after one of the parties has actually recognized the lesions. This does not allow her to dwell on the facts that have fallen, but encourages her to avoid any goiters in order to gain an hour until the ripening of minds suitable for revenge.

Actions to neutralize the confrontational aspirations of participants in international conflicts fit within the framework of certain hidden rules, derived from the obvious evidence of the increase in such conflicts. Including:

1) legitimation of the conflict - official recognition by the main power structures and the conflicting parties of the existence of the problem itself (the subject of the conflict), which requires negotiation and resolution;

2) institutionalization of conflict - the development of mutual knowledge of the rules, norms, and regulations of civilized conflict behavior;

3) the importance of transferring the conflict to a legal level;

4) support to the institution of mediation with the organization of the negotiation process;

5) information security in conflict regulation, so that openness, “insight” of negotiations, availability and objectivity of information about overcoming the development of the conflict for all communities and n.

Over the course of its history, humanity has come a long way to achieve non-violent regulation of conflicts. However, from the other half of the 20th century, when it became obvious that conflicts were a real threat to the survival of mankind, the world began to develop an independent stream of scientific research, one of the main subjects of which was the advance of the open, the their forms of conflict, their regulation and debt, as well as resolution of conflicts through peaceful means.

Find out the current political situations that call for consideration of international and inter-religious conflicts that arise in the middle of both countries and other countries. with international conflicts. There are few reasons why such an angle is necessary.

First of all, the conflict, which started as an internal conflict, gradually escalates internationally with the involvement of a wider range of participants and transcends the borders of powers. Many regional and local conflicts of the other half of the 20th century (we can remember Vietnam, Afghanistan) can serve as examples of the expansion of the conflict for the inclusion of new participants, if the handover of such major powers as the USA and the USSR, the contributed to a serious international problem. However, new participants may become involved in the conflict unintentionally, for example, due to the rapid influx of refugees before them. This is the problem that faced the European countries during the Yugoslav conflict. Another option for winning other countries from an internal conflict is possible in the event that the conflict is lost to the internal ones, and in this case, for example, as guarantors or victims, huge numbers of other powers appear. Therefore, the conflict is fueling international chaos.

In other words, the internal conflict may become international as a result of the disintegration of the country. The development of the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh shows how this is expected. At the moment of guilt in the Radyansky Union, this conflict was internal. This was the essence of Nagorno-Karabakh, which was part of the territory of Azerbaijan, and the majority of the population was formed. After the collapse of the USSR and the replacement of independent powers - Virginia and Azerbaijan - the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh turned into a conflict between the two powers, which remained unchanged. international

Thirdly, before the process of regulating internal conflicts, we obtained mediators from third countries, as well as mediators who act on behalf of an international organization or in their own personalities ostensibly (not to represent any particular region or organization), it becomes the norm in today’s world. This could lead to a conflict in Chechnya, in which representatives of the Organization for Security and Security in Europe (OSCE) acted as a mediator. The participation of international mediators can also lead to the fact that the difference between domestic and international conflicts becomes smaller, and the lines between these two types of conflicts are erased, then. conflicts are becoming internationalized

In the sphere of ethno-political conflicts, as in all others, there is still a very old rule: conflicts are easier to overcome, less difficult to overcome. At this point, the national policy of the state was straightened out. Our current state does not yet have such a clear and distinct policy. And not only because politicians “don’t have the strength to do it,” but significantly because the hidden concept of national life in multi-ethnic Russia has not been understood.

Visnovok

The cause of the ethnic conflict may be an encroachment on the territory of the ethnic group living, the aggression of ethnic groups beyond the “imperial hoop” and the creation of independent territorial-sovereign creations.

The struggle for natural resources, priorities in labor activity, social guarantees - all evoke ethnic issues that are about to develop into a large-scale conflict.

Forecasting, prevention and development of ethnic conflicts are the most important tasks of modern science. The regulation of conflicts on an ethnic basis, the search for mutual understanding between the parties, is made difficult by low officials, who can be noted as follows:

· Conflicting ethnic groups constantly compete over cultural characteristics (language, religion, way of life);

· Conflicting ethnic groups are fundamentally divided over socio-political status;

· In the territory of residence of one of the ethnic groups, the situation is changing dramatically in a historically short period

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Analysis of international tension in Russian regions

The Russian marriage will not be split up in social, ideological, cultural and national terms. In 2013 The problem of interethnic payments came to the fore. Mass protests in Pugachov, Biryulyovo and other places showed that it is impossible to bridle the international warlord with propaganda of friendship between peoples alone.

The problem of separatism has been replaced by a new threat - the growth of xenophobia and the extremist ideologies associated with it. At this time, the increase in international tension is ascertained by all experienced experts, and it is obvious that it is necessary to take this phenomenon into account in order to reduce tension and avoid conflicts.

We have carried out monitoring of the exposed vessels, showing what has been lost since 1st Spring 2013. until 20 Bereznya 2014 in Russia there were 570 ethnically motivated conflicts of varying degrees of intensity (from the posting of xenophobic content on the Internet to mass imprisonment due to the stagnation of the regime and deadly consequences). It can be predicted that the effectiveness of the state’s national policy will be lost at such a low level, the international tension in the marriage will grow, and the geography of conflicts will expand.

Protest sentiments, caused by socio-economic problems, the lack of thoroughness of the political system, corruption, are increasingly expressed in the form of nationalism, a radical term. Nowadays, the federal center actually shifts responsibility to the regions and municipalities, urging them to prevent manifestations of xenophobia. In the localities, orders have been set to respect those who are important. This is a demonstrative situation, if there are no applicants for the planting of a representative for interethnic waters introduced in the regions of the Russian Federation.

The problem is one of deep indoctrination and inappropriate response to clicks that may have a global character. The global trend - the demographic pressure of a poor agrarian Day on an industrial and rich Day - is repeated in Russia. Worldwide Islamization directly affects the ethnocultural situation in Russian regions, and not only Muslim ones.

The transcordance and efficiency of the Internet and the blogosphere provide officials in the localities with the possibility of “hushing up” an international conflict or filing it as a casual one. It is possible to overcome the escalation of the situation and the outgrowth of social vibrations only with competent decisions that are taken to balance the mood of the family.

Russian March 2012

Main factors of international tension

Experts saw the following factors of inter-personal stress:

• migration is uncontrolled;
• socio-economic depression, which leads to “the joke of the guilty” and xenophobia;
• the variety of different national policies;
• connected with the current problem of lack of awareness of the population about the real situation and the existence of a culture of interethnic gathering;
• the persistence of clans and clans under the influence of high levels of corruption and mass poverty in the lower national republics;
• low prevalence of PHI, which often results in conflicts;
• the expansion of radical Islam and the activity of other powers.

Most of the factors discussed are external, and may have regional specificity. Let's take a look at some of the problems that arise in the growing international conflicts.

Changes in the relationship between ethnic groups

Experts say that the increase in numbers of these and other non-indigenous ethnic groups is necessarily a factor of tension, and unregulated migration leads to an increase in malignancy, of the local population from spheres of activity, which, obviously, evokes a negative reaction from them. In our minds, the situation is worst in the new regions.

Photo: Kostyantin Chalabov / RIA Novini

The risk group also includes regions and places with a high level of life, regardless of geographic location (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tyumen region, Khanti-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets districts, etc.), adding to the light Graces of the region (Tomsk and Novosibirsk) regions, Primorsky region), "transit regions" (Stavropol Territory, through which migration flow goes directly to Central Russia).

As a positive example, experts call the Kaluzka region, despite the high influx of migrants, as long as the congestion of interethnic waters is not avoided. This is explained to us before strengthening the residence of workers in specially created work towns.

Also, due to the lack of an effective government policy, a change in the numerical ratio of ethnic groups in the regional society is important as a source of increasing tension.

The problem of “titular ethnicities”

In general, none of the experts respect that the status of the titular ethnic group in the subject of the Federation is bound to be a source of tension, and at the same time indicate problems associated with the high-ranking representatives of the titular ethnic group, representatives of other peoples, us ampered of the Russian, state and municipal authorities in the lower republics , just ahead of Tatarstan and Yakutia. Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria have two main ethnicities, one of them, in the opinion of experts, is in a disadvantaged state.

At the same time, experts have unanimously stated that such a process, such as the occupation of other business niches by ethnic groups, although there may be no conflict factor, is not of a natural nature. The only culprit could be Moscow, but this is due to the very high migration dynamics.

Ethnic malignity

According to some experts, malice is a supranational concept, caused by socio-economic, and even not ethnic, officials. The term “ethnic malignancy” itself can be considered, but there is no precise meaning yet. I think it would be more correct to talk about “migrant” evil.

Half of the food experts believe that the phenomenon of ethnic malevolence is a major factor in the increase in interethnic tension. Moscow is also known as the region with the highest level of ethnic evil and as the place with the highest level of ghetto creation. The situation is due to the colossal level of internal and external migration to the Russian capital due to the need for effective control over visitors from the side of law enforcement agencies. Experts also see evil tendencies that surround immigrants from Central Asia and the Chechen Republic.

Ethnic nationalism

Nationalism in its radical manifestations is the real cause of the increase in international tension, both Russian nationalism and the nationalism of ethnic minorities.

Massive detention of migrants by spy police during the check at the sheep base near Zakhidny Biryulyovo.

Russian nationalism is most characteristic of Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Russia. Situational manifestations of xenophobia also occurred in apparently calm regions: Karelia (Kondopoga), Sverdlovsk (Sagra), Nizhny Novgorod (Arzamas) and Saratov regions (Pugachov).

As one of the respondents noted, what is popular is not nationalist organizations, but nationalist ideas, and the bearers of these ideas are often subordinates, which do not loom before the merger with representatives and our peoples.

The nationalism of ethnic minorities is characteristic of national republics (which gives rise to forms of chauvinism in the “titular ethnicity”), as well as for young representatives of low diasporas. In the lower republic, local nationalism combines with the ethnocentrism of local elites. For such regions, separatist discourse is relevant.

One of the factors for the growth of nationalist sentiments in the Krasnodar Territory, experts, among other things, named the incomprehensible public relations of representatives of the regional government.

Along with this, experts see depressed regions, the growth of nationalism as inevitable and natural, regardless of the national disposition of the population.

Prospects for protests based on ethnic rhetoric

Experts predict, firstly, the ethnization of everyday and social conflicts, in another, the politicization of ethnic conflicts, as well as the growth of protests related to ethnic themes, and the formation of us of our organizations.

Zagalna thought – the growth of ethnically motivated protests is not connected exclusively with ethnicity, among the factors the following can be noted: the expansion of radical Islam; passivity to the federal center and attempts to influx into national regions from the side of other powers; the trend of urbanization of the Eastern Caucasian population also extends to Central Russia; increased competition for jobs between native and foreign residents. Varto pays attention to the growing activity of political organizations that exploit ethnic issues (closed during election campaigns) in order to increase popularity.

Problematic aspects of the state's national policy

The lack of systemic federal policy is often compensated by regional policy, and until then, effective regional policy is not implemented through. In the majority of quiet regions, there are no conflicts due to natural reasons (migrants do not show interest due to the lack of earning opportunities, if the region is rich and poor) or the presence of such , the buildings will serve as detonators.

Police detectives are trying to catch up with the participants in the theft during the “people's gathering” near the Moscow district of Biryuliovo. Residents of the town near the Biryulyovo Zakhidne district near Moscow are trying to find out the murder of Yegor Shcherbakov.

Some experts speak out about the pressure on the power of the low national republics to maintain a high level of international tension. For many of these regions, the national card is one of the trump cards for trade with Moscow.

The strengthening of legislation does not reflect the systemic nature of government policy, the development of which began only after the President of the Russian Federation Volodymyr Putin gained respect for this sphere.

The failure of regional authorities to deal with development companies, which is the greatest influence on the influx of migrants, is characterized by respondents as one of the most obvious indicators of the ineffectiveness of the state.

The Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Moscow are included in the list of regions with ineffective national policies. In Moscow and the Moscow region, the idea was voiced that ethnic themes are not so present objectively as they are created piecemeal. In most Russian territories and regions, they often react to international food supply after the fact.

Among the regions with successful national policies, experts named Saratov, Orenburz regions, Mordovia, Chuvashia.

There is a very good thesis about the favorable situation in Chechnya: the effectiveness of national policy and the interim stability of the government, firstly, the authoritarian style of management, in another way, depends on the results of the results of the non-Chechen population from the republic and its transformation into a monoethnic entity.

Regions of the “riziku group”

According to experts, the most dangerous international situation, due to a combination of reasons, has developed in Moscow, the Moscow region, St. Petersburg, in the Eastern Caucasus and the Volga region.

Most experts unanimously see Dagestan as one of the most problematic regions. In Crimea, regions with a very complex situation are named Chechnya and Ingushetia (catalyst - rich territorial conflict), Kabardino-Balkaria (conflict between Turkic and Caucasian peoples), as well as Kal Mikiya (conflict between the Nogais and Kalmik). Experts predict a decrease in the relevance of the “genocide of the Circassian people”, which is fueled by low organization.

The “smoldering” Northern Caucasus negatively spills over into the neighboring regions, especially into the Stavropol and Rostov regions, where the problem of interethnic drains is becoming even worse.

Since the tension in the regions of the Northern Federal District (Volgograd, Rostov regions, Krasnodar Territory and others) is due to the proximity of the Northern Caucasus, experts characterize the Volga region as “an independent center of tension.”

A number of regions of Siberia and Far East are also included in the “riziku zone”.

Participants of the action “Our version of Kurban Bayram” near Moscow. Representatives and supporters of several nationalist groups plan to march in front of the Prazka metro station near Biryulyovo Bay.

Siberia and Far Skhid

Siberia and the Far East are traditionally perceived as the calmest international territories. At the same time, a number of experts believe that a serious factor that destabilizes Siberia may be the expansion of radical Islam among residents.

Tyumen region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are located in a potential zone of risk (due to the great influx of foreign migrants and Russian citizens from other regions), but experts do not assess the situation there as a threat for any number of reasons: the wealth of the region, which allows for the reduction of social risks; traditionally rich national warehouse (the first Fahivians who came to develop naphtha production came from Azerbaijan, Bashkiria, Tatarstan, etc.); The government's national policy has been targeted.

At the same time, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are already seeing an increasing influx of criminalized Caucasian diasporas, which are gradually expanding into the Russian population, and are entering into conflicts with Asian migrants.

This cross-border tension is present in the national republics of Siberia and the Far East, but has a more streamlined character, while in the Volga region and the Southern Caucasus, it is not of direct continuity, but rather of incremental nature. izatsiya authorities.

A very serious problem is the presence of migrants and seasonal workers from China, which is often smoothed out by the size of the territory (the most important factor in the tension of experts is the cost of living), but is deprived of the real rizik. Moreover, China has a clearly negative attitude towards the residents of the Far East towards migrants from Central Asia, which allows the expansion of the zone of penetration of the Chinese.

3. It is obvious that the main centers of international tension are evident, and, most importantly, regional power in them cannot be overcome by a dangerous situation of self-pushing.

4. The worst possible international situation has developed in many regions, and if there is any conflict on the national level near the capital, the level of xenophobia will automatically increase throughout the region.

5. In many regions, interethnic tensions are of a latent nature and spontaneous protests may develop with the influx of resonant anger on the part of the newcomers.

6. More and more often, ethnic conflicts arise, the causes of which are found not only in the international, but also in the socio-economic and political spheres. To be honest, let’s not forget the fact that most of the ethnically motivated protests of the local population were met with fatal consequences in disadvantaged towns (Pugachiv) and districts (Biryulyovo).

7. The expansion of radical Islam increases the likelihood of conflicts in these regions, where representatives of different nationalities reconcile peacefully (Tatarstan).

Police uniforms are stationed outside the Biryuza shopping center in the Biryulyovo district of Moscow.

8. The cause of interethnic conflicts also lies in the cultural isolation of migrants, leading, on the one hand, to the inappropriate behavior of immigrants from the Caucasus and Central Asia, and on the other hand, to the formation of an image a migrant enemy among the Russian youth. An additional problem is the low level of awareness of the population: both about other ethnicities and about thematic approaches, such as their closeness.

9. On the federal level, national policy is practically daily; in regions, governors and measures react to problems situationally and after the fact. No effective models for mitigating potential threats have yet been created. Nowadays, the development of mass communication techniques promotes the speed and publicity of the government's reaction, and it is necessary to restore it.

10. Neither power in the sphere of regulation of interethnic conflicts has yet to strengthen its punitive function, the effectiveness of which is limited. The punitive attacks will stagnate intensely, but unhappily, and the concept of “extremism” is interpreted quite well. In other regions, a large number of accused crimes are being blamed for the obviously unsound records of social authorities, which is causing a riot among the communities. As a result, a previously calm situation becomes tense.

11. As a result of the prevalence of illegal practices of legal punishment for the same offenses in different regions, there is a difference in the world of punishment. There is now a unified standard for the response of local officials to incidents in the international sphere, to either try to resolve them or to make inappropriate determinations in order to avoid provoking international conflicts.

12. Analysis of international conflicts in the regions shows that their number is significantly decreasing due to the high dynamics of political-economic processes. Thus, during the period of the Olympic Games and the political conflict in Ukraine, the number of conflicts changed significantly.

13. The principle of subsidiarity can be implemented by transferring some of the responsibility to the city councils under the authorities and motivating them to participate. Such a “strategy of enlistment” will help improve competition among the faded nationalists and win the “fight for youth.”

14. Due to the government’s policy of “active dissemination,” the ideological vacuum is intensively filled by various organizations closely aligned with destructive, antisocial ideas. It is necessary to remember that nationalist ideas are largely abstract in nature, so that the fight against organizations will not give the desired effect. The recruitment of young people in the regions to suspenseful projects is not a good idea, but a necessary way of reducing the risk of spontaneous social upheavals.