Independent development of India

Tired by the nationally-vis-à-vis-à-vis-à-vis the end of the Second World War, the mind of the English nadati and independence. At 1947 p. the British Parliament has grasped the law on the independence of India. According to the law, the colony colony was divided into two dominions - the Indian Union and Pakistan. Rozdіlenі behind the religious acquaintance, offending the powers of the ear, were put one to one. Їхн uncompromisingly protistoyannya called to violent conflicts in 1947-1948 p., In 1965 p. that 1971 p. (The result of the last Indian-Pakistani conflict was the establishment of the Bangladesh state on the territory of Pakistan).

U 1950 p. India voted on Independence. As a matter of fact, before the adopted constitution, India became a federal state (25 states were created under the national-territorial principle) and a parliamentary republic. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister of the Independent India. For the sake of independence as the governing party of the country, becoming the Indian National Congress (INK). Bulo set the course for the development of the economic economy. The sovereign sector was given an important role in the development of the country for the protection of the private sector.

J. Nehru thrust into the foundation of the stable development. For an hour of independent development of India, there will be no major revolutions, no new regimes. Throughout a trivial hour with the possession of the "Nehru clan" - J. Nehru himself (until 1964) that member of this family: daughter of Indira Gandi (1966-1977, 1980-1984) and that yogo onuk Rajiv Gandi (1984-1989) ... The stench fools the INK, as if it were the ruling party. In the 90s of the 20th century, a real multiparty system began to take shape. The period of dominance of the INK in the political life of the country is over. Opposed parties successfully showcased the competition with him at parliamentary elections. In the 90s, first in the history of the land, coalitions began to form without the participation of INK.

For the fate of Independence, India has achieved significant successes. Vona opened up a great promise potential. Reincarnation in the agrarian sector was allowed in the 70s to change the import of food grain. Until the end of the 80s, it became clear that the rink-command system, which had been leaning, had taken up its power. India was coming to reshty svitu. Її economical development in addition to the current sector. For 40 years of independence, before the ear of the 90s, the real income per capita of the population is less than 91%.

Tom from 1991 r. uryad reyshov until the economic reforms. Bulo weakened state control over private business, reduced taxes, liberalized trade, increased privatization of state-owned enterprises. The price has received foreign investment capital and has improved the financial situation in the country. The pace of development of the Indian economy has grown similarly. Protest in the Danish hour of India is becoming a land of contrasts, the recent advancement of science and technology (the weather is atomic and space industry) to be seen in parallel with the economy. For a number of fakhivtsіv іf svіtoyu svіtіvіy won іn thіѕ provincial mіstsі from svіtі, аlе literacy from the country іs wіth 50%.

The main social and economic problems of the current India are overpopulation (2000 rubles, the number of the population reached 1 billion people) and the low living standards of the Indians. The majority of the population of the land take the fate of the bitter vyrobnistva, now - do not condemn them to passages. If less than 20% of Indians reach the "middle class", close to 1% are available for storage, and only part of it is small. At the same time, social stability is ensured that the caste systems, traditionally and highly tenacious, are secured. The majority of the population falls to the lower castes, so there is no longer a social norm and no claim to re-income.

The internal political situation was slowed down by the outbursts of intercommunal people, now in front of, between Hindus and Muslims, as well as between Sikhs and Hindus. In the 80-90-th rocky, the growth of Indian nationalism was promoted, and the observance of the rights of the largest religious confessions in the country was actively rectified. The interlocutors brought about colossal human victims and created a real threat to the territorial integrity of the land.

Additional information from the history of light civilizations

Інія після війни

Formation of anti-colonial front

Colonial vlada in rocky vіyny obіtsya nadati Іndії samovryvannya. In protest of the hope of the peoples of India, the change in status was not justified. England trimmed its head colony with a death grip, and it wasn’t wondrous, since it was not a miracle, since it was in the back of the weakening of forces in the period of writing - England, as it didn’t need resources, as it didn’t take away from the colonies. So chi inakshe, tse viklikalo novy stage of anticolonial struggle.

The development of the capitalistic I will arrange the position of the national bourgeoisie. The promiscuity grew in the ranks of the robust class. However, for the Indies, the number of the last bullock is small. At the same time, half of the robots were employed at the great enterprises, from the number of robots to one thousand. OSIB. Such a concentration on great enterprises and in several centers (Bombay, Madras, etc.) transformed the innumerable proletariat into an important organized force.

Protected by the robust class, and the large-scale peasantry was the beginning of the character of the Indian suspension. The Indian village became the basis of the social and economic structure. Tse is not just a bulk, but special social organization... All the life of the village permeates the caste mode, the tribal and the stanovy principle of the growth of the community, and the brahmanism is a gurty religious factor. In such a rank, india village is a self-sufficient organization.

The Indian peasantry became the main mass force of the nationally-vis-à-vis-à-vis revolution in the Indian period at the mid-level. It is possible to win a village like this for a wide potential of anti-colonial struggle because of the social and psychological peculiarities of the Indian rural population and the small robot - the former peasant. The role of organizing mass non-violent campaigns is important for the 20-40s. belonged to Mahatma Gandi (1869-1948). In the interim period Gandi became the leader of the Indian National Congress. The bosses of Gandhi, and also the fact that the national bourgeoisie hung on the idea of ​​a general national independence, in India a national anti-colonial front was formed.

Mahatma Gandi and Gandhism

Vchennya Gandi syagє to the roots at the glibok past the Indian, at the straining face of the unique Indian culture. Gandhism has come from its own political, moral and ethical and philosophical concepts. Gandi is also based on the principle of non-violence by L. N, Tolstoy. Glyboko national and social ideal of Gandhi. Tse Selyansk utopia approved of the "suspension of welfare" ( sarvodaya), the kingdom of God on earth, the suspension of justice, which can be described in a little way in the sacred books of India. At that very hour, the side of Gandhi made a protest against the capitalistic, I will set up a protest against the progressiveness and consumption of that capitalist way, as the European civilization went.

Gandhism is known among the broad faiths of the peasantry and the lower levels of that, but in the new social ideal, having come up against those who fight for independence against the British panuvannya is blood on the right, but the fight for justice. Gandy drew from the cultural, historical and religious traditions cliches, images that are close to the peasant, the craftsman. That is why the independence of the land and the re-creation of the suspension, taken from the traditional image, became the intelligence of dozens of millions of ordinary people. The secret of the great popularity of the specialness of Gandhi and yogo idea. The tactical way of Gandhism in the nationally visceral struggle, the way of non-violent support (boycott, peaceful march, etc.) At the same time, the whole of the method has even more admirably rejected patience and protest, conservatism and spontaneous revolution. Tse bulo is typical for the vikami wicked at the fatalistic, religious svitoglyadi Indian peasant. Gandi has an active protest, having tolerated the enemy. In such a situation, nonviolence in Gandhi itself is a form of support to the colonial oppression. Gandi, having blocked the class struggle as a destabilizing one, is a rosy factor in front of the zalnyy zavdannya - sounding from the earth's oppression. In such a rank, Gandhism became very national and, for its character, rural ideology. Gandhism also inspired the interests of the national bourgeoisie, as it took ideology to revitalize. The national bourgeoisie at once with the people pushed aside the British colonial panuvannya and the establishment of its sovereign power in a peaceful way with the support of the Masovian Movement. Gandhism, having tied in addition the peasantry, remissniks, the national bourgeoisie and the zmusiv of the colonizers to surrender India without a bloody fight.

Critics of Gandhi stverdzhuvali, as soon as he was a schilny to the point of compromise, ale vin as a non-violent man, if the Masovian non-violent ruh itself needs to be zupiniti, he won’t be overturned to his strength, to be crooked. The extremes also came to you in the fact that they didn’t bring all the revolutionary possibilities of the mass non-violent support to the end. What about bulo b, yakbi Gandi will bring you to the end?

Once in the history of India, during the process of conducting a control, provoking by the British policy "distribute and master" in 1947, since India was divided into two powers for the religious awareness. Today, the confrontation between Muslims and Hindus has grown into a religion of war, and it has taken away millions of lives and lives of Muslims and Indus. Gandhi himself became a victim of strife. In the case of a religious fanatic killed by a religious fanatic for the approval of the Independence of India in 1948 p.

The first campaign of non-violent non-implementation was organized by Gandy in 1919-1922 rock. The movement of the nationally-viscous movement in the India rose in great strikes at Bombay, Madras, Kanpura and Ahmedabadi. Strikes were spontaneous, ale tse buv a zagalny symptom of a change in the mood of the Indian people. Colonial Vlada stood on the path of maneuvers. The Ministr on the right of the India Montague has propounded the reform of the vibrational system in India, so he can loosen up the tension. It is necessary to spend an increase in the number of vibrations before an hour of vibrations to the central and provincial legislatures, as well as to nominate the indies in addition to the meeting with the councils at the time of the king and governors of the provinces. Immediately, a repressive law was heard, which was punished for anti-severity actions (Rowlett's law). So the English policy of "batog and gingerbread" was maggized to stream the sickness of a viscous roach, so that we could grow up.

The disobedient campaign was rocked as a protest against Rowlett's law. April 6, 1919 Gandi calling out to the hartal daily activity). The colonial vlada was violent. On April 13, in Amritsar, the Punjab province, the English colonizers were organizing a peaceful meeting. Bulo hammered in ponad 1 yew. people and injured close 2 yew. Tsya krivava biynya wikklikala the dwelling place near the Punjabi that hunted the whole land. Gandhi terminovo travels to the Punjab, so as not to let the spontaneous revolt grow overwhelmed. Tse youmu went into it.

Voseni 1919 p. Itself here, in Amritsari, a visit was made to the Indian National Congress, which violated the boycottuvati election for the Montague law. The boycott will increase the vibration.

There is a report of 1919 reports of Gandy to the notice of the need for a step-by-step struggle for independence. On the basis of Gandhi's knowledge, having broken the tactics of nonviolent misunderstanding, she transferred deeds, double-level development to the ruk. To put down the fight within the framework of nonviolence that water hour to protect the growth, transferred to the first stage of the campaign to boycott the colonial regime: see the honorable call that posad, boycott official receptions, boycott of English schools and colleges, English courts, boycott of vibors, boycott of foreign goods; Another stage is the improvement of taxes from the government.

An ear of the unconquered campaign is assigned to 1 serpnya 1920 p. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim Leadership Spilo Keruvali Campania. ІNK was re-embodied in rocky at the mass political organization (10 million members). Rukh mav 150 yew. volunteer activists. Gandhism became the ideology of the INK.

4 cruel 1922 p. There was an incident, as if pogrozhuvav overgrown ruch in an uncontrolled phase: NATO peasants burned down to a few policemen. Gandy abruptly condemned the act of lynching and voiced about the campaign against the community's unjustified. Rukh pishov to decline.

The news of the anti-colonial movement in India fell on the hour of the new economic crisis. The tsei stage of non-violent non-socialism (1928-1933) is characteristic of the most organized movement, a clear arrangement of food in the independent and vimogami constitution.

Another campaign of the community’s unprofessionalism sprang up at the quarter of 1930 p. Vona walked approximately behind the same pattern, yak on the cob 20's. English vlada denounced the campaign as illegal. Leader in rukh, zokrema Gandi, bulo zareshtovano. The vyaznitsy had 60 yew. participants in the ruch. Podekudi vistupi felt overgrowth at the rebel. Hvilyuvannya hit the army. The soldiers were seen shooting.

5 birch 1931 p. mіzh kerіvnіtvom ІNK and the administrative vice-king, it was laid down to please, for which the English side of the crop was associated with reprisals and those involved, arrested for the participation in the campaign of thunder, prohibiting conflict Gandi, having given the year to participate in the conference "round table", is able to cling to London to discuss Indian problems. In such a rank, the struggle was postponed for the style of negotiations.

Before the conference, to the "round table" of the INK, having presented the document "On the basic rights and obligations of the indigenous people". In fact, the goal is the basis of the constitution.

There are important points in the documents: the introduction of bourgeois-democratic payment freedoms in the Indies, the introduction of caste and religious rivals, the administrative-territorial re-education of the country due to the reduction of the relevance factor, the introduction of The conference ended in failure.

Torish sickle 1935 p. English parliament grasping a new reform program for India. The reform transferred to the expansion (up to 12% of the population) the fate of the indigenous people of the Viborahs by lowering the main and lower qualifications, giving the local legislatures of great rights.

The non-violent campaign was taken over by the colonial regime. At 1937 p. passed the vibori to the central provincial legislatures for the new vibor system. The Indian National Congress, having selected a large number of vibornic events from 8 out of 11 provinces of the Indies, and having formulated there the traditions. Tse buv is a great croc ahead of the state of affairs in the land, accumulating "parliamentary dosvidu".

With a cob of another holy war in 1939 p. That to the stripped down Great Britain of Nimechchin 3 spring 1939r. The Viceroy of India has stripped India with a belligerent side.

In 1947 there was a teaching of the end of the English rule in India. In 1947, the rock of the country was divided into two parts according to the religious familiarity: in India, a larger part of which is inhabited by Indusi, and in Pakistan, inhabited by a kind of religion. At the pivnichi diya pіvostrova Іndostan, Kashmir, which is a buv of transmissions of the Іndії, Muslims want to live here, as a result:

1. Mіzh Іndієyu and Pakistan winnickla territorial supercross. Since 1948, the rock has been repaired since 1948, the history of the country was restored (1965, 1987, 1988, 1997) for the re-establishment of the principality of Kashmir. At the same time, the spiral is more useful than CPCP.
2. Pakistan has broken up into Western and Western Pakistan. In 1971, a wide movement for autonomy broke out in the Great Pakistani. With the involvement of the Indians, the independent state of Bangladesh was approved. 1974 Pakistan becomes Bangladesh sovereign.

In 1950, the Republic of India was stripped of the republic. For the constitution, the won became federal, and the form of government - the parliamentary republic. The main ambush of the internal and external policy of the Indian education in J. Nehru. The basis for the "Nehru course" was laid down:

• non-acceptance to the viskovy blocks;
• zakist to the world and spirituality;
• planned development of the national economy

The Indian Republic is called "the most democratic society". Vona is bagatonational, poly-confessional, with a great number of unwritten Silskoy population. Unimportant for those who are more populations alive below the level of life, India has come to great respect for the environment, and the Indian rocket carrier will bring viviv to the space orbit of the satellite. From the 90s of the Indian era, tactical and balistic missiles.

Ticket number 16.Indiya Pislya Other Svitovoi Viyni

During the period of the Other Holy Week, India officially took part in the battles of the Anti-Hitler Coalition, and the other political events took place in a simple way. The Indian National Congress was in charge of the claims of the English order: they tried to judge England from the government for the reason of the official recognition by the English order of the right of the Indian government to establish itself The English uryad didn’t survive і from 42 to 44 The Indian National Congress was built in front of the fence. => the Central Indian National Congress fought on two fronts against Hitler and against the English order. Until the end of the Second World War, the position of England pom'yakshal. The main problem that they had in mind between the congress and the Muslim religion (the point of difference between them is the last hope for independence.

In 1944, the Congress started a normal political activity. The end of another holy war, the heart has a king Archibald Wavell has come up with a plan for the improvement of the Indian Independence (actually a protectorate):

1. 1. Dominion status
2. 2. The right of the Indus to a strong constitution
3. 3. Nadannya іndіytsyam all mіsts at the viconavchіy radі (uryadі), behind the vignette of the post of the vice-king (for the sake of) and head commander (Vіyska be found at the metropolis)
4. 4. The right to call znosin
5. 5. Okreme representative office at a radio caste іndusіv

This plan is not worth it to anyone. The Indian National Congress of the World War II, and the representatives of the caste Indus followed. The Muslim league vimagala, she won, slapped Muslims, not knowing the right to represent Muslims at the Indian National Congress. (The new Labor detachment is going to get on all the way to speed up the independence, but the Indusi can't get on to the end of the day)

U 1946 p. Where there has been a rise in the development of the zone, in which there is a vote for the establishment of the new powers. Shid-Zahid (Ninish Pakistan and Bangladesh) - the majority of Muslims and Pivnichs (Hindustan, Rajputana, Bidar, Bengal) center (Dean) every day. It will be transferred, that the first two zones (turn and turn) will be united into one power, and inshi - will surround the Indian state. Ale vinikak number of problems:

• Punjab problem (half of Muslims have half of Indus)
• Jami and Kashmiru problem
• The problem of Hyderabad (meaning the part is assimilated by Muslims)

Ettley (Prime Minister of Great Britain, Vice-King of India), food cannot be violated. In the fierce 1947 rock, there was already a third declaration, like talking about the vision of England not since 1948.

In the birch 1947 rock Ettle, Mountbatten (the rest of the king of India). Win nadaє Mountbatten's plan (Iakshcho, stretching 47 r. Indusi and Muslims do not house themselves, then they don’t hand over the power to provinces) => fix it, 1947 - cover 2 domains: Pakistan (having gone through until 1956)

On the 15th of 1947, Mountbatten's plan for the independence of India was built. The head of India for three rockies is the English king, the prime minister of the old Jawaharlal Nehru.

From 1947 to 1949 to India, 555 (zagalom Bulo 601) came to be a principality, the stench disappeared in the small houses. Ale not the most agreeable period for India (+ the period of the essence, the period of time, both Muslims and Hindus, who were used to problematic territories and did not know their deities). The princes of troubled territories have been deprived of the right to become independent Problem to Hyderabad: The Emperor of Hyderabad is guilty of buv virishiti who should come to India, or to Pakistan, that India's began along the perimeter of Hyderabad and they asked for a visa soon => Rajia of Hyderabad was made to arrive. Jami and Kashmiru problem: raji buv indus, and the population is Muslim. Jammu and Kashmir have lost their Indian war, Pakistan in respect of an act of aggression => I feel like a trivatime dosi.

India - a rich country - bulo revived, for 15 years in the state of my order from the hindi will be English (this has been lost in i dosi). U 1950 p. to take up the constitution, for which in India there are 3 groups of states with a different legal status:

1. Great provinces of the British Indian. Governor: state governor, state district and local bicameral parliament.
2. Kolishni princes. Governance: the prince became governor and a unicameral assembly
3. The number of commissars' provinces - provinces, as well as the management - were subordinated to the central order without the middle. Management: the governor of the state is the presidential commissar, which symbolizes the order.

Z 1950 India to get naked ... By provincial political power, the Indian National Congress, in a new development. The main relocation is Jawaharlal Nehru(liva і centrist krylo) - formally change of the economy (for the sake of the dominance of the state sector), the planned economy, the implementation of the agrarian reform. The current policy has formal neutrality, in reality it is seen in the mainstream of political directness of the Radiansky Union. Pravo krilo - represented by the patron of the premier-minister Patel + vplivova post - the head of the congress Tandon - freedom of education, the establishment of the current market, vbudovannyu in the international capital system.

The idea of ​​the shambles of the Independence from the Indian National Congress is being repaired.

• Selyanska robocha party
• Socialist Congress => Socialist Party
• Domina Jawaharlal Nehru - congressist socialism and Gandy socialism

On the first vibors 1951 The Jan Sangh Party (People's Union) stood up to the Indian National Congress. Jan Sangh is an ally of the Communist Party (traditional Indian organization, yak Khindu Mahasabha ta Rashtriya swayamsevak sangkhan) - were of interest індуїстів . The head is Mukherdzhi. The program is to encourage true nationalism, (extinguished the Indian National Congress of Buv Secularism - because of the religion of the past) in support of the change of the secularist policy, the intercession of the At the elections, the Indian National Congress was rewarded (they canceled 75 months from the parliament).

Start realizing Nehru's course:

1. Bezbechennya to oneself with all the necessities, stemming from the importation industry.
2. The program of the national congress transferred the establishment of ethnolinguistic states. U 1956 p. the law on the reorganization of states was adopted, but 19 states and allied territories were guilty of homogenous ethnolinguistic spilocy (well, I know the problem of the United States of America - it became clear that the introduction of new states)
3. At the first term of the Indian National Congress, the congressional socialism has emerged - the interconnection of the corysty-loving instincts and the Vlasnytsky aspirations
4. They respected that it is necessary to fight against caste intercourse
5. The development of minds for the development of all nations and tribes
6. Voice over etatism and change of economy

On other vibors 1957 - I know the success of the Indian National Congress, and even more with the minority of the people (especially in the regional regions). Chi vibori also demonstrated the strength of Jan Sanґ.

In 1959, a group went to the congress, as it was not satisfied with the Nehru - Svatantra course (right-wing organization), as it was connected to Jan Sangh, it might look like it’s going to be fair Indian socialism.

In 1957, the Republican Party was formed, as it bends the interest of low-caste and post-caste Indians.

The party is being formed on the basis of different sects: Rajput, Brahman.

1962 - third vibori ... It is evident that the sutta was at the expense of the authority of the Indian National Congress (6 million viborts were invested). Submit to the right of Svatantra ta Jan Sangh. In the Indian National Congress, there will be a factional struggle, since Jawaharlal Nehru had represented both centrists before, but now there will be no centrists. Livi will nabuvayut their new leader - Mallavia, Patel and Desaja will become the righteous. => A group of all the middle Indian National Congress will be presented against the official candidates at the Congress. In 1963, a group of Morardzhi Desaia and Patel approved a group in the middle of the congress, which was called the Syndicate, and in 1969 it was sent from the Indian National Congress.

In 1964, Jawaharlal Nehru has died, prem'єr-ministrom staє Lal Bahadur Shastri- we can’t keep up the decline in the middle of the congress, the decline will continue.

In India, actually 5 communal parties:

• Communist party
• Marxist communist party
• Censor Party of Marxists-Intellectuals
• Marxist-Lenin Communist Party
• Rukh naksalitiv

We were in 1964–65 for a time with Pakistan. Reconciliation of the parties will be found at Tashkent. U 1967 p. Lal Bahadur Shastrі rozumіє, well, I can't fit in with the governing bodies of the Indian National Congress and with the Indієyu => steps are taken into account in length. In 1967, Indira Gandhi came to the Indian National Congress during the internal political struggle before power.

1967 - fourth vibori , at which Indian National Congress I will spend a few minutes at the Parliament (19 months at the People's Chamber). In 1969, Morardzhi Desaji came into the picture, and there was a call:

• The Indian National Congress on the Indian
• Indian National Congress Syndicate (organization) from Desa

At the end of an hour at the edge of the country, a hold is developing from one side. sector і important industry, new technologies, to undergo agrarian reform (for a breakdown of land redevelopment among great landowners and unprecedented ones), і water hours in the land of wild life, 70% of the country - overwhelm in the region. Effortless successes are being seen in the minority of the population.

P'yati vibori 1971-72 passed on the back of the strong political success of the India, when the traditional adversary of the India - Pakistan was split (1971 Pakistan lost its half and Bangladesh was established). => The Indian National Congress on the basis of the absolute greatness and opportunity to change the constitution.

At the last successes of the Indian National Congress, the Mules will be unanimous: Svatantra, Jan Sangh, the Indian National Congress Syndicate, the United Nations Socialist Party to Protect the Regional Congress

1974-75: the situation to become angry, to pretend to be the Indian People's Party (agrarian), like to rush to the turns of interest in the rich vernacular of the village (dissatisfied with the agrarian reform)

In 1975, against Indiri Gandhi, the process was broken, it was called false vibrations, violated the laws of the state. Ram is hanging on the landing of the premier-ministra. U 1975 p. in India, a supervisory camp is being introduced, the Indian National Congress for the help of supervised visits will be able to stabilize its social base. On the political arena, a young rook hangs out on a choli from the blue Indiri - Sanjaum Gandi, a financier of harsh methods of resolving problems => Visuv program:

1. Lіkvіdatsіya illiteracy (going to the people, the education of the folk masses + along the way to clarify їm, the policy of Indiri Gandі is pretty good)
2. Struggle for caste (usunenia of under-handling) - promotion of lower castes
3. Skasuvannya posagu
4. Struggle for the cleanliness of the streets
5. The struggle against the people of Juvenile raged to the sterilization of the population.

At the village, 1977 p. They skasuvali suprazvichesky camp, vibori priznacheni on the birch tree. Apocalyptic building of the People's Front (Jarat Front) on the chol z Morardzhi Desi, the main staff of the Bulo:

1. Renovation of democratic freedoms (Indira was involved in authoritarianism)
2. Carrying out agrarian reforms not of a social nature, but carrying out a "green revolution"; zaprovadzhennya new technologies for increasing crop yields.
3. Zabrechennya occupation
4. Bordering the state sector and giving greater freedom to entrepreneurs

Shostye Vibori 1977 - Persha of the defeat of the Indian National Congress. Vlada Jarat has a front, which is a conglomerate of Russian parties. The stench tasted from the front to break the party => grass 1977 - Jarat party, the aley stench got the stench to repair the graters. On the Jarat front, they are repaired by the rise of the party = in fact, it is the fault of the fall. All the same to bring to destabilization, destruction of management. =>

On this vibors 1980 rock I know the Indian National Congress... (In the middle of the congress for a whole hour, the changes were seen - the law was shown to go to the course of the Gandian socialism)

At the end of the day, the country is actively engaged in national operations:

• Sikhi - to make a mistake about the problem of opening up the state of Khalistan
• Tamil - re-establish an independent state of Tamil-Ilam
• Jammu і Kashmir - being conducted in the open and the same way

Internal struggle to produce heavy inheritance. The guard of Indiri Gandi was stored from the Sikhiv => Jovten 1984 - the stench drove Indira.

On eight vibors 1984 rock Peremaga Indian National Congress how much is Rajiv Gandhi worth (I will bring up a new political course):

1. Introduction to Gandy socialism
2. The privatization is to be repaired, the part of the state is to change. sectors
3. India go to the USA, FRN and Japan - quickly change the internal and external course

Rajiv Gandy's squadron is proud of the attack at the link with the corruption, so it quickly leads up to the Indian National Congress. I know a lot about the group of members of 1988.

Nine vibori 1989 - a friend to the Congress. The congressional district is seen before the national front (Rashtriya Morcha) arrives at the end of the Viswanath Pratap-Singhom... => Stability is not important, from 1989 to 1991 we continue to get damaged political forces (from the number of the right: on the basis of the Jarat front, a party is established - Bharatiya Janata Party).

1991 ten vibori (I kill Rajiv Gandy with the rounds of vibrations) => I beg your pardon to vote for the Indian National Congress. In the Indian new premier - Narasimha Rao, in the yogo program:

1. Denationalization
2. Change of import economy for a license

1990s - the growth and modernization of the economy. On eleventh selections 1996 Indian National Congress program(The problem of privatization, the transfer of money, the transition to friendship with America - it’s always a matter of policy not to congress;

On the twelve selections 1996 rewritingBharatiya Janata Party. Until you comeAtal Bikhari Vajpai (for a short term, I will put the premier-ministra - 16 May 1996 - 1 May 1996 )

+ A new organization has appeared - the United Front ( on cholі z Divi Govda,yaky z 1 worm 1996 in the settlement of the Prime Minister of India from the United Front (coalition of 13 centrist and other parties). Uryad Divi Govda pishov at the delivery on April 21, 1997 ) - technocrats, who represent important regional interests (they are interested in welcoming people from China). In fact, the stinks carried out that policy, The Indian National Congress in 1991-95, a little more beautifully and with a greater value - to go through the development of capitalism (sold to private enterprises, where privatization). Ale їm not vystachenostі (for the Gandyan socialism, for the Ukrainian nationalism) => The Parliamentary Committee of the Parliamentary Compromise with the Congress and the United Front, as they didn’t want to carry out the vibrations of Divi Govdi, becoming the rank of I.K. Gujrala (party of Janata Dal - premier April 21, 1997 - March 19, 1998).

Thirteen vibori 1998 - I know the successes of Bharatya Janata Party. Prem'єrAtal Bikhari Vajpai, v the first hour of the ceremony of Vajpai, India held the first nuclear tests at the polygon in the state of Rajasthan (Rizke economical growth, see the zone and development - India vibrates among the provincial countries) All the same, one cannot but turbuvati that part of the suspension, which was seen by the ideas of Gandhism (the idea of ​​Gandhi at that hour of the day).

Chotiirteen vibori 2004 - Peremoga Indian National Congress and the problem of robbing chi is posed by the premier italy chi vchiniti in the first place. As a result, the premier stan indus - Manmohan. Singh.

Another svitova vіyna called to the fundamental changes in the international situation and in the internal camp of the Indies. Economy, especially silske statehood, experienced a crisis Trivial colonial oppression of invocations to the evil and ruining of a wide zagala. Risko sharply aggravated against the tendency to self-development of the Indian and colonial panuvannya of England, as well as the end of the hard anti-imperialistic rue since the late 1945 r. At the new one, the main people of the population were united, and on the chola, through the historical furnishings, the national bourgeoisie emerged, the interests of which were represented by the Indian National INK). Unimportant on the thirteenth party to be surrounded by the framework of "non-violent struggle", the country flared up to protest against the fortunes of the Indian forces to India and Indonesia, the campaign against the Armenian nation. On the cob 1946 p. tsei rukh having seized the army that fleet, derzaparat. The newcomer has a unity of religious communities, nationalities and political trends. Vibori to the Central and Provincial Legislative Zboriv (end of 1945 - ear of 1946) appeared for the English as a close political maneuver with the method of breaking the Indian-Muslim conflict. However, as a result of the policy of opposing the religious communities and the indispensable demand for India, 1946 became an hour of crooked times, and the Muslim League bare the ear of "direct struggle" for Pakistan.
3 fierce by worm 1947 p. The English proponated a new declaration about India and the "plan for the transfer of power to India." In addition, as the plan had gained legal strength, such as the Law on the Independence of India (15th sickle, 1947), two dominions came to replace the colony - the Indian Union and Pakistan. Rozdіlenі behind the relіgіynoyu acquaintance, the stench from the cob turned out to be very curious. It’s the same time when it was lost in the situation of fortune-telling, but it became aggravated, the harsh hassle and crooked life, but it wasn’t a lot of people’s lives (only in Punjabi, near 500 people were killed). The situation of the bully was made possible by the time, that the principalities (562) were given the right to freedom of choice, the inheritance of which a number of princes of the bully Indii (most of the bully are Muslims) viyavili bazhannya - all over the will of the population of the principality, which is important - pre-Indian. Tse vimagalo zbroyny engagement to the Uryad of the Indian Union. Rozdіl wiklіk in a rich trick of businessmen and vibuhs of nationalistic and chauvinistic attitudes. Having become a sacrifice to extinguish the addictions of M.K. Gandi, who was killed in 1948. member of the religious-nationalist group Hindu Mahasabha. Difficult workers of Bula Rozbudov of the Economy of Skin from parts of the earlier of one body: before Pakistan went to Pakistani regions, which gave Bavovna that jute for textile enterprises of India. The country did not start its own bread. The industry was found in fallow from the earthly possession and capital.
1949 p. Proceed as a proponent of preparation of constitutional reforms. The stinks were issued by the Establishment of Laws as a constitution of the new India, which has become a matter of dignity in the 1950s. The bullet was voted out of the Republic of India, as a member of the British Union of Nations, tobto. Zberigala zvichni calls from the colish metropolis. At the first elections to the central parliament, the legislative elections of the states (born in 1951–1952) may be three quarters of a month after the INK - as a rule, the party ruling is not responsible. Ocholiv district J. Nehru (1947-1964).
India developed along the capitalistic path. The civilization foundation here appeared to be fundamentally unfriendly for experiments in the Marxist-socialist community, moreover, in the Indian and two Communist Parties, one of the many rich rockies held the Bengal State Kerma. The nature of the democratic tradition brought before the Indians by the English has grown into the Mist structure. In India, the concept of "the suspension of socialist education" began to be realized by the people of J.Neru. Vona included the change in economics with the priority of the state sector, the democratic unity of the strong center and those over the broad rights of the regions, the planning of the national government (p'yatirichki from 1951), the pluralism of suspicious thoughts.
Zagalna assessment of the re-creation of the 50s - the ear of the 90s - all the way to the compromise, re-implementation of the social reformist school. Everything in the concept has evolved into life and has given rise to the development of India's dynamism.
The bullet is agrarian with its first serious reform. The essence of the її was built up to the elimination of the ball in the middle-deputy and the transfer of the earth to the tim, which її obroblya. As a result of the reform, the building of a fast part of rent and the re-creation of the main part of the villagers into landowners. For the advancement of the state of the development of cooperation, for the change in pouring into the flood of lihvariv. In the 60-70-th agrarian rockets, the revision of the boule has been supplemented by a series of advanced agrotechnical methods and priyomiv, tied from the "green revolution" and mali, on the basis of a very high level of understanding of the social process. Z 1978 p. India has stopped importing food and has reached full self-care. In our days of the land, it is important to cope with the food problem, if we want a small part of the population to grow up in the land miserably.
The basis of the economic policy is based on two principles: the development of the state sector in the industry and the plan for the implementation of the people's government. Since the 70s, there has been a direct relationship with private capital, the development of two sectors has been developed. By the main strains of the economic policy of all levels of the INK boules: b) weakening of the sovereign regulation of the private sector; c) improvement of the national monetary system and finance, improvement of the national market. Zagalom until the mid-60s obsyag promislovy virobnitstva zrіs 2.5 times. Z 1980 to 1991 The growth of the economy was growing at 5.4%. India went to a number of industrial and agricultural regions. At some point in the whole process, negative phenomena manifested themselves: the growth of bureaucracy, the lack of efficiency of low enterprises, the failure of five-star plans, the marriage of desires to the emergence of social problems.
The organization on capitalist development harmoniously converged into the Republican India with the general settings in the sphere of political and legal, the roots go to the classic Westminster government parliamentary-democratic system. Subject to the constitution of the Republic of India - a whole union, which includes 25 states and 6 allied territories. Legislative ownership should be established by the bicameral indian parliament, and the states - by legislative fees; Vlada's viceroy is in the hands of foreign ministers for the sake of ministries in Delia and in the states on the number of leading ministers. Formally, the president will become the supreme head of the viconavcha vlada of the land, vlasne vlada is in the hands of the prime minister.
The political process in the country is ruled by the magic of parties and with more freedom for party coalitions. Zagalnoindіyskoyu language, as and earlier, englіysk. Sproba zrobiti so in 1965 p. Hindi could not be healthy, so it was energetically opposed to a number of new states, for some Hindi they were alien. There are a lot of people who are not written, an important role is played in the struggle for the vibrations of playing symbols. For INK, the image of a sacred cow. It is important for parties to have people around the ideological food, because the suspension is cleaved for the bagatma signs.
The vibrating campaigns revealed the sympathy of the main mass of vibrations: for the obviousness of the communist left (since 1964 - two communist parties with approximately equal forces) and the religious-communal right wing of the vibration of the main center of the voice Win buv performances, first for everything, ІNK, for the better and for the coalition of those who missed them on the stage "Janata Party", which passed under Vladi in 1977-1979 It’s not a rakhuvati small progression, all the rockies on the part of the Indian were the ІNK, which was due to the death of Nehru (born in 1964), the daughter of Indira Gandi (born in 1966–1977, born in 1980–1984), and during the whole Rajiv Gandi (born 1984-1991). Frequent boules of sharpening of internal political conflicts on the national, religious, or on the basis of, for making sure or extinguishing of any business
In the 1960s, the rocky outgrowth of the internal instability of the land. Criticism of the Wikipedia position of the INK from social food, the village ruh will accept, the rights of the INK become more active. Pranguchi Announcement of Popularity to the Congress, І. Gandi initiated a new reform: zakhochennya public sector, expansion of the state sector, nationalization of great banks and wholesale trade, interconnection of monopolies, lowering the maximum of land and in. injecting bureaucracy and lowering the efficiency of the state sector. Political development of the national economy of economic depression, polarization of class forces, half of the progressive economic programs, the lack of success in the main problems of the country: the rapid growth of economic development, successful development of the earth Usse tse stole the authority of ІNK and called for the first time until 1977 r. parties of the conservative school. 1980 p. having renewed its position and having turned to the core of the indigenous scale.
In the 80s, the economical development of the Indian developed, the negative inheritance of protection, monopolization of the internal market by industrial clans, inflation, non-competitive 1990 p. Zovnishny Borg having become 70 billion dollars, the inflow of earth capital has speeded up by 59%. Remember the successes of the 90s tied with the implementation since 1991. radical economic programs. The main provisions of the liberalization of the policy of foreign and national capital, reform of the state sector. The peak of positive tendencies fell on 1995-1996 r. - the rate of growth of industrial production increased by 12.4%. In the other half of the 90s, economic tempi are matched, the growth of capital is continuing, the problem of low productivity of the government sector reform has not been resolved. Correct economical solutions did not give results on micro, that on the ear of XXI century. "economically growth and fairness" (contribution to the social sphere and infrastructure) is voiced with a headlong note.
Today, India is a great technology, є a great virobnik and exporter of software security - 140 out of 500 provincial companies are satisfied with their consumption in all the export from India. The land is the third place in the world for the number of scientific and technical personnel, and for the whole of the Sylkogospodarsky vyrobniztva and GDP. In the mid-90s, the rocky thrived another place in the world of wheat export, reached self-reliance with the main food products. U 1998 p. became a nuclear power. Infected іndіyska ekonomіka enter up to 10 most quickly develop at the svіtі.
In the 80s, the rulers' structure of power did not already reflect the new development of social-class forces, the dedication of the new wadi in political life (corruption, the destruction of democracy), growing up from radicalism and the popularization of the party U 1989 p. INK sacrificed the ownership of the coalition orders. To indicate that in the last 10-15 years of tendencies (not yet completed) the establishment of a fair party structure will replace the dominant one party. In the 90s, the Indiya rocky left behind the coalitions - in the fall of 1999. at the elections to parliament, the majority of the center-right National Democratic Alliance (24 parties). Pochavsya transition of parties from confrontation to policy of deception. The problem of the consolidation of the suspension was actualized. Preserving regional communalism and regionalism to win over patriotism. The rest of the rock showed shvidky rist infusion of Indian parties.
Serious problems are being added to the development of the current India, so they can be saved. Naivazhlivіsha from vnutіshnіkh - the purpose of the relіgіyna vorozhnecha. After the distribution was born in 1947, 106 million (11.4% of the population) Muslims live in the republic. The Sikhs (2%) and the Buddhists (0.7%) are very big in the flood. Ethnic-regional conflicts are imposed on long-standing territorial super-streams, which overgrow the separatist and terrorist struggle. Indo-Muslim confinement and the struggle of the Sikh minority for political autonomy, and, moreover, for the independent independent state of Khalistan (as a result of Punjab from the Indies) is practically unrelated problems. Moving to the smart fight of the extremist Sikh organizations in the 80s of the call-ups before they were driven by them І. Gandi (October 31, 1984), who wicked a new kind of violence and victims. The act of terror was trivial in the 90s, unaffected by the knowledge of the political version of the Punjab crisis. Dzherel of political instability for the whole of India is lost in the XXI century. problem for the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The separatist ugrupovannya vimagayut the root of the independent state here. The problem will be accelerated by claims to the whole state from the side of Pakistan, at the warehouse where one third of the territory is used. Due to the lack of accessibility and the rigorous position of the two countries, to interrupt the super-list with one of the most insecure side-by-side conflicts in the world and more than once put suspicions on the borderline (1947, 1965, 1971, 2001). Up to a series of conflicts, there can be added tension, but at the end of the 80s rock at the extreme winter entry of the Indies, in Assami and other districts, de business migrants from Bangladesh create serious instability. Problems arise and the separatist attitudes of the tamilis at the private and deyaky tribal groups of the gimalaisky district. Exactly a few of the separatist groups do not know anything (in India they “speak” 179 words and 544 dialects). Since the end of the 1980s, the era of religious fanaticism and interparty fervor has become more evolving and ideological for nationalism. Inspired by the conquest of the independence of India from the nationalities of the country, hypertrophied national ambitions and separatism began to appear.
The Іnsha group of problems, the call of the mensh of the Gostr, and ale cluttered with distant inheritances - is demographic. The swift nature of the population (at the time of decolonization mayzhe vdvichi) threaten the land with a catastrophe. Naybіlsh heavy inheritance, now in advance, hunger poured on the success of the "green revolution" and the farmer's statehood (Punjab). Try the virality at an accelerated pace, with an administrative grip, they did not give any results, moreover, they prompted I. Gandі before the strike 1977 r. Unimportant for the implementation of programs of interconnection of people, the demographic growth of all growth - at the XXI century. Іndіya joined the Milliard land.
The problem of castes is to be found before the internal ones. The state made a lot of money for the establishment of caste irregularities: for discrimination on a caste basis, a criminal re-translation was introduced, for representatives of the lower castes quotas were reserved from universities, state institutions (for the constitution of 1950 rubles - 27% of the month). It took a moment to broaden this manifestation of social justice, and on the industrial caste (52% of the population), the mass dissatisfaction with the political crisis of 1989-1990 r. Casti plays the very role that at last is the role of a factor that stabilizes. Protect the preserving function of the caste and the community, clearly protects the development of the land. As a result, the function is weaker, but the development is good. Protesting food - what is the zoom of the communal-caste India, if the demographic vibuhu is hungry for the land, obviously didn’t get up to re-create for that hour on the farm?
Naybіlsh folding problems є supervised population density, natural resources hunger, lack of robustness, flashy social contrasts, insecurity of agrarian food (50-55% of the government may be degraded), water deficiency (up to 80% of the population)
water), the "middle class" university (20 - 25%) with mass poverty, the illiteracy of the population (48%) and others.
An absolute element of the contemporary policy of the India in the 50-60s was the unprecedentedness of the European blocs and the consolidation of the young independent states. The country's current political position is rich in what can be explained by the geopolitical confrontation of forces in Asia, the zokrem, the confrontation with the PRC and its ally - Pakistan. Tse led the country to its own hour, as it declared independence, neutrality and failure to adhere to the important foundations of the political course, to a strong alliance with the USSR. Їх spіprobіtnіstvo took a change in the national economy of India and the arrangement of important treaties about peace, friendship and spіvrobіtnіstvo, including the Delіysku Declaration of 1986 p. With the fall of the CPCP, Russia has come to the last place. Z 1995 p. Growth of respect for the sp_vpratsi with the Republic of Belarus.
The development of politics in the 70-90s is small because of the main goals: improvement of the security of the country, the implementation of medical ambitions in the , altogether without being transformed into a superpower) that the establishment of optimal new calls for the establishment of friendly minds for the modernization of the economy.
Since the mid-90s, a new political course has been implemented - the normalization of people from the great countries of the country. U 1995 p. From the roots of the Association "Indookeanske Kil'tse", the Indies become one of the regional leaders. I lost my sense of the position of not being able to get to them because of the falling out of the blocks. To this, the nabula has a special meaning “freedom to accept independent decisions” (J. Nehru). Unimportant to the status of the dominant state in the region with its political and political functions, India has repeatedly adopted the role of the guarantor of political stability. Good see, the peacefulness of India, enviable for all the world, how to develop, internal stability. India is not aware of political upheavals, nor is it a political role for the army to play, nor is it hostile to social conflicts. For Іndіyu nіkhto nіkoli do not vіv and do not fight. It should be explained, however, that there was no vacuum of power here, but the power with a stable political course of action and above, depending on the spiraling on the specific norms, and adopted in its policy norms.