The peoples and peoples of the Roman Empire between our era. Kim were the Romans for real People who lived in ancient Rome

Romans(self-named - romani(lat. romani) i, earlier in life, qirity(Lat. Quirites); also Roman people- Lat. Populus Romanus) - a people who originated on the territory of the Apennine Peninsula, in the region of Latium, between the city of Rome. As a result of conquest, active colonization and the policy of assimilation of indigenous peoples, the Romans became the main population of the European part of the Roman Empire. The Roman population of the province of Italy became the basis for the formation of the modern Italian nation.

A significant part of the Roman inhabitants lived on the Apennine Peninsula and adjacent islands: until 28 BC. That is, there were approximately 100 colonies and municipalities in modern Italy.

The science that contributes to Roman language and culture is called romance.

Number and population

Based on qualifications, the number of Roman citizens from 70-69 B.C. to 28 B.C. increased from 900 thousand to 4 million, and by 14 B.C. to 4.9 million. Such an increase of 4.5 times cannot be explained by natural growth, so it was believed by some scholars that before the census they began to include women and children, but the broadest point is that in that era Roman rule was granted to all Italians. Varto means that the increase in the number of Roman citizens does not correspond to the data about the depopulation of the ancient Romans, since the increase in the number of Roman citizens, in addition to natural growth, was due to the transfer of population to new groups of the population. For example, during the reform of Gracchus, a large number of disabled people increased to the qualifications. The laws of 90 and 89 BC gave Roman enormity to all Italians, but the practical recapture of their enormity was delayed. In the 49th century BC, Caesar granted Roman commonwealth to the inhabitants of Cisalpine Gaul, and during the Serpian era the policy of granting Roman commonwealth to the Romanized provinces continued (Day of Spain, Sicily, Narbonne Gaul i).

The division of the Roman citizens on the territory of the state is definitely unknown, but Bilokh introduced such a division in Italy already in the 14th century of our era: with a global population of 6-7 million, there were 2 million slaves and approximately 250 thousand h foreign giants. B. Ts. Urlanis writes about the number of Roman citizens who lived in Italy: until 28 BC there were about 100 colonies and municipalities in the territory of present-day Italy. Peter Brant estimates the number of Roman populations in the provinces at approximately 375 thousand individuals before 28 BC. According to other estimates, the number of Roman communities in the provinces was close to 300 thousand people in the 28-8th century before our era. There is no exact data about the number of Roman citizens in Rome itself, but after the data of Beloch in Rome there were 1790 mansions of the Roman nobility with an average number of inhabitants of 50 people and 46600 income from the average number of inhabitants ate in 15 individuals.

Revolutions of the Roman ethnic group

It appears that a number of different nationalities lived on the territory of Italy - the Italic, Etruscan, Ligurian tribes, the Greeks and the Gallic tribes at night. On the territory of Latium, today along the Tiber River, lived one of the great tribes of the Italics - the Latins. ni, umbri, ekvi, volski and inshi. Those who have first tried to feed the roots of the Roman people can take into account B.G. the behavior of the Romans, although it does not matter, may lead to this.

The theory about the “Trojan campaign” of the Romans takes its roots from the legend that tells us about Aeneas in the 12th century BC. e. After the defeat of Troy as a result of the Trojan War, they arrived on the shores of Latium with the surplus of their people and, uniting with the local tribe, creating a new people - the Latins, named after their king, befriending their daughter Enya, and also for snuvav place Lavinium, named after his squad. The Romans respected Aeneas as the crazy forefather of their people, which was consistent with all their revolutions. This legend was created in the folk-historical work of Titus Livius “The History of the Falling Place” and was then laid down by Virgil in the national Roman poem “Aeneid”. Tacitus speaks about the Trojan campaign of the Romans, calling Troy “a monument to our campaign.” Years later, after the Romans buried Troas, the Roman Senate gave tribute to the inhabitants of Ilion in respect of their relatives to the Roman people.

Formation of the Roman ethnic group

The origins of the Roman people go back to the 8th-5th centuries BC. e. Stratigraphic excavations at the Forum and the Sacred Road, as well as at the Palatine, provided clear confirmation of the traditional date of the birth of Rome (753 BC). Archaeological material also allows us to determine the nutrition that developed in this place from a single center, as the legend confirms. Most archaeologists these days are reaching the point of view that they recognize the guilt of Rome as the result of a complex and complex process of synopsis of the surrounding isolated communities - a settlement on the Roman hillocks.

According to the legend, from the family of kings founded in Latium by Aeneas, the “founder of Rome” and the ruler of the Roman people is Romulus. The moment when Rome fell asleep, ancient Roman historians “calculated” with great accuracy: the stink dates back to the 21st quarter of 753 rubles. to sound e. Of course, this date is absolutely unique, and can be taken even mentally. However, the day of the 21st quarter - the oldest shepherd's day of Saint Parilia - is important for this plan, which confirms the priority of bestiality over agriculture as it relates to the Domish, "pre-Russian" population of the Tiber Valley.

According to this very legend, the population of Rome was formed from slaves and importers of Central Italy. This situation prompted King Romulus to start a war and want the wives of the Sabine tribe, leaving a meager number of new residents in a small number of squads, and the war would spread and swell the population.

The brothers were faced with a choice: either to dismiss the duck slaves who had gathered around them in riches and thereby spend all their power, or to fall asleep at once with them in a new settlement. And that the inhabitants of Albi did not want to mix with the imported slaves, nor to give them the rights of the commonwealth, it is clearly evident from the kidnapped wives: the people of Romulus set their sights on someone not out of much recklessness, but only out of necessity, because with good will no one will marry for them not yishov. It was not for nothing that the stench, due to such an emergency, was placed before the forces of the in-law squads.

- Plutarch. Daily life stories. - M: Nauka, 1994. “Romulus”, 23, 24

The expansion of the cordons of the Roman power is characterized by one peculiarity: the Romans, who squashed the ruined place of Latium, resettled half of its inhabitants in their place, and part of the native Romans at the time of the buryings. In this way, there was a mixture and assimilation of the inhabitants of the neighboring towns with the Romans. Tacitus guesses about it. This was the fate of Fideni, Veii, Alba Longa and other places. Kryukov and Nibur in their work suggest a theory of the mixed ethnic character of the early Romans, in both camps, so that the patricians are Latins with a small house of Sabines, and the plebs are Latins with a strong house of Etruscans . If we consider the entire “royal period” of Roman history, if there was an influx of Roman ethnicity, we can say that as a result of asimilation, the Roman people were formed from three main stocks - Latins, Etruscans and tribes in dispute with the Latins and who lived on the descent from the Tiber, mainly what kind of bulls Sabini - how about Mommsen’s writing. According to legend, the ancient population of Rome was divided into three tribes. Rumney(Latin), Titsii(sabini) that Luceri(Etruscans).

From Titus Levi, from 616 to 510 rubles. BC e. in Rome, the dynasty of Etrusian kings ruled: Tarquin the Ancient, Servius Tullius, Tarquin the Proud, which was the legacy of the active Etruscan expansion to this day. There was Etruscan immigration, which led to the extinction of an entire Etruscan quarter (Latin vicus Tuscus) in Rome, and a significant cultural influx of Etruscans into the Roman population. However, as Kovalov points out in his “History of Rome,” the Etruscan element combined with the Latin-Sabian is not as significant.

The Roman People for the Hours of the Republic

The Roman people took away further development during the hours of the Republic. After the fall of tsarist rule in the state, two socially significant classes, patrician and plebeian, came to a head at night and began an active struggle among themselves. The patricians - perhaps, the indigenous population of the place - have little advantage over the plebeians, not so much in the main, but in the legal sense, fragments of the plebeians, who in essence stood for the role of the newcomers - immigrants, freedmen And then - there was a complete reduction in political rights after the reforms of Servius Tulia formed the basis of the Roman army. As a result of the struggle between the Senate and the plebs, the plebeians achieved equal rights with the patricians and the rich plebeians joined the Roman aristocracy, forming the nobility.

The Roman aristocracy continued the active foreign policy of the kings. Continuous wars from the Far East led Rome to subordinate all of Italy. Subject to the order of the peoples, the Romans regulated each other with the help of the right of commonwealth.

The Roman Senate was reluctant to hand out the vast majority and tried to preserve the existing status quo. Members of the Latin Union lost their power after the Latin Wars, and most other Italians only after the Allied War under the law of Lucius Julius Caesar 90 r. BC That is, those Romans granted the rights of citizenship to all Italians, but assigned only up to 8 (or 10) new tribes, and not all 35, which gave them no socio-political influx.

After the ordering of the Apennine province, the Romans began to actively recruit Italians into the army. The population of the city of Rome also grew due to the number of Italians. This is why the process of ruination and landlessness of the Italian village took place. For veterans and some of the residents of Rome, colonies were established throughout Italy.

Through the system of population, military service and a mixture of Roman colonies that were spread out on the Apennine Peninsula, the Romans gradually assimilated the numerous tribes and nationalities that lived in Italy. Latin language became dominant and gradually overshadowed all other languages. The Italian aristocracy gradually joined the Romans.

In addition, as a result of the Roman conquests beyond the borders of Italy, non-Italian nationalities gradually began to penetrate into the Roman people - the main rank of slaves and freedmen, as well as settlers to the river. Rome and the provinces. These third-party elements are characterized by a stringent ethnic makeup - Greeks, Phoenicians, Syrians, Gauls, Germans, etc. All the stench gradually poured into the Roman plebs.

As a result of the huge wars, many representatives of the old Roman aristocracy perished. From the known 56 patrician canopies, at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. That is, you will lose more than 18. People from the regions are gradually entering this place. The plebs are now actively and gradually being replenished with arrivals from the conquered regions and those released.

Transformation of the Roman ethnicity during the hours of the Empire

At І-ІІ Art. n. That is, there will be a disintegration of the Roman ethnic group into the newly assimilated Italian (Italo-Roman) ethnic group. This process will intensify even more during the hours of the Empire. In connection with this, the Roman people settled with the Italians, taking away from them the constant survival of the settlers who flocked from Italy and poured into the plebs, the Roman giant himself understood little about vase singing softness - both native and cultural ethnic

During the hours of the empire, the situation began to change. It was not the Senate, but the Emperor who decided who was to be granted greatness, with special motives. The old Roman aristocracy knew. This place was occupied by a new one, which was shaped by the principle of wealth, and the ethnic similarity of this wealth was not Italian, but similar.

In addition, a special assimilation of the indigenous non-Italian peoples was service in the Roman army, which gained particular intensity after the reform carried out by Gaius Marius (reform of the Roman army 107 BC). The Peregrines, who served in the auxiliary armies, and later in the legions, abolished the right of commonwealth. During the period of the Empire, the legions that were deployed at the cordons began to be recruited at the place of deployment, which led to the active Romanization of the local population.

However, despite the fact that the Roman people were more powerful, “having been drowned by the mass of Italians,” Roman culture and Latin language became dominant in the western part of the empire. The emperors distributed wealth to the inhabitants of the empire and introduced the aristocracy and provinces into the Senate. This process was legally formalized by the Edict of Emperor Caracali 212, which gave Roman status to all the free population of the empire (Edict of Caracali). Through the community system, colonies and military service until the 3rd century AD. e. The non-Italian peoples who lived in Gaul, Spain, Western Africa and the Balkans gradually assimilated and began to respect themselves by the Romans - so called the “Romanization process”, and these territories They began to be called “Old Romania”. This process was only superficially touching Roman Britain, in connection with its remoteness from the center, and even touching similar provinces, as their culture, most importantly Hellenic, did not compromise in any way with the Roman one. Thus, in Gaul the nationality is called Gallo-Romans, in Spain - Ibero-Romans, in Italy - Italo-Romans, in the Balkans - Ilyro-Romans, in Dacia - Daco-Romans, in Roman Africa - Afro-Romans Romans Recia - Reto-Romans. They were all united by a sacred culture - Roman, a common language - folk Latin, belonging to one power, illegal laws, and even more consolidated the ethnicities of the emergence of a single religion - Christianity.

Transformation of the Roman people into modern Roman peoples

After the loss of power by the Romans, the Roman people continued their existence under the rule of the German kings. The characteristic ethnic peculiarity of the Romans during this period was repeatedly identified by historians as political and military passivity, as well as intensive activity on the religious field. At the hour of the collapse of the Western Empire, which formally ended in 476 R., and actually in 480 R., after the death of the remaining legitimate Emperor Julius Nepos, the integrity of Mediterranean communications was destroyed, and the Roman The Vinces were lost under the rule of the Germans, and the skins from the Romance regions developed independently on the basis of an autochthonous element, Roman culture and various barbarian tribes.

Procopius of Caesarea christened Aetius Flavius ​​as the “remaining Roman” - the remaining prominent Roman commander, who became famous for his victories. The remaining national power of the Romans is respected

Romans

Romans
Julius Caesar, Mark Trajan, Titus Livius, Virgil; Scipio, Mark Cato, Boetius, Cornelius Tacitus
Self-named
Language
Religion	Roman religion, then Christianity
Racial type
Enter
Motherland peoples
Pokhodzhennya

Romans(self-named - romani(Lat. romani) i, earlier in life, qirity(Lat. Quirites); also Roman people- Lat. Populus Romanus) - a people who originated on the territory of the Apennine region, in the region of Latium, between the city of Rome. As a result of conquest, active colonization and the policy of assimilation of indigenous peoples, the Romans became the main population of the European part of the Roman Empire. The Roman population of the province of Italy became the basis for the formation of the modern Italian nation.

Revolutions of the Roman ethnic group

It appears that a number of different nationalities lived on the territory of Italy - the Italic, Etruscan, Ligurian tribes, the Greeks and the Gallic tribes. On the territory of Latium, today along the Tiber River, lived one of the great tribes of the Italics - the Latins. ni, umbri, ekvi, volski and inshi. Those who have first tried to feed the roots of the Roman people can take into account B.G. the behavior of the Romans, although it does not matter, may lead to this.

The theory about the “Trojan campaign” of the Romans takes its roots from the legend that tells us about Aeneas in the 12th century BC. e. After the defeat of Troy as a result of the Trojan War, they arrived on the shores of Latium with the surplus of their people and united with the local tribe, creating a new people - the Latins, named in the name of their king, making friends with their daughter Enya, and also new place Lavinium , names in honor of his squad. The Romans respected Aeneas as the crazy forefather of their people, which was consistent with all their revolutions. This legend was created in the folk-historical work of Titus Livius “The History of the Falling Place” and was then laid down by Virgil in the national Roman poem “Aeneid”. Tacitus speaks about the Trojan campaign of the Romans, calling Troy “a monument to our campaign.” Years later, after the Romans buried Troas, the Roman Senate gave tribute to the inhabitants of Ilion in respect of their relatives to the Roman people.

Formation of the Roman ethnic group

The origins of the Roman people go back to the 8th-5th centuries BC. e. Stratigraphic excavations at the Forum and the Sacred Road, as well as at the Palatine, provided clear confirmation of the traditional date of the birth of Rome (754 BC). Archaeological material also allows us to determine the nutrition that developed in this place from a single center, as the legend confirms. Most archaeologists these days are reaching the point of view that they recognize the guilt of Rome as the result of a complex and complex process of synopsis of the surrounding isolated communities - a settlement on the Roman hillocks.

According to the legend, from the family of kings founded in Latium, Aeneas resembles the “founder of Rome” and the ruler of the Roman people - Romulus. The moment when Rome fell asleep, ancient Roman historians “calculated” with great accuracy: the stink dates back to the 21st quarter of 754 rubles. to sound e. Of course, this date is absolutely unique, and can be taken even mentally. However, the date of the 21st quarter - the oldest shepherd's holy Parilia - is important in that it confirms the priority of bestiality over agriculture as it relates to the pre-Russian population of the Tiber Valley.

According to this very legend, the population of Rome was formed from slaves and importers of Central Italy. This situation prompted King Romulus to start a war and want the wives of the Sabine tribe, leaving a meager number of new residents in a small squad, and the war spread and swelled the population.

The brothers were faced with a choice: either to dismiss the duck slaves that the rich had gathered around them and thus spend all their power, or to fall asleep at once with them in a new settlement. And that the inhabitants of Albi did not want to mix with the imported slaves, nor to give them the rights of the commonwealth, it is clearly evident from the kidnapped wives: the people of Romulus set their sights on someone not out of much recklessness, but only out of necessity, because with good will no one will marry for them not yishov. It was not for nothing that the stench, due to such an emergency, was placed before the forces of the in-law squads.

- Plutarch. Daily life stories. - M: Nauka, 1994. “Romulus”, 23, 24

The expansion of the cordons of the Roman power is characterized by one peculiarity: the Romans, who squashed the ruined place of Latium, resettled half of its inhabitants in their place, and part of the native Romans at the time of the buryings. In this way, there was a mixture and assimilation of the inhabitants of the outskirts with the Romans. Tacitus guesses about this. This was the fate of Fideni, Veii, Alba Longa and other places. Kryukov and Nibur in their work suggest a theory of the mixed ethnic character of the early Romans, in both camps, so that the patricians are Latins with a small house of Sabines, and the plebs are Latins with a strong house of Etruscans . If we consider the entire “royal period” of Roman history, if there was an influx of Roman ethnicity, we can say that as a result of asimilation, the Roman people were formed from three main stocks - Latins, Etruscans and tribes in dispute with the Latins and who lived on the descent from the Tiber, mainly what kind of bulls Sabini - how about Mommsen’s writing. According to legend, the ancient population of Rome was divided into three tribes. Rumney(Latin), Titsii(sabini) that Luceri(Etruscans).

From Titus Levi, from 616 to 510 rubles. BC e. in Rome, the dynasty of Etrusian kings ruled: Tarquin the Ancient, Servius Tullius, Tarquin the Proud, which was the legacy of the active Etruscan expansion to this day. There was Etruscan immigration, which led to the eradication of an entire Etruscan quarter from Rome (lat. vicus Tuscus), and the significant cultural influx of Etruscans into the Roman population. However, as Kovalov points out in his “History of Rome,” the Etruscan element combined with the Latin-Sabian is not as significant.

The Roman People for the Hours of the Republic

The Roman people took away further development during the hours of the Republic. After the collapse of the tsarist rule in the state, two socially significant classes - patrician and plebeian - appeared last night and began an active struggle among themselves. The patricians - obviously the indigenous population of the place have little superiority over the plebeians, not as much as in the main one, as much as in the legal sense, fragments of the plebeians, who in essence responded to the ranks of the arrived elements-immigrants, freeders, etc. - the total reduction of political rights, after the reforms of Servius Tullius, became the basis of the Roman army. Acting as a result of the struggle between the Senate and the plebs, the plebeians sought equal rights with the patricians and the rich plebeians joined the Roman aristocracy, forming the nobility.

The Roman aristocracy continued the active foreign policy of the kings. Continuous wars from the Far East led Rome to subordinate all of Italy. The Romans regulated their subordinate peoples in conjunction with it using the additional right of commonwealth.

Transformation of the Roman people into modern Roman peoples

At the hour of the collapse of the Western Empire, which formally ended in 476 rubles, but actually in 480 rubles. After the death of the remaining legitimate Emperor Nepotus, the integrity of Mediterranean communications was destroyed, and the Roman provinces fell under the rule of the German kings, and their skin began to develop independently. , Roman culture and barbarian tribes.

Notes

Posilannya

• Cicero – “Republic”, VI, 22 – Dream of Scipio.
• Titus Levi – “History of the Sleeping Place”, I. Russian translation.
• Dionysius of Galicarnassus – “History of Rome”, I.
• Plutarch - “Portal Lives: The Lives of Romulus, Numi Pompilius, Camilla.”
• Guy Light Tranquill. The lives of the twelve Caesars. About famous people (fragmenti). / Per. that approx.

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For a more in-depth look at those, we will focus on several points: first, a description of the famous Romans, given by the participants; in other words, sculptural creativity; thirdly, according to paleoanthropology (the remains of Roman officers); fourthly, anthropological data from modern Italians.

For maximum objectivity, we should focus on the Romans who lived in the era that begins during the period of the Late Republic (data about the Romans who lived in the earlier era, covered with a “layer” of myths and m There is a minimum of information about the new look), and will end in the period of the Early Dominat (during the period of Dominat there was an ongoing barbarization of the army and the bureaucracy).

Ozhe, axis Deeds of the inventory of the Romans, given by the Suchasniks:

Plutarch about Sulla:

“All the thoughts of Sully’s outward appearance are transferred from his statues, except for the glance of his light-blue eyes...”

Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus about the history of the Roman Caesars during the Principate:

About Gaius Caesar:

“It seems that he was tall, light-haired, and well-built. Revealing little things on the outside, the eyes are black and alive...”

About Serpen:

“His eyes were bright and sparkling... His teeth were sparse, frivolous, uneven, his hair was ruddy and a little curly, his eyebrows were long; The ears are small, the nose is hump-shaped and thick, the color of the skin is between smooth and white. The growth of low-rise buildings... »

About Tiberia:

“Tylobudov’s body is regular and medium-sized, taller than average, broad in the shoulders and chest, in another body stately and stringy from head to toe... The color of the skin is white... visibly beautiful, although in a new way sipali prizhi; The eyes are great and shine with wondrous beauty both at night and in the dark... "

About Guy Caligul:

“He is tall, his color is even pale, his body is tall and his legs are even thinner, his eyes and temples are sunken, his hair is wide and frowning, the hair on his head is sparse, with braids in the dark, and on his body - thick"

About Claudia:

“...he was tall, his body was thick, his face and hair were in a new headdress, his hair was tall...”

About Nero:

“The height of his hair is about average, his body is full of flames and has a foul smell, his hair is ruddy, looking much more beautiful, his eyes are gray and short-sighted, his body is thick, his life is high, his legs are even thinner.”

About Vespasian:

“The growth of wine wine, the addition of meat and fine wine...”

Here varto zrobiti a few remarks:

- According to Pershe, Roman sculptural creativity was characterized by a high level of realism, which allows one to see the old archetype (although the appearance of these and other features can be slightly varied depending on the image), then. portrait material of the Romans (most of which was created in the era of the early Principate) can be considered as an objective source of information about the appearance of people;

- In a different way, data about the pigmentation of the Romans is far from being objective through the details of the furnishings ... the axis that we write about this American pre-sleuth Gregor(1961 r_k):

“...Like the Latin “flavi”, and the Greek “xanthos”, and “hari” - formalized terms with no additional meaning. “Xanthos”, which we kindly translate as “blond”, was used by the ancient Greeks to mean “whether the color of the hair is black, like vugille, and the color of this hair, most certainly, is not light, but dark chestnuts y" ((Weiss , Keiter) ) Sergi) ... Both the Latin “flavi” and the Greek “xanthos”, and the Indian “hari” are generalized terms with endless variations and alternative meanings. “Xanthos”, which we translate equivalently to the concept of “blonde”, was used by the Greeks of antiquity to signify “If any color of hair is lighter than bright black, and this color will not be lighter than chestnut”(Weiss, Cater)..."

Tobto. at vipadku z "flavi"(in most translations – “light/rusty”) we can add a wide range of shades: from dark chestnut (not black) to golden brown (not white).

This method of the ancient Romans is characterized by the American anthropologist K. Kuhn:

“The early Romans, judging from the chests of their platforms in the era of Augustus and emerging from the descriptions, were, as a rule, not very tall, but rather massive in stature. Their skulls have a smooth top and are rounded at the side, like those of the Celts. Peculiarities of the individual included the famous “Roman” nose, which, perhaps, has a slightly Etrusque appearance... Their type is not autochthonous in the Mediterranean basin and has a more ancient appearance. The Romans saw the Celts, who invaded Italy, as tall and fair, and the blondness of the Romans (including ore hair) was among the minority.
More detailed information may be lost as the remains of Romans who died in the metropole are transferred to the colonial periphery. For example, an official of the sixth legion (headquartered in York), Theodorianus, came from the small town of Nomentum (Lazio). The three others who were married to York were also married to the Romans. The remains of these people share one type: dolichocephaly/mesocephaly; low cranium; low, wide forehead; the “eagle’s nose” protrudes strongly; short, wide, square individuals..."

To compare with the data of K. Kuhn, you can look at the sculptural portraits of Roman patricians (created in the era of the sickle):

Well, as an addition - portraits of the most famous Romans (from left to right): Cicero, Mark Antony and Mark Crassus

Having summed up the forecast data, you can see the upcoming type characteristic of the Romans:

Growing – middle / middle-high
Hair color - from golden brown to dark chestnut/black chestnut
The color of the eyes ranges from grey-blue to black
Medium-strong/strongly profiled exposure
The bridge of the nose is straight/loose or convex (the famous “Roman nose”)
Skin color – from pale horn to olive-swarthy
The appearance is middle-high and middle-wide. Most often square or rectangular in shape
Statue – massive
Forehead – low and wide
The head indicator ranges from subbrachycephaly to subdolichocephaly. Dominance of intermediate values

The ancestors of the Latins came to Central Italy from Pivnocha - from the Alpine region. We can talk about the factor IE-for Italy (although it has a diffuse character), we can talk about the linguistic factor (presence of a type of vocabulary in Latin), we can talk about the equalization of the racial type of the Romans with the autochthons of Italy, so and with the autochthons of the Alps.
If we believe that the most plausible fatherland of the Latins and the ancient schemas of the Alps, then we can compare the data of the Romans with the data of the modern Italo-Swiss – in the autochthonous Alps (Ticino region).

Today's Italian-Swiss (from Otto Schlaginhaufen):

...increasingly the butts of the Italo-Swiss reflect the same type that we see on the sculptural Roman nobility: mesocephaly/dolichocephaly; the person is medium-wide and medium-high; light-mixed/dark-mixed pigmentation; medium-strong/strongly profiled individuals (including the famous “Roman nose”).

On top - a number of butts from ancient Italians(Z robot Ripli)

...this butt is of a different type, representations in portrait material (and descriptions of life): medium-high and medium-wide face; brachycephaly is clearly expressed; light-mixed or dark-mixed brachycephaly.

In general, first draw a line of attack between ancient Italians and modern Italians, and then make a few remarks:

- According to Pershe, The concept of “Romans” (during the period of the Republic and the Principate) included both the Latins (those discussed above), the Etruscans (lower), and the Samnites, Umbrians and other Romanized tribes of the Central Italy.

- In a different way, with the Romans it is correct to compare with the locals of the current Central Italy and Pivnichno-Zakhidnaya Italy. The ancient Italians experienced a strong influx of Celts and other tribes from the Center. Europe, and the modern Italians and the Hellenes, Illyrians and Phoenicians.

Now it is necessary to christen the visual zone - turn it on Latium, Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Campania (Neapolitania) and Picene.

Now varto christen anthropological signs, characteristic of this zone (coming from the work of Livia, Kun and Biasutti):

Growing – middle/mid-high
The color of the eyes and hair is dominated by dark-mixed shades
Blondness – no more than 5-10%
Oblicchya – middle-high/high and high/medium-wide
Nіs - straight or convex
Profiling – medium-strong or stronger
Size of the skull - medium-large/large

Zagal, this zone is characterized by the dominance of the Mediterranean-Balkan race with the influx of the Central European race (as a result of the diffusion of IE races and the later Celtic migration).

If we draw banal parallels between the current Central Italians and portraits of the Romans, then here we can find complementary images - like depicting the Italians:

...however, this leveling is not a single objective indicator of offensiveness.

Yak visnovok

In order to show the consistency between the ancient Romans and the current inhabitants of the region, we must use the definition of “Romans”. Since under the Romans the mothers respect the rule of the cob Latins, then, of course, there is no attack, because Over the first few centuries, the Latins began to disband among the Italian population. Just as the “Romans” fight in respect of the Italians of the era of the Republic and the Principate (Latins, Etruscans, Samnites, Sabines, Osci and Umbrians), then the current inhabitants of Central Italy and them landings.

Yak small additions - photo set of Florence residents:

…і There is a small amount of data on the population of current Italy:

P.S. This information can be either simple or supported by new data - everything can be kept under the level of argumentation.

On our planet, the company continues with the falsification of the past and historical documents, which is the decline of the great past of our civilization. The history of Ancient Rome is a vivid example of large-scale sabotage.

The Bavarian explorer Gernot Heise, having seen the book “Who were the Romans in truth?” in 1994, in which he learned that the Romans are, most often, the original indigenous inhabitants of Europe: the Celts, Galli and Franks, who do not drink anything related neither to Italy nor to Latin culture Among the evidence is the very name of the city of Rome. G. Geise revealed that in Europe “any great place, as if connected with the “Romans,” was called Rome.”

Aachen: “Another Rome”, and also “Aurea Roma renovata”. Mainz: “The Other Rome” (XI-XII centuries), and earlier “Aurea Maguncia Romane”. Trier: "Belgian Rome", "Other Rome", "Minor Rome", "Ancient Rome". The German place of Bamberg was directly called Rome, and on the Swedish island of Gotland, where the Italo-Romans did not go, the place was called Rome and dosi. And so - without end, all over Europe!

The capital of Italy, according to G. Gaise, in the Middle Ages began to be called Roma quadrata, then Square Rome (Square Kremlin, Square Fortress), and earlier Rome was known under the name Palatium.

Svіdsi – the main concept: Ancient Rome may have stood, apart from Italy, which history of ancient Rome cannot be based on principle. It’s just that the settlement with the name Palatium has long had its name added to it – “Rome”. And without it - nothing!

It is clear that this is not enough for complete understanding, and G. Gaise began to joke about the meaning of the word “Rome” and the recent translation seems to be misleading, and it turned out that, besides the meaning of “kremlin”, “fortress”, in the ancient Greek language and the word " "Rome" means "army, military, military unit, armored forces, column." This means that the “Romans” are not the inhabitants of the city of Rome and not the giants of the Roman Empire, but rather the Romans, members of that comity, as the Greeks called “Rom”, perhaps the very garrison of the ancient Kremlin, or fortifications – be it in Europe Europe

Access Historical people wanted to know and other names of the Eternal Place Urbs. This is what it is called in most ancient and medieval documents, and the axis simply means “place,” although it can be translated as “altar.” And the fragments of this name of Rome are not in its power, then they may lie in some place, for example, Carthage (nine Tunisia), before the speech, which bears the title “African Rome”.

Carthage began to burn as a miracle candidate near Rimi. Here, about 90% of all life in the world is preserved in the ancient Roman style. The most heated disputes of the early Christians took place here, and the same Roman law was created in Carthage - this is already a secret fact in science. Then Carthage fell, the archives were taken away, and the Italian Urbs became the father of Roman law, in which the population in 1420 was only 17,500 people.

Well, let's get the pouch. There are dozens of Romes in the lands of Europe, and most of them are not Italian. The Italian Palatium, also known as Urbs, began to be called Rome only in the Middle Ages. Signs of ancient Rome can be found, for example, in Carthage, which ruled no one in Europe.

Feeding. So what was this titanic Italian-German empire called Rome? Since it is possible to create on a new place Ancient Greece and Persia, Babylonia and Macedonia, Media and Phrygia, then why not create the Roman Empire - just like that, on paper? For example, on the basis of imported from other “rims” and “urbs” such as Carthage and Alexandria papers. How many libraries were burned? The Axis lost a large number of books and manuscripts, exported to Italian Rome, sometimes for money, sometimes by military force.

1622 r_k. 2000 Latin and 430 Greek manuscripts and 8000 books from Heidelberg.

1658 r_k. 1500 Latin manuscripts from the library of the Dukes of Urbino.

1690 r_k. 2000 Latin manuscripts from the library of Queen Christina of Sweden.

1746 r. 300 manuscripts from the collections of Capponiani.

1748 r. 3000 Latin and 473 Greek manuscripts from the Ottoboni Library.

There were hundreds and hundreds of such parties. It is important that in 1565 the pope collected all the documents of the Church from the central archive of the Vatican. Why has such a history of the Church not appeared? And why is it that the two 1000-year-old Roman empires closely associated with it were born? And what’s more... to create such an empire, you don’t need to shuffle all the archives: just order the Inquisition to find heretical dictionaries (there weren’t many of them) and write a new dictionary article, where it is written in black and white that “Roma” or “Romane” the name of the place means that the place was part of the Roman Empire. And that's all. Reshta will already be created in our minds.

A little report about the Roman emperors

In 1926 it was completed, and in 1935 the book by Wilhelm Kammayer, “The Universal Falsification of History,” about details of legal documents of the Middle Ages, was published. V. Kammayer, as a lawyer, based the investigation of letters on the trivial rule: any gifted legal document (and letters of gift are the broadest type of secondary documents) is guilty of containing information about who, what, when and to whom it was given in, and in the letter was folded.

It turned out that the documents preserved in libraries often do not meet the relevant legal criteria. There are documents without a date, or with a date clearly inserted later, with an inconsistent date (day or day), or with a date written in a manner that does not correspond to the designated hour of writing. Often, letters dated one day were “signed” by the donor at various points on the map.

Remain respectful to you. When analyzing the place and dates of the writing of the letters, V. Kammayer came up with a picture: rulers do not go to the capital, in which the majority of people are constantly in the city, they constantly rise in price from place to place - sometimes very quickly and even more so. rise up - with the method of awarding diplomas to new and new pledges. Moreover, all German emperors, regardless of the age, will become healthy and of the utmost human logic.

The German emperors had the opportunity to spend time in different places far removed from each other more than once. For Emperor Conrad, for example, for a period of 50 years, 2-3 different places will be ordered as soon as possible, as a place of visiting the Christian holy place.

The main focus of the meta-large-scale campaign of falsification of historical documents, according to V. Kammayer, lay in the tortured pagan history, subjugated by Christianity, and attributed to it by all the ancient civilizations. izatsii. He will begin to seek legal confirmation of the rights to Volodynia on the side of the new Volodars, who have recently been elected to the legitimate rulers. The additional grants were to confirm the long-standing rights to Volodynia and to marry one of the many Christian kings, who, if necessary, were simply guessed for.

Kammayer bu reconversions at the present time: reference documents of pagan German history were reduced and replaced with falsified documents of Gallo-Roman history. The birth of the Catholic popes before the so-called Avignon Avignon was completely overtaken. History up to 1300 rub. irrecoverable, fragments of early documents were destroyed and replaced with false ones. Wars between national churches in the pre-Papal period of church history were often presented as a struggle against heretics and apostates.

* If you accept Cammayer’s thesis, the cycles in the history of the papacy become the stories of national bishops rooted by Catholics, and the evidence begins to fail. Even the popes (like the ubiquitous Emperor Conrad) lived in Rome, in Rome, in Lateran, in Avignon, and in heretical Bern. The argument is serious - it is visible as the “vidoma” of the creature, the gut. On the right is that in pagan Celtic, Gaulish and Frankish Europe, the role of the gut was played by the fret - manual thir. Foreigners brought food from port places: Syrians, Vermens, Jews, Greeks and Latins. And that means, “anti-cat hysteria” was the people’s influence against the Greeks, Jews and Latins – those who brought Christianity to Europe. It seems that if the Church gave the history of the perturbation of the lands, it attracted outright hysteria against the missionaries.

Once Kammayer had demonstrated his work to the respect of the historians of the NDR, repression fell upon him. Having spent money, the manuscript of the book was confiscated and was lost for a long time, all the integrity of the family was nationalized, and his homeland itself was condemned to evil. I think that Kammayer died from malnutrition.