Natural and artificial biocenoses factors of the middle. Lesson-presentation. Topic: "Factors of the environment and their influx into biocenosis." ❖ The differences between agrocenoses and natural biogeocenoses

Biocenosis(or sleepiness) - historically there has been a stable population of organisms of various species that inhabit the same area of ​​territory or water areas connected by waterways. (K. Mobius, 1877).

Applications of biocenoses: moistness on a tree tree, in a hole, on a forest plot, bows, lakes, swamps, headquarters, etc.

Various populations of the biocenosis may be preserved until the end of their lives. This means that:

■ all species of biocenosis have similar benefits to the abiotic minds of the environment (light, temperature, moisture, etc.);

■ it is important to understand the natural trophic (harvest), topical, biological and factory interactions between organisms of different populations, the necessary implementation of their food, reproduction enna, settlement and protection.

❖ Storage parts for biocenosis:

■ phytocenosis (Stiyke spivtovaristvo roslin); It is characteristic of rice and boundaries, which are easily recognized, and is the main structural component of any biocenosis, meaning the species stock of zoo-, myco- and microbiocenoses;
■ zoocenosis (The totality of mutually related species of creatures);
■ mycocenosis (sweetness of mushrooms);
■ microbiocenosis (The abundance of microorganisms).

Ecotop- tse primary a complex of abiotic agents of the medium of life and various components of living movement (soil, soil) that were on the surface of the earth (dry land and water bodies), occupied by this or that biocenosis, without harming the changes introduced by the living sources of this biocenosis osa.

■ All ecotop factors can be divided into climatotope , foodphoto і hydrotop .
Climatop - The totality of climatic factors in the ecotope.
Foodphoto - The totality of soil-soil factors.
Hydrotop - The totality of hydrofactors (the presence and characteristics of water, what is located in new water, etc.).

Biotope- This is a plot of middle ground (either dry or watery), which has the same minds and is occupied by one biocenosis. In this way, the environment is viewed from the perspective of all changes that were introduced into them by the organisms of a given biocenosis.

Biogeocenosis and ecosystem

Biogeocenosis(in short - BGC) is a single natural complex that lies between the singing phytocenosis and the connections between the mutual exchange of speeches and energy, the creation of the earth's surface (land) with the singing minds of the dowkill (biotope) and population all types of organisms that inhabit this biotope (biocenosis) , div. .

Applications of biogeocenoses: Yalinnik, dibrova, sphagnum bog, dry meadow, etc.

Biogeocenosis functions as a complete self-creating, self-regulating closed system. Populations of organisms extract from the inorganic environment the resources and necessary supports of life, and at the same time see the products of life that renew the environment.

Ecological system(or ecosystem) - be the totality of organisms that can live happily, and inorganic components, with the interaction of which is formed circulation of speeches and flow of energy .

apply ecosystems; rotting stump, goosebump, kalyuzha with plank water, park, aquarium, biosphere, etc.

The importance of the ecosystem in biogeocenosis. The concept of ecosystem does not imply any demarcation of the territory or water area that is occupied with it, and can be limited to any complexes of organisms and their complement (including water), not only to natural ones, but also to the creation ї people. Biogeocenosis is a natural ecosystem that can be seen on land, including phytocenosis. Roslinnyi joint venture. Therefore, the ecosystem is understood more broadly, the lower biogeocenosis: any biogeocenosis is an ecosystem, but not every ecosystem is a biogeocenosis .

❖ Components of biogeocenosis:
■ inorganic substances that are included in the circulation (semi-carbon and nitrogen, sour, water, mineral salts);
■ climate officials (temperature, lightness, moisture);
■ organic compounds (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.);
■ organisms of various functional groups – producers, consumers, reducers.

Producenti- autotrophic organisms (mainly green plants and algae) that synthesize organic compounds from inorganic ones. Producers vicorize the energy of Sun, transforming it into the chemical energy of organic substances, available to all organisms.

Reducenti- heterotrophic organisms (bacteria, fungi), which in the process of their food produce the organic waste of dead plants and animals and the excrement of creatures, transforming them into simple inorganic parts, suitable for ingestion by plants.

Characteristics biogeocenosis (ecosystem): biomass, productivity, species diversity, population size of the skin species, relationship of species to the number and size of the population, space and trophic (grub) structures and that too.

Biomass- The total mass of all organisms of the ecosystem or adjacent trophic levels.

■ Biomass is expressed in units of mass of river per unit area or area of ​​the ecosystem (kg/ha, kg/m3 and in.).

■ The biomass of all organisms of the Earth consists of 2.4 10 12 tons of dry matter, 90% of which is the biomass of ground plants.

Productivity- The increase in biomass produced by organisms of the ecosystem in one hour per area or area.

■ Productivity is expressed in units of mass of material per unit area or volume per hour (kg/m 2 per unit area).

Primary productivity of the ecosystem the amount of biomass produced in one hour by all the plants of this ecosystem as a result of photosynthesis.

Secondary productivity of the ecosystem- the amount of biomass produced by all consumers of this ecosystem in one hour.

■ The natural river products of the dry organic river of the Earth are 150-200 billion tons (of which 2/3 is given to terrestrial ecosystems, 1/3 to aquatic ecosystems).

■ The most productive ecosystems: tropical rainforest (about 2 kg/m 2 per river) and the polar regions of the Light Ocean (about 0.25 kg/m 2 per river).

Species structure of biogeocenosis (ecosystem)

Species structure of BGC and ecosystems - the diversity of species of all populations that are included in the BGC (or ecosystem), and the relationship of these species by number (or biomass) and population size.

■ The skin ecosystem has a natural selection of organisms that are most suited to ecological minds.

■ Ecosystems are diverse, rich in species (coral reefs, tropical rainforests, etc.), and poor in them (arctic tundra, deserts, swamps, etc.).

Vidi-dominanti- see that they value the number of individuals or occupy a large area in this ecosystem.

View-identifiers- dominant species (often plants, other creatures), which play a major role in the designated warehouse, structure and power of the ecosystem by the way of creating the middle for all species (in the yalinnik - yalin, in the birch forest - birch, etc.).

■ For example, in ashberry wood the lightness is significantly less, and the air temperature is lower than in leaf wood; The water that flows from the crowns of the yalins produces an acidic reaction, and under the trees a thick bedding of pine needles is formed, which can be easily decomposed, with little humus in place. As a result, the yalina, in the course of its life, changes the mind of the middle, so that this biotop becomes unsuitable for the development of rich species of organisms and is populated only by species that are well suited to life in such minds.

The role of rare and non-numerous species: They increase the diversity of ligaments in the partnership and provide a reserve for the replacement of dominant species.

■What is the specificity of the minds of the middle, there is a poorer species composition and a greater number of different species. And by the way, among rich spilnots, the species are innumerable.

■ The greater the diversity of species, the stronger the partnership.

Prostorov and ecological structure of biogeocenosis

Spacious structure- division of organisms (mainly roslins) to be completed by clearly demarcated structural elements (vertically and/or horizontally). tiers and microgroups .

tiers characterize vertically dismemberment of phytocenoses. They are created by the above-ground vegetative organs of plants and root systems.

■ The main factor that determines the vertical distribution of vegetation is the amount of light, which determines the temperature and water regimes at different levels above the surface in biogeocenosis. The upper tiers are covered with light-loving and mostly planted to the coldest temperatures and with the most moisture in the air; At the lower tiers, the growths hesitate, less able to reach the light.

■ Tiers of good growth in the forest (woody, tea leaves, herbaceous, moss, etc.). The creatures are also divided into tiers (inhabitants of tea gardens, moss cover, soil, etc.).

■ The underground layering of phytocenoses is weakly or daily expressed. As a rule, the mass of underground organs naturally decreases down to the bottom.

Mosaic- Dividedness (heterogeneity) of biogeocenosis horizontally, which is evident in various microgroups, which are divided into species, several related relationships of different species, productive I have other signs and powers.

The mosaic is determined by:
■ heterogeneity of microrelief;
■ peculiarities of biological propagation and form of plants;
■ the activity of plants, creatures and people (the creation of ants, trampling of grass, the removal of trees, etc.).

The ecological structure of the BGC is the result of the interaction of various ecological groups of organisms, which forms this biogeocenosis.

■ The diversity and spread of representatives of this and other ecological groups lie in the minds of the middle class (in the deserts there is a concern for the attachment to life in the minds of the lack of water, xerophytic plants and creature xerophytes or; in aquatic species - growths of hydrophytosis and created hydrophiles, etc.) and develop over the course of a three-year period in young climatic species , Soil-ground and landscape minds are quite natural.

■ This diversity ensures high density of organisms per area, their maximum biological productivity and optimal competitiveness.

Products with a similar ecological structure can be of different species, leaving the same ecological niches to occupy different species (example: the same ecological niche in the European Union It is occupied by the marten, and in Siberian - by the sable).

Trophic structure of the ecosystem. Circulation and flow of energy in ecosystems

All organisms in any ecosystem share the abundance of living words and energy, the necessary support for life. The mental health of the ecosystem is necessary - a steady influx of energy. The main way to disrupt the flow of energy in the ecosystem is through food.

Trophic rhubarb- The totality of organisms united by a type of food.

The following trophic levels are divided:

■ first rhubarb digest autotrophic organisms ( producer ), which creates organic speech from inorganic ones for the flow of sonic energy;

■ other trophic rhubarb assert herbaceous creatures ( 1st order consumers: snowstorm caterpillars, mice, voles, hares, goats, etc.), which go along with organic compounds created by producing plants;

■third trophic rhubarb fold meat creatures ( 2nd order consumers: gnats, gnats, etc.) that eat other herbaceous creatures;

■ fourth trophic rhubarb assert meat creatures ( consumer of the 3rd order : birds and animals), which coexist with consumers of the 2nd order, etc.

Carnivorous creatures can move from the third to the fourth level and back, as well as higher trophic levels.

Trophic (grub) lantsyug(or lanzug zhivilnya) - a number of organisms connected one to another by grub interconnections (the way of eating one species by another) and storage systems in sequence, which results in the circulation of speech and the flow of energy in ecosystems by ways of their transfer from one trophic level to another.

■ Along the edges of the trophic lance, there are organisms that lie down to different trophic levels.

Trophic boundary of the ecosystem- Combination of all the life characteristics of a given ecosystem of Lancsugs, in which the legs of one Lancsug and the storage parts of other Lancsugs.

■ The trophic boundary reflects trophic structure ecosystems

❖ Types of trophic lancets:

■grazing lancets(Lantsyugi issued or living room ) begin with photosynthetic producing organisms: on land : roslins → gnats → gnat-like birds → khizhi birds; or roslins → dewy lilies → lily lilies; by the sea : algae and phytoplankton → lower crustaceans (zooplankton) → fish → seaweed (and often birds). Grazing lancets roam near the seas on shallow depths.

■ detrital lantsugs(lanzugs unfolding) begin with tiny waste of vegetation, corpses and excrement of creatures ( detritus): detritus → microorganisms-reducers (bacteria, fungi) → critters (detritivores: earthworms, wood lice, mites, springtails, nematodes) → hizhaks (birds, lilies). Such lancets are most widespread in forests, where over 90% of the coastal growth of vegetation dies out, succumbing to the decomposition of saprotrophic organisms and mineralization.

❖ Main characteristics of grub lantsug in the middle of the biogeocenosis: the abundance of the lancet, the size, the size and biomass of organisms in the skin trophic level.

■ The growth of vitality is primarily composed of 3-5 lanks (trophic regions) as a result of the great expenditure of energy on the production of new tissues and the survival of organisms.

The productivity of organisms of the cutaneous offensive trophic level of the grub lancet is now less (on average 10 times) than the products of the former, fragments:

■ Only a part of hedgehogs are assimilated as consumers (the problem appears in the appearance of excrement);

■ Most of the living fluids that are absorbed by the intestines are spent on breathing and other processes of living.

Ecological pyramid- graphical representation of the relationship between the numbers of individuals, biomass and energies of organisms, which establish trophic levels in the ecosystem, expressed among individuals.

■ In this case, the legs of the grub lancet look like orthocutaneous species, the area of ​​which corresponds to the numerical values ​​of the legs.

Types of ecological pyramids:

■ the pyramid of numbers graphically displays the relationship between the numbers of individuals in different trophic levels of the ecosystem;

■ the biomass pyramid graphically shows the quantity of biomass (the mass of living matter) in the skin trophic level;

■ The energy pyramid graphically displays the magnitude of energy flows that are transferred from one trophic level to another.

❖ The power of ecological pyramids:

■ the height of the pyramids is determined by the length of the grub lancet;

■ the biomass and number of individuals in the skin of the living zone are progressively changing - the rule of the ecological pyramid; This is the case in most (but not all) terrestrial ecosystems; in such ecosystems the base pyramids of numbers and biomass are larger in recent times;

■ in aquatic ecosystems, the basis of the pyramids of numbers and biomas may be smaller than the size of the adjacent rivers (the pyramids are inverted), which is explained by the small size of the producing organisms (unicellular algae - phytoplankton );

■ the pyramid of energy in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems always burns out, the remaining energy wasted on food is not transferred to the next trophic stream and leaves the ecosystem.

Self-creation. self-regulation and sustainability of ecosystems

Any ecosystem is a complex dynamic system that consists of hundreds, sometimes thousands of species of organisms, connected by trophic, topical and other connections.

Self-creation— the creation of ecosystems creates a flow of energy and ensures the circulation of basic elements between living and non-living components.

■ Living organisms draw resources from the environment and receive products of life from it (plants generate light energy, CO 2, H 2 O, replenish the atmosphere O 2; creatures fade from the atmosphere O 2 , they see that she has CO 2 too.).

Self-regulation— the existence of the population of the ecosystem is to renew its species and population structure after any evolution, and the existence of its different species is to be kept together, not knowing each other, except about the varying number of individuals of each species is equal.

■ Regulating factors are molded in the ecosystem itself: hijaks regulate the number of their victims, the activity of herbivorous creatures flows into the weeds.

Ecosystem homeostasis- The influence of the relative stability of the species stock and the number of individuals of different species in the ecosystem, as well as the relative stability and integrity of the genetic structure of the ecosystem.

■ The indicated steel is limited to the average and reflects the dynamic balance of continuously active factors.

Durability— the existence of the ecosystem is affected by changes, influences from external (natural and anthropogenic) influxes, and the connections and dynamic balance between its main components are disrupted by the external influx.

■ The resistance of the skin ecosystem varies boundaries: If the intensity of the external influx exceeds the current threshold, the ecosystem may collapse.

♦ Factors that will ensure the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem:
■ steady influx of sleepy energy;
■ the natural circulation of rivers, which is formed by producers, consumers and decomposers;
■ self-regulation of the ecosystem;
■ biological diversity and complexity of trophic ligaments of organisms that are included in its warehouse;
■ the possibility of organisms switching to prey on another species instead of a species that has become rare (some species of animals can also be eaten by some animals); with which the non-numerical type, the increase in the press of publication, gradually renews its numbers;
■ high potential for reproduction of the main groups of organisms in the ecosystem (the ecosystem is stable, since a change in litter by 50% leads to a change in the mass of producers by 25%, herbaceous consumers by 12.5%, and consumer goods by 6.2% then);
■ genetically diversifying individuals into a population; whichever is greater, the greater the chance for a population of mother organisms with alleles responsible for the appearance of signs and powers that are allowed to live and multiply in the minds of life and increase in number;
■ low level of Dovkill's minds. For example, highly stable tropical ecosystems, parts of the tropics are characterized by constant variations in temperature, moisture, and lightness. However, tundras are characterized by sharp changes in temperature, humidity, and lightness, which means that tundra ecosystems are less stable and are susceptible to sudden fluctuations in the population numbers of various species.

Based on the known laws of the dynamics of ecosystems, the development of their productivity and energy flows, it is possible to regulate the population size and the circulation of fluids in ecosystems so as to achieve the greatest possible output of the necessary for people's products.

An ill-considered introduction of humans into an ecosystem can destroy natural food supply and lead to an uncontrolled increase or decrease in the number of individuals in singing populations and destruction of natural ecosystems.

Automatic development and succession of ecosystems

An absolutely stable ecosystem can never be achieved through:
■ instability of Dovkill's minds;
■ changes that occur in the ecosystem itself as a result of the vitality of its organisms.

Self-convolution of the ecosystem— This is due to cyclical and progressive changes caused by various reasons.
■ Cyclical changes are associated with natural and seasonal changes in external minds and biological rhythms of organisms.
■ Progressive changes are influenced by constantly active external or internal factors and lead to the change of one biogeocenosis by another (succession).

Succession- natural, consistent, irrevocable and direct change (in the singing territory) of one biogeocenosis by another.

Replacing one phytocenosis in an ecosystem with another involves successional series. Once disrupted, the succession ends with the establishment of a more stable partnership that occurs in the riverine river with an abiotic environment (jarberry, forest, cow steppe, peat bog and In.).

❖ Causes of succession:

■external: permanently active external factors: changes in climate and soil conditions in this territory (wetlands, salinization), including the legacy of the ruler's activity of people (deforestation of foxes in, cultivation of lands in dry areas, drainage, application of fertilizers to bows, rozoruvannya, sifting thinness diet, etc.);

■ internal: change that the biotopa inherits the vitality of organisms with a dry population in one place, so the biotope becomes less common to some species, and more important to others. As a result of this, a different, more connected biocenosis develops for new minds.

A change in the minds of the species (biotope) inevitably leads to a change (change) in the biocenosis. As a result of a new home, a new biogeocenosis (ecosystem) arises. The leading role of the process of change of biogeocenoses belongs to the plants, if biogeocenoses change as one whole. Instructions that by changing the plant's quality, the creature's light will also change.

❖ Classification of successions I will stand down and become the authorities of the middle:

■ primary, which begin in plots with added soil and vegetation (on bare rocks, rocky dunes, ponds, river sediments, settled lava flows, etc.; the stench is heard in hundreds and thousands of rocks. The most important herd Such successions include the formation of soil by paths of accumulation of dead rivers surplus or waste products;

■ secondary that houses are formed into groupings after their destruction due to erosion, fire, felling, desiccation, volcanic eruption, etc. The fragments in such places mean that rich living resources are saved, and successions proceed rapidly (over tens of years).

Agroienosis

Agrocenosis(or agrobiocenosis) is a uniquely created human ecosystem, the structure and functions of which species it supports and controls for its own interests. This is a collection of organisms that linger on the lands of the agricultural land, occupied with crops and planting of cultivated plants.

apply; fields, cities, gardens, parks, forest plantations, pastures, greenhouses, aquariums, reservoirs for breeding fish etc.

The role of humans in agrocenosis: It creates an agrocenosis, ensures its high productivity using a complex of special agrotechnical techniques, and collects the vikoryst crop.

❖ The role of agrocenoses:

■ currently they occupy 10% of the total land surface (about 1.2 billion hectares) and immediately provide 2.5 billion tons of agricultural products (about 90% of all food energy required to humanity);

■ they have great potential for increased productivity, the implementation of which is possible with consistent, scientifically-based care of the soil, provision of vegetation with moisture and elements of mineral food, protection of plants from undesirable abiotic and biotic factors.

U agrocenosis warehouse includes cultivated weeds, weeds, mosquitoes, earthworms, mouse-like rodents, birds, bacteria, fungi and other organisms related to each other by trophic mutualisms.

Lantsyugi grarch in agrocenosis The same as in the natural ecosystem: producers (cultivated plants and weeds), consumers (mosquitoes, birds, voles, foxes) and decomposers (bacteria, fungi); obov'yazkova lanka grub lantsyug - lyudina.

❖ The differences between agrocenoses and natural biogeocenoses:

■ in agrocenoses what is important is not natural, but piece selection , who is a direct human being, a leader in maximizing the yield of agricultural crops. This sharply reduces the ecological stability of agrocenoses, such as not capable of self-regulation and self-renewal, cannot sleep on their own (without human support) in more than a few hours (they transform into biogeocenosis) they can die due to the massive increase in sickness and illness;

■ in agrocenoses daily new cycle of speeches and a sharp disruption in the balance of living elements (most of them are produced by humans at the time of harvest); To eliminate waste, it is necessary to gradually introduce various living substances into the soil in a seemingly good manner;

■ agrocenosis, besides sunny energy, additional energy looms at the sight of energy introduction by people of mineral and organic goodness, chemical agents to protect against weeds, harmful diseases and diseases, energy spent on soil cultivation, irrigation and drainage of lands, etc.;

■ change of agrocenoses arises from the will of people (in field agrocenoses sіvozmіna );

■productivity of agrocenoses lower biogeocenoses.

♦ Methods for increasing the productivity of agrocenoses:
■ drainage and erosion of soils;
■ fight against erosion (improvement of ridges, unsalvageable orangery, weeding of excess peat);
■ standardization of the introduction is good;
■ dosage of methods for combating weeds, weeds and weeds;
■ development of biological methods to combat pests;
■ development of highly productive technology;
■ development and development of new high-yielding varieties of cultivated plants that are resistant to illness and disease;
■ the development of scientifically grounded worlds;
■ vikoristannya greenhouse and hotbeds;
■ the development of methods for growing vegetables without soil - hydroponics (as the substrate is vicorized with gravel, crushed with salts) and aeroponics (the substrate is daily, and the roots are periodically sprinkled with mineral salts).

The middle is that part of nature from which a living organism originates and from which there is an immediate interaction. The warehouse parts and the power of the middle are varied and varied. Whatever life is alive is alive in the folding and changing world, steadily adapt to it and regulate your life according to its changes.

The adaptation of organisms to the middle is called adaptation. Life before adaptation is one of the main forces of life, which ensures the ability of its existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations are manifested at different levels: from the biochemistry of cells and the behavior of surrounding organisms to the formation of grouping and ecological systems. Adaptations emerge and change during the evolution of species.

Around the power and elements of the middle, which flow into organisms, are called environmental officials. Officials of the middle class are diverse. Stinks may be necessary or, in fact, harmful to living things, absorbed or interfere with survival and reproduction. Environmental officials understand the different nature and specifics of the situation. Ecological officials are divided into abiotic and biotic, anthropogenic.

Abiotic officials - temperature, light, radioactive vibration, pressure, wind moisture, salt storage of water, wind, currents, terrain - all the powers of inanimate nature, which are directly related to pour on living organisms.

Biotic officials form the influx of living essences one on one. Kozhen organism of the post -one of the sides of the sisersed, the fuckers of the same and the same, enter the same species of the same species of the same vision, creatures, minorganisms, to lay down on them. Extra organic light is the storage part of the core of the skin's living essence.

Mutual connections between organisms are the basis for the establishment of biocenoses and populations; their gaze extends to the level of sinecology.

Anthropogenic agents are forms of human activity that lead to changes in nature, like many other species, or are directly reflected in their lives. During the history of mankind, the development of agriculture, agriculture, industry, and transport greatly changed the nature of our planet. Due to the significance of anthropogenic influxes, all living light on Earth will continue to grow rapidly.

Although people influence living nature through a change in abiotic factors and biotic connections between species, the activity of people on the planet is seen to have a special force that is not included in the framework of this classification. At this time, almost the entire share of living things on the Earth and all types of organisms are in the hands of human welfare, lying due to the anthropogenic influx into nature.

One and the same factor of middling can be of varying importance in life and interfere with organisms of different species. For example, a strong wind in the winter is unfriendly for large creatures that linger openly, but there is no action on others that crawl in burrows or under the snow. The salt warehouse is in the soil, the important food of Roslin, and the majority of ground creatures.

Changes in the midstream factors per hour can be: 1) regular-periodic, which change the strength of the action in connection with the hour, either the season or the rhythm of tides in the ocean; 2) irregular, without clear periodicity, for example, changes in weather patterns in various rocks, a phenomenon of a catastrophic nature - storms, anger, collapses, etc.; 3) direct traction from the house, sometimes during travails, at peak times, for example, in cold or warm climates, overgrown with water, and the constant loss of thinness at the same time.

Ecological agents of the environment supply living organisms with various influxes, i.e. they can infuse as subordinates, which cause permanent changes in physiological and biochemical functions; as boundaries, which represent the impossibility of sleep in these minds; as a modifier that causes anatomical and morphological changes in organisms; as signals to indicate changes in other factors of the environment.

Regardless of the great diversity of environmental factors, a number of mysterious patterns can be identified in the nature of their influence on organisms and in the reactions of living species.

1. The law of optimum. The skin factor has little to no positive effect on the body. The result of the changeable official’s action is to lie in front of him due to the strength of his manifestation. As insufficient and supermundane the function of the official is negatively reflected in the livelihood of individuals. The friendly force is often called the optimum zone of environmental officials or simply the optimum for organisms of this species. The stronger the recovery from the optimum, the more pronounced is the suppressive effect of this factor on the body (pessimum zone). The maximum and minimum transfer of the official’s meaning is at the critical point, when it is no longer possible to sleep, death occurs. Between the valences between critical points is called the ecological valency of the living essences of a completely specific official of the environment.

Representatives of various al-dives vary greatly, both for optimality and for environmental valence. Thus, for example, arctic foxes from the tundra can tolerate changes in surface temperature in the range of approximately 80 ° C (from +30 to -55 ° C), while the warm-water crustaceans Cepilia mirabilis tolerate changes in water temperature in the range of no more than 6 ° C (from 23 to 29C ). One and the same strength of a factor can be optimal for one type, optimal for another, and go beyond the limits for a third.

The wide ecological valence of the type of completely abiotic factors of the middle is indicated by adding the prefix “eur” to the name of the factor. Eurothermal species - significant variations in temperature that vary, Eurybate - a wide range of pressure, Euryhaline - a different level of salinity of the middle.

The inability to tolerate significant fluctuations of the factor, or high ecological valency, is characterized by the prefix “sten” - stenothermic, stenobatny, stenohaline types etc. bud. which buildings adapt to different ecological conditions - eurobionts.

2. Ambiguity in the integration of the official into various functions. The skin factor contributes differently to various functions of the body. The optimum for some processes may be the optimum for others. Thus, the temperature rises from 40 to 45 ° C in cold-blooded animals, which greatly increases the fluidity of metabolic processes in the body, and interferes with the activity of the body, and the animals fall into heat loss. For a lot of fish, the water temperature is optimal for ripening fish products, and is unfriendly for eggs, which occurs at a different temperature range.

A life cycle in which the organism performs other functions that are important (food, growth, reproduction, settlement, etc.), in order to accommodate seasonal changes to the complex of government officials. Delicate organisms can also change their veins for the successful performance of all their vital functions.

3. Multiplicity, variability and diversity of reactions in response to environmental factors in different species. The level of vitality, critical points, optimal and minor zones of adjacent individuals are not avoided. This abundance is indicated by the slack nuts of individuals, and by the state, life and physiological aspects. For example, in the snow storm - one of the most important crops and grain products - the critical minimum temperature for caterpillars is -7°C, for mature forms - 22°C, and for eggs -27°C. A frost of 10 ° C will kill the caterpillar, but it is not safe for the egg of this poor creature. Also, the ecological valency of the species has always been broader than the ecological valency of the skin of the surrounding individual.

4. To the skin of the officials of the middle, you must adhere to the independent path. The level of valence to any factor does not mean the same ecological valency of the type in relation to other factors. For example, it seems that in order to tolerate wide changes in temperature, it is not at all necessary to adhere to wide ranges of moisture or salt regime. Eurythermal species can be stenohaline, stenobat, or whatever. The environmental valence of a variety of factors can be even different. This creates extreme diversity of adaptation in nature. A set of ecological valences of one hundred different officials of the middle class forms an ecological spectrum of the species.

5. Diversity of ecological spectra of different species. The skin type is specific due to its ecological capabilities. To learn from those close to you how to adapt to the middle of the species, you will understand the significance of any other factors.

The rule of ecological individuality of species was formulated by the Russian botanist L. R. Ramensky (1924) and has been widely confirmed by zoological research.

6. Interaction of factors. The optimal zone and between the vitality of organisms, of course, any medial factor can be displaced depending on the strength and in which other factors act simultaneously. This pattern was reflected in the name of the mutual relations between officials. For example, it is easier to tolerate sinter in dry rather than wet air. The threat of freezing is significant in frosty conditions with strong winds and in windless weather. Thus, the very same factor that combines with others gives a different ecological influx. However, the same environmentally friendly result can be

beamed with carved paths. For example, the wilting of plants can be reduced by an increase in the amount of water in the soil, as well as a decrease in the air temperature, which changes evaporation. The effect of local mutual substitution of officials is being created.

At the same time, mutual compensation of these factors in the middle is between the two, and it is impossible to completely replace one of them with the other. The constant presence of water would be one of the main elements of mineral food, but the life of the plant is impossible, regardless of the most friendly opinions of other minds. The extreme heat deficit in the polar deserts cannot be compensated for by either the great amount of moisture or the lightening of crops.

By understanding the patterns of interaction between environmental factors in rural practice, it is possible to carefully promote optimal health of the life of cultivated plants and our own creatures.

7. Rule of intervening factors. The factors of the middle, which are most distant from the optimum, especially complicate the possibility of sleep in these minds. If one of the environmental factors approaches or goes beyond critical values, then, regardless of the optimal understanding of other minds, individuals are threatened with death. Such factors, which greatly decline from the optimum, assume a significant significance in life or in their various representatives at any given time.

Intermediate officials of the habitat determine the geographical range of the species. The nature of these officials may be different. Thus, exposure to the sun may be limited by a lack of heat; in arid regions there may be a lack of heat or high temperatures. Intermediate expansion could be caused by biotic species, for example, the occupation of territory by a strong competitor or the marriage of weed plants. Thus, the sawdust of figs is entirely confined to a single species of coma - the Blastophaga psenes axis. Fatherland of this tree - Mediterranean. Introduced to California, figs did not bear fruit until the wasps were brought there. The wide range of legumes in the Arctic is surrounded by a subdivision of jmels, which are used to burn them. On Dickson Island, where there are no jmels, legumes do not grow, although due to temperature reasons these plants are still permissible.

In order to determine which species can be found in a given geographical area, it is necessary to first understand that any environmental factors do not go beyond the boundaries of their ecological value, especially in the most advanced period of development.

The findings of the interim officials are even more important in the practice of rural government, since the fragments that direct the main principles of their subsistence can quickly and effectively promote the yield of crops and the productivity of animals. Thus, on highly acidic soils, the wheat harvest can be slightly increased by stagnation and other agronomic inputs, but the greatest effect will be the removal of the grain as a result of sooting, which is due to the acidity between the two. Knowing the intervening factors is therefore the key to managing the life of organisms. At different periods of life of individuals, different officials of the middle act, which requires careful and steady regulation of the minds of the life of plants and creatures that are growing.

Lesson type - combinations

Method: partial-sounding, problem-solving, reproductive, explanatory-illustrative.

Purpose: In youth, it is important to integrate biological knowledge into practical activities, to obtain information about current advances in the field of biology; work with biological devices, tools, agents; take care of biological objects;

Zavdannya:

Osvitny: the formation of a cognitive culture, which is mastered in the process of initial activity, and an aesthetic culture, which is based on the emotional-valuable attitude towards objects of living nature.

Developing: development of cognitive motives, directing the creation of new knowledge of living nature; cognitive features of particularity associated with the acquired foundations of scientific knowledge, advanced methods of exploring nature, the formation of intellectual skills;

Vikhovny: orientation in the system of moral norms and values: recognition of the high value of life in all its manifestations, the health of one’s own and other people; environmental awareness; inspiration of love to nature;

Special: depth of reliability for the depth of knowledge; understanding the value of an adequate assessment of power's achievements and capabilities;

Pіznavalny: continuously analyze and evaluate the influx of dowkill factors, health risk factors, human activity in ecosystems, the influx of moisture particles on living organisms and ecosystems; orientation towards steady development and self-development; Vmіnnya prautsyuvati with jerelms of izhormatsky, rewinded by one in іnshu, porceivati ​​that analizuvati іnformasy, Robit Visnovka, Gotuvati of the Goldomalennya Ta presentation.

Regulatory: Instead, organize your own research work, evaluate the correctness of your work, and reflect on your activities.

Communicative: formation of communicative competence in spilkuvannya and spivpratsiya with one-year-olds, understanding of the peculiarities of gender socialization in the subadult child, suspilno bark, primary-presidential, creative and other types of activities.

Technologies : Health care, problematic, development of learning, group activities

Types of activities (elements of morning, control)

Formation of educational activities and skills to structure and systematization of the subject area: collective work - interpretation of the text and illustrative material of the folded table “Systematic groups of rich people” for consulting o assistance of scientific experts with further self-verification; a guy or a group of laboratory workers for the advisory assistance of a teacher with further mutual verification; independent robot made from bonded material.

Planned results

Subject

understand the sense of biological terms;

describe the peculiarities of everyday life and the basic processes of life of creatures of various systematic groups; elevate the peculiarities of the simplest and richest creatures;

recognize the organs and organ systems of creatures of various systematic groups; explain and explain the reasons for the similarity and significance;

establish relationships between the characteristics of living organs and functions, as they come to an end;

point the butts of creatures of various systematic groups;

to dissect the main systematic groups of the simplest and richest creatures on small scales, tables and natural objects;

characterize directly the evolution of the created world; provide evidence of the evolution of the created world;

Metasubject UUD

Pіznavalny:

process different types of information, analyze and evaluate information, convert it from one form to another;

put together theses, different types of plans (simple, foldable, etc.), structure the initial material, give meaning to understand;

exercise caution, carry out elementary experiments and explain the results;

rank and classify, independently select criteria for meaningful logical operations;

There will be logical conclusions, which include the establishment of causal and hereditary connections;

create schematic models from the observed actual characteristics of objects;

identify possible sources of necessary information, search for information, analyze and evaluate its reliability;

Regulatory:

organize and plan your initial activities - determine the course of work, the sequence of actions, set goals, predict the results of work;

independently develop options for completing tasks, transmit final results of work, choose ways to achieve goals;

follow the plan, carry out your actions with method and, if necessary, correct the problems yourself;

introduce the basics of self-control and self-assessment to make decisions and make informed choices in initial cognitive and initial practical activities;

Communicative:

listen and engage in dialogue, take part in the collective discussion of problems;

integrate and have productive interactions with one-year-olds and adults;

adequately use different methods for discussion and argumentation of your position, compare different points of view, argue your point of view, defend your position.

Special UUD

Formation and development of cognitive interest to the development of biology and history, development of knowledge about nature

Priyomi: analysis, synthesis, summary, transfer of information from one type to another, translation.

Basic concepts

Habitat environment, environmental factors, types of environmental factors: abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic

Lesson progress

Updating knowledge ( concentration of respect for new material)

Choose the correct option according to your opinion

1. What is put from over-reinsurance to piece biocenoses?

field

2. What is the totality of the population that enters the biocenological warehouse called?

species diversity

dominant

biomass

3. What is the name of the vertical space divided by the biocenosis?

tiering

vainness

mosaic

4. What components make up the biocenosis?

production and consumption

consumers and reduces

producer, reducer and consumer

5. What are the names of the components of biocenosis - organisms that combine organic from inorganic ones?

producer

consumers

reduccenti

6. What are the names of heterotrophs, organisms that coexist with ready-made organic compounds created by autotrophs?

producer

consumers

reduccenti

7. What are the names of organisms that destroy excess living substances, transforming them into inorganic and simplest organic substances?

reduccenti

consumers

producer

8. What are the names of hizh heterotrophs?

consumer first order

consumers of a different order

third-order consumer

9. Which of these organisms is a decomposer?

mushroom

10. Who is a consumer of a different order?

eagle

Misha Polivka

Development of new material(Teacher's report with elements of conversation)

The substances that flow into living organisms of biocenoses are called environmental factors or dowkill factors.

Median factors are varied and varied. They are divided into abiotic, which lies in inanimate nature, biotic, which lies in the activity of the organisms themselves, and anthropogenic, which lies in the activity of humans.

Abiotic factors are all components of inanimate nature that, in one way or another, flow into living organisms. This is light, temperature and humidity, wind, pressure, structure and soil storage, terrain relief, as well as the physical and chemical power of water, radioactive degradation.

The influence of factors of inanimate nature lies in the climatic minds of Dovkill.

One of them is sonyachne light. This depends on the intensity of photosynthesis and the saturation of acidity. This very substance is necessary for living organisms to survive.

Abiotic factors also include temperature and air humidity. They contain species diversity and the growing season of the plants, and the peculiarities of the life cycle of animals. Living organisms relate to these officials in different ways. For example, most dense trees shed their leaves for the winter in order to reduce the loss of moisture. The bushes of the desert are tossing the root system, which reaches significant depths. This will provide them with the necessary amount of care. Pershokvits are reaching the peak of spring's heights and summers. And during the period of dry summer and cold, snowy winter, the stinks survive under the ground in the form of the cibulin. This underground species will eventually accumulate a sufficient amount of water and living streams. -

Abiotic environmental factors also transmit the influx of environmental factors onto living organisms.

These include the nature of the relief, the chemical composition and the saturation of humus in the soils, the level of salinity of the water, the nature of ocean currents, the flow of wind and the flow of radiation. Its influx manifests itself both directly and sideways. Thus, the nature of the relief is determined by the effects of winds, moisture and lightness.

Influx of abiotic factors

Officials of inanimate nature have a different character on living organisms. Monodominant is the infusion of one dominant infusion with an insignificant manifestation of others. For example, if there is not enough nitrogen in the soil, the root system develops at insufficient levels and other elements cannot flow into its developments. Strengthening of several factors simultaneously results in synergism. So, since there is enough moisture in the soil, the plants are better able to absorb both nitrogen and plant growth. Abiotic factors, biotic factors and anthropogenic factors can also be provocative. With the early onset of plants, the plants tend to suffer from frosts.

Botic factors include all forms the flow of organisms one by one both in the middle of the species and between different species. The skin organism is constantly exposed to the direct and direct influx of microorganisms, fungi, plants and creatures of its own and other species. The basis of biocenosis lies in the mutual connections of organisms.

Features of biotic factors

Before biotic factors there are different forms of influx of living organisms one on one. Smells can also be direct or indirect and appear polar. In singing seizures, the body should not be immersed. This is a typical display of neutralism. This is a rare phenomenon that is seen even more frequently in the presence of direct infusion of organisms one on one. I live in a closed biogeocenosis, squirrels and moose do not interact. However, they have a different relationship with the biological system.

Applications of biotic factors

The biotic factor is also commensalism. For example, if deer carry turnip fruits, the stench will be removed from the root, without harm. With this stench, I mean bark, dispersing a variety of species of plants. Interorganisms often interact with each other. Their principles include mutualism and symbiosis. In the first stage, there is mutual cohabitation between organisms of different species. A typical example of mutualismє crayfish and sea anemone. This little bird is the most reliable protectant of arthropod creatures. And the sea anemone’s shell is like a vein.

More closely mutual relationships include symbiosis. Its classic example is lichens. This group of organisms is a combination of threads of fungi and cells of blue-green algae.

The activity of any organism and especially the interaction of groups of organisms among themselves leads to a change in dowkill - this is also a biotic factor. For example, earthworms significantly cover the soil, and herds of worms, for example, ruin the structure of the soil, trample it, and suppress wind and water erosion.

Biotic officials, whose butts we have looked at, can be supplemented with swindle. What is the type of interaction between organisms of the same species and others. In one case, the hizhaks attack, kill and eat their prey. Otherwise, they study the organisms of singing species.

The influx of biotic factors can be direct or indirect. For example, direct injection It's a misnomer if green plants are eaten by plant-like creatures. The Colorado potato beetle and its larvae, having multiplied in the potato field, depleting the green mass of the potato, reduce its yield.

Indirect injection manifests itself when animals of this species are driven away from other places of residence, when their food supply is depleted and persistent restlessness is evident.

There is also a positive and negative influx of biotic factors on living organisms.

The butt of positive infusion is acclimatization worm-like nereids in the Sea of ​​Azov as a food source for fish. As a result of negative flow, rabbits may have been brought to Australia, which became competitors of kangaroos in the fight for food.

Anthropogenic factors. Throughout his life, man has given and is giving at this hour a highly diverse influx on various biocenoses and, in general, on the entire nature of the Earth.

Action of anthropogenic factors

Abiotic officials, biotic officials have been united for a troubling hour, like living organisms pouring in. However, with the development of human welfare, its flow into nature has increased even more.

Vidomy teachings V. I. Vernadsky finally saw the shell created by human activity, which he called the Noosphere. The destruction of forests, the unbounded cultivation of lands, the destruction of many species of plants and animals, unreasonable environmental management are the main factors that change the dowkill.

The waste of creatures, the collection of weeds, the weeding of lands, the drainage of soil, the gradual mowing and weeding of weeds, the flooding of large territories for the creation of water reservoirs, the colossal smoke, the proliferation of outlets in the sight of saws and rich empty houses. shock in the wind from the work of metallurgical plants and combines, acclimatization and reaction axis This is far from a recent change in the influx of people on living organisms of natural biocenoses.

The negative impact of various activities on living organisms and natural biocenoses will rapidly intensify.

At its core, activities can be positive or negative at the same time.

For example, piecemeal support for optimal The minds of life of highly productive and disease-resistant creatures created by humans can be a positive butt. However, those in which people are aware of the richness of natural biocenoses are a negative example.

Unfortunately, today there are much more negative examples. For example, obstruction of the midstream leads to a shortening of the number of organisms, both terrestrial and aquatic biocenoses.

There is a great number of outlets for gas and saw, Rare aerosols are produced by great industrial enterprises on the photosynthesis of green plants, their volume decreases instead of the acidity of the air, which the inhabitants of the Earth, animals and people breathe. Congestion of the aquatic environment by debris is detrimental to the life of aquatic weeds, and a decrease in their number will lead to the death of sponges, polyps, crustaceans, mollusks, and fish.

The middle of living and these factors

Biotic factors, which are applied in combination with other groups and forms of infusions, have their significance in different environments. On the ground, the vitality of organisms largely depends on the fluctuating air temperature. But the water one’s display is not so important. The influence of the anthropogenic factor is currently gaining special significance in all habitats of other living organisms.

Limiting factors and adaptation of organisms

The surrounding group can be called officials who mediate the vitality of organisms. They are called limiting or limiting.

For deciduous trees, abiotic factors include a large amount of sedative radiation and vology. The stench is such that it can be separated.

The water medium has a limited amount of salinity and chemical storage. Thus, global warming will lead to the melting of ice caps. In its chergu, this is caused by an increase in fresh water and a change in the level of salinity. As a result, growing and created organisms that cannot adapt to the change of this factor will inevitably die. At the moment it is a global environmental problem for humanity.

Visnovok.

Also, abiotic factors, biotic factors and anthropogenic factors collectively act on different groups of living organisms in dovquills, regulating their numbers and processes of life, changing species wealth of the planet.

Medium factors and their influx into biocenosis Biology 7th grade

Ecologicalfactoriein the middle

Abiotic factors of the environment and organisms.

Bioticfactoriein the middle

Anthropogenic factors and their influence on the environment

Independent robot

What is the middle factor?

The officials of the middle are the minds of the middle, into which the living organisms of biocenoses flow.

What groups of factors in the middle class are the oldest and youngest?

1. What examples can you use to confirm the direct and indirect flow of biotic factors?

Direct influx: eating green mass by herbaceous creatures, eating by herbaceous huts (the Colorado potato beetle eats green mass from potatoes, locusts eat grass, the wolf eats a hare). Indirect influx: the stock of a number of huts, due to the quantity of plants (the number of owls is stored in a number of mice, and they multiply massively for the presence of food - grain crops).

2. How can people change the center of their lives?

The moles change the structure of the soil middle, in which they linger, creating a system of underground passages and periodically throwing earth onto the surface near the molehills. As a result, the balls are mixed into the soil and aeration appears.

Zavdannya

To direct the positive and negative influx of people into nature as a result of government activity.

Positive flow: protection of existing species, fire extinguishing, creation of protected areas, fight against forest pests.

Negative influx: obstruction of water, shortening of the biography, erosion of lands and developments of erosion, shortening of forest areas, obstruction of the wind.

Resources

Biology of Creatures. 7th class hand-held device for backlight lighting. install/V. V. Latyushin, V. A. Shapkin.

Active formsіmethods of biological science: Creatures. Kp. for the reader: To the satisfaction of work, -M.:, Education. Molis S. S. Molis S. A

Work program in biology 7th grade up to teaching materials V.V. Latyushina, V.A. Shapkina (M: Bustard).

V.V. Latyushin, E. A. Lamekhova. Biology 7th grade. The worker looks up to his assistant V.V. Latyushina, V.A. Shapkin “Biology. Creatures. 7th grade." - M: Bustard.

Zakharova N. Yu. Control and verification robots in biology: to the assistant V. V. Latyushin and V. A. Shapkin “Biology. Creatures. 7th grade” / N. Yu. Zakharova. 2-view - M: Vidavnitstvo “Ispit”

Hosting presentations

Biocenosis is a natural community that includes animals, plants, mushrooms, lichens and bacteria that inhabit the entire territory.

Types of biocenoses Natural ü Reservoir ü Meadow ü Steppe ü Forest Piece ü Aquarium ü City ü Field ü Garden

ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE ORGANISM Factors of inanimate nature (ABIOTIC) b temperature, b light, b humidity, b salt concentration, b pressure, b precipitation, b relief, b movement of air masses Factors of living nature (BIOTIC) Factors associated with human impact on nature (anthropogenic) ü the influx of organisms or the population of one species one at a time; ü direct influx of people on organisms and populations, ecological systems; b the interaction of individuals or the population of different species and the influx of humans into several species

Anthropogenic factors that negatively influence nature Replacement of human activity Legacies of this activity 1. Direct decline of biological species Extinct mandream dove, great auk, dodo, stelere cow, marsupial owlet, tahr Mr. European Tour 2. Dropping of water waters 3. Type of naphtha bottle in oceans, the processing and transportation of separated fish and the death of waterfowl due to hypothermia due to the wetness of the ponded plumage 4. Forest damage, ruination of soils, death (grouse, black grouse, etc.) 5. The destruction of Doglyad lands or the death of chickens and quails and other birds – residents of open spaces 6. Drying hurts Ruining of dowkill, geese, waders, betting toads. The listed creatures do not know the friendly minds of reproduction.

The influx of pollutants into the human body The main sources of pollutants Thermal power plants Metallurgical plants Textile enterprises Motor transport Enterprises for the production of gum Pollutants: saw, ash, soot , nitric oxides, sirka, amyak, carbon, , sirvoden, ammonia, sweetener, organic agents nervous system, disruption of the hematopoiesis process, arrhythmias and other heart diseases

Lance of life - the transfer of energy from the body through a number of organisms. All living organisms are connected with each other by energy reservoirs, fragments and objects of food for other organisms. Herbaceous creatures (living creatures of the first order) eat weeds, primary creatures (living creatures of a different order) eat herbivores, secondary creatures (living creatures of the third order) eat other creatures.

Kharchovy lancets are divided into two types: 1) Lantsug of the species - starts from the plants, goes to the deer-eating creatures, then to the huts. n 2) Lantsyug laid out - begins with vegetable and animal waste, animal excrement, other creatures and microorganisms.

Lively lancets 1. Grazing lancets of life Grass (bluegrass) Apple Hare Apple moth Cereals Wolf Tit Gopher Hawk Fox Larvae of carrion flies Worm Beetle

Lively lancets 2. Detrital lively lancets Roslin litter Woodworm Larvae of carrion flies Dead creatures Rotten flies Mole Grass toad Primary already Comachoid birds

In a spacious living environment, the biotope resembles a biocenosis. Between the biocenosis there are planted behind the phytocenosis, which contains rice, which is easily recognized. For example, pine forests easily grow from yalin forests, and high swamps from lowland ones. bud. In addition, phytocenosis is the main structural component of any biocenosis, since it means the species stock of zoo-, mikota, and microbiocenoses.

The affinity of the members of the biocenosis to living life is reflected in the singing similarity between them and the most important abiotic minds of the middle (lightening, the nature of the soil and the wind, the thermal regime, etc.) In the dark waters one by one. Communication between organisms is necessary for the implementation of their food, reproduction, distribution, protection, etc. bud. However, it poses both a serious threat and a threat to the existence of one or another individual. Biotic officials of the middle, on the one hand, weaken the organism, on the other hand, they form the basis of natural selection - the most important factor in species creation.

Purpose: understand what are the factors of the environment, their interaction and flow into biocenosis.

1. To formulate scientific knowledge about the patterns of influx of various mediators into the body.
2. Teach students to identify the main agents of the middle of life in nature and give them a short personal description.
3. Formulate a learning interest before developing different types of environmental interactions.
4. Expand the knowledge of schoolchildren about the influx of people and government activity on the devastated nature.

Obladnannya:

• tables with images of animals, which illustrate their absorption to completion;
• presentation;
• computer;
• multimedia projector.

Lesson type: combinations that systematize ZUN.

Methods of learning: heuristic conversation, explanatory-illustrated, partly joke with elements of pre-sleuth work.

Basic concepts and terms for the lesson: abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors of the environment.

Accept the duties of a teacher: enter before those; speech based on knowledge from the biology course for 6th grade; organization and consolidation in the form of biological tasks and tests during the development of the material.

Organizing the activities of students: cultivating the basic elements of the lesson that are relevant to this lesson; results from biological research and tests during consolidation; established knowledge.

LESSON PLAN

I. Organizational moment.

III. A contribution to the initial project.

V. Homework.

I. Organizational moment.

II. Incorporation of new material into consolidated materials.

During its life, the skin organism recognizes the influx of various environmental factors.

Show slide No. 1 and slide No. 2 (Addendum 1)

The dependence of the skin organism and any population on abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors can be shown using the native wheat plant.

Show slide number 3 (Addendum 1)

ABIOTIC FACTORS

Climate is the main cause of winter. The main components of climate are light, temperature, moisture. All the stench depends on abiotic factors.

Carnage creatures can react negatively or positively to light, which is closely connected with their way of living. The infusion of light into the body can be, for example, the following:

• the beginning of the breeding period in birds (every day the day increases);
• add seasonal rhythms to the plants and creatures;
• preparation before bird migration;
• the beginning of the stage of calm in comas;
• a cob of flowers near the roslin;
• changing the intensity of the photosynthesis process in plants, as well as their growth rate and development.

The temperature factor seriously affects the vitality of various organisms. This influx can be traced back, for example, to the next generation:

• accelerating or increasing the pace of embryonic development in fish, amphibians, lybees and other creatures;
• increase or change in rotary activity;
• the beginning of the period of summer and winter hibernation;
• changing the intensity of food;
• activation or weakening of the process of breathing;
• the beginning of the breeding season;
• cob of ruhu juice at Roslin;
• increase or change in the moisture content of the sprouts.

The upper temperature range is 45-50 °C. Therefore, at temperatures above 50° W, the irreversible destruction of the protein begins.

Changing the temperature regulator affects the organisms of cold-blooded and warm-blooded creatures differently. In the first phase, it is necessary to reduce the intensity of life processes, while in the other – before they are activated.

The third most important environmental official is vology. The role of this factor in the life of plants, animals, mushrooms, microorganisms is associated with the fact that water:

• enter the warehouse of various industrial structures;
• take the fate of the dismantled and transported rich rivers of the Klitina;
• ensures thermoregulation in the body;
• creates the internal cellular media, which is necessary for the normal functioning of various organoids.

Nutrition for students: keep the plants and animals in low moisture in the air and soil.

Sleepy darkness.

Biological Plant No. 1

Creature data: turtle, lizard, darling (beetle).

Explain why the persistence of comas and lybes manifests itself as a result of such a midlife factor as temperature? Why are most of these land creatures unable to withstand the cold and die during the period of activity?

III. Submission to the initial project

Presentation of the initial project "Influx of abiotic factors of the environment on amphibionts", div. Addendum 2.

Concept No. 1: the main abiotic factors include temperature, light, and moisture.

BIOTIC FACTORS

Populations of biological species located within the same range can interact with each other in ecological interactions of different types.

Show slide number 4 (Addendum 1).

Biological Plant No. 2

The lives of creatures lie as abiotic officials of the middle world. How do you know? What is the significance of Roslin's creatures? Bring the butts together between the two plants and creatures.

Concept No. 2: interactions between individuals and populations of the same species are called biotic factors.

ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS

At the first stages of its evolution, humans flocked with a wealth of other biological species “at the same level,” and the natural middle ground did not go beyond its capabilities until self-innovation. However, the further progress of human marriage has led to an ever greater influx into nature. In a number of outbreaks, this action led to the complete extinction of many species of animals and plants. At this time, anthropogenic factors can be seen as the most important force that transforms the natural environment, inhabited by various types of living organisms.

Show slide number 5 (Addendum 1)

Anthropogenic factors can have a negative impact not only on the natural environment, but also on the people themselves. Various types of congestion, which are blamed indiscriminately from the activity of people, emit a lot of chemical speech from Dovkill, which causes serious problems for the health of people. Illnesses that are blamed on these reasons shorten our skin life.

Show slide number 6 (Addendum 1)

Nutrition for learning: to name the positive influences that nature gives to humans.

Concept No. 3: humanity can limit its negative influx into nature, which is manifested in the direct blame of biological species, contaminated with industrial outputs.

IV. Fastening: test control.

Pershe zavdannya

Choose the right types of food before eating.

1) All components of the natural substance that flow into the body of organisms, grouped, are called factors:

a) abiotic,

b) biotic,

c) environmentally friendly,

d) anthropogenic.

2) What are the problems with biotic factors of the environment:

a) plants, creatures, mushrooms, bacteria,

b) water temperature, atmospheric pressure,

c) moisture, salinity of water.

Another zavdannya

Complete unfinished phrases.

1) Reciprocity between organisms that compete for the same resources of the midstream are obviously called in marriage...

The answer: competition.

2) Interactions between organisms in biocenosis are called...

The answer: with biotic hundred-year-olds.

3) In the biosphere, living organisms actively interact one with another. The nature of these interactions is the subject of scientific research.

Subject: ecology.

V. Homework.

1. § 54 podruchnik (Biology: Creatures: podruchnik for 7 classes of illumination.
2. Meals 1 and 2 – oral, meals 3 – written (p. 274).

Literature

1. Biology: Creatures. Handbook for 7th grades of dark-illuminated initial deposits / V.V.Latyushin, V.A.Shapkin. - 3 types, Stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2002.
2. Kulov A.V. Pre-study work of schoolchildren from the cultivation of amphibians // Biology in schoolchildren. 1993. No. 4.
3. Nozdryachev A.D., Polyakov E.L. Anatomy of a toad. - M.: Vishcha School, 1994.
4. Chernova N.M. To the biology teacher about the fundamentals of ecology (lectures). - M. Pedagogical University "Pershe Veresnya", 2006.