Stepan Razin was a rich Cossack. People's messenger. Why did Stepan Razin vote for the war of the powers? Rebel of Stepan Razin

The biography of Stepan Timofiyovich Razin, a Don Cossack and a member of the Peasant War of 1670-1671, is well known, and our fellow participants are more familiar with the works of folklore.
He was born as a hereditary Cossack around 1630 near the village of Zimoveyskaya on the Don. His father was the honored Cossack Timofiy Razin, and his baptized father was the military otaman Kornila Yakovlev. Already in his youth, he distinguished himself prominently among the Don elders.
Like all hereditary Cossacks, they were true believers and made two pilgrimages to. Many times, entering the winter warehouse of the station, then the embassies of the Don Cossacks, and visiting.
Having known the Kalmyk and Tatar language, many times I took part in negotiations with the Taishas - the Kalmyk gangs. In 1663, when the Cossacks were driven out, the Cossacks and Kalmiki entered the warehouse, having waged campaigns against Perekop against the Krimchaks.
For his peculiarities, I will kindly acknowledge Don. A verbal description of the life of Stepan Razin was collected from a short biography of foreign historical chronicles, which was missing by the Dutch master Jan Streis. Vin describes Razin as a tall and statuesque man. A miraculous statue, with intelligent appearances and trimmed modestly, but with pride.
In 1665, the family of his elder brother was killed on the orders of the governor Yuri Dolgorukov, if the Cossacks wanted to lose the Russian soldiers who were fighting the Poles. This stratum launched a great attack on Stepan Razin.
In 1667, the army became the leader of the great corral of Cossacks, which included many new arrivals from Russia and continued until its famous campaign “for the zipuns” along the Volga to the Caspian Sea and Persia. Turning from the rich treasure, standing at the Kagalnitsky town. Having believed in his complaisance and felt that he was robbing destroyers and bloodsuckers, they began to flock from all corners of the Moscow state.
We buried all the places on the lower Volza - Astrakhan, Tsaritsyn, Saratov, after Samara.
From the Cossacks, the Rukh emerged from a larger-scale rural uprising, as it buried the entire territory of the state.
The first attack was recognized near Simbirsk, where the otaman himself was seriously wounded. He was taken to the Kagalnitsky town. At that time, the mood of the Don changed, and the reign of sovereignty began to take precedence. After a recent attempt to take the Cossack capital of Cherkassy, ​​the lower Cossacks united and defeated the rebels, and the former leader Stepan Razin and his brother Frol were seen in Moscow. After the brutal torturous attacks, they were slaughtered at Lobnyi district.

Don Otaman, a member of the largest Cossack-village uprising. Stepan Timofiyovich Razin was born in 1630 near the village of Zimoveyska-on-Don. Stepan’s father is the noble Cossack Timofiy Razin, whose baptismal father was the military otaman Kornila Yakovlev. Stepan had two brothers: the elder, Ivan and the younger, Frol. Already in his youth, Stepan took a prominent place among the Don elders. In 1652 and 1661 there were two pilgrimages to the Solovetsky Monastery. At the warehouse of winter stations - Don embassies - in 1652, 1658 and 1661, having visited Moscow. I know the Tatar and Kalmyk language, and have repeatedly successfully taken part in negotiations with Kalmyk gangs. In 1663, the entire Cossack herd, having settled down with the Cossacks and Kalmiki, marched under Perekop against the Crimean Tatars.

The idea of ​​rebellion against the feudal-kryposnytsky order in Russia was reversed by Razin in connection with the insistence of autocracy on the freedom of the Don Cossacks and, finally, in connection with the brutal reprisal of Prince Yuri Dolgorukov in 1665 against his elder brother Stepan Ivan for trying together with the Kaz paddock theater of military actions against the Poles. Due to his success and special viciousness, Stepan Razin lost wide popularity on the Don. The verbal portrait of Razin was described more than once by the Dutch vitriol master Jan Streiss: “He is a tall and stately man of rank with a profoundly straightforward appearance. “He dressed himself modestly, with great severity.”

The return of the Cossacks to the Don in Serpna 1669 with rich wealth increased the glory of Razin as a happy otaman, and not only the Cossacks began to flock to different sides, but also the influxes from Russia.

Tsaritsin, Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara were taken, and the entire Lower Volga region appeared in his hands. Erupting like a Cossack ledge, the collapse under Razin’s wire quickly overcame the great rural uprising that buried a large part of the territory of the region. The riot broke out throughout the entire expanse between the Oka and Volga. They rose up, greeted the landowners with death, overthrew the governor, and created their own bodies of power in the form of Cossack self-government.

The Tsar's ranks made the most important advances to suppress the insurrection. The main forces of the rebels were unable to take Simbirsk, and the regular army suffered defeats against Razin in the early 1670s. The otaman himself, wounded in battle, was immediately forced to be rescued and taken to the Kagalnitsky town.

Having prepared himself for the wounds he suffered near Simbirsk, Stepan Razin did not dare to lay down his armor. You will need to reclaim your new army and continue the fight.

Already in 1671, the people on the Don were already in a state of disarray, and the authority and influence of Razin himself had sharply declined. The confrontation between Razin and the lower Cossacks intensified. With the development of the success of the ordinary military forces, the Don Cossacks began to realize the need to capture Razin and transfer him to the royal court.

After the leader of the rebels had recently attempted to take Cherkassk, the military otaman Yakovlev was struck at the line. In the year 1671, the lower Cossacks buried and burned the town of Kagalnitsky, and the Muscovite rulers saw the buried Razin. After the tortur Stepan Razin 16 cherubnya (6 cherubnya per st. style) 1671 buv of public quartering (quartering) near Moscow at the Execution Ground. Three days later, Razin’s remains, “for everyone to witness,” were “inflated on tall trees and placed behind the Moskva River on the square (Bolotniy) until the end.” The later remains of Stepan Razin were buried in the Tatarsky District near Zamoskvorichchia (nor the territory of the Cultural Park and the site named after M. Gorky). The funeral in the Muslim tradition is explained by the fact that the squadron of the Village War was also exiled from the church for their lives.

Razin’s person has lost a deep trace from the people’s memory. A whole cycle of songs is dedicated to Yom; a number of tracts of the Volga ring with its name.

Preparation material based on hydrated cores

Cossack otaman, a band of Cossack-village uprisings, which took away from later historiography the name of the Village War under S. T. Razin of 1670-1671.

According to the most expanded version, Stepan Timofiyovich Razin was born around 1630 in the village of Zimoveyska (nine village in). The people of Dzherel call his father's place. Apparently, in the middle of the three blues (Ivan, Stepan, Frol) was the possible Cossack Timofiy Razin. And information about those whose baptized father was the military otaman Kornila Yakovlev.

The first reliable document about the life of S. T. Razin is his document about permission to travel to the Solovetsky Monastery, dated 1652.

In 1658, S. T. Razin was born among the Cherkasy Cossacks, directly assigned to the Ambassadorial Order. In 1661, together with Otaman F. Budan, he negotiated with the Kalmiki about the way of the world and peace against the Tatars. In 1662, S. T. Razin became otaman, in 1662-1663 the Cossacks marched against the Turks and Crimeans, took part in the Battle of Molochnye Vody on the Crimean Isthmus. Turning to the Don, rich in trophies and full of them.

In 1665, the voivode Prince Yu. A. Dolgorukov hanged S. T. Razin’s elder brother Ivan for his unauthorized departure from the Cossacks to the Don during the hour of the Russian-Polish War of 1654-1667. Having decided not only to avenge his brother, but also to punish the boyars and nobles, the otaman gathered a “band” of 600 people and destroyed the fate of the Zimoveysky town in the Don Mountains in the spring of 1667, plundering government planes with goods and the houses of the rich Cossacks The acquisition was called a “campaign for the sips” and the destruction of the Moscow rule by the Don Cossacks was “counted as theft.”

The “band” of Z. T. Razin quickly grew to 2 thousand inhabitants in 30 plows. Having hidden the cunning of Yaik (nine Uralsk in Kazakhstan), S. T. Razin strategized 170 individuals who were part of his military “villainous horde”, and replenished the “horde” of those who spoke from the local population.

Having laid the tabir between the rivers Tisha and Ilovni, S. T. Razin reorganized his “army”, giving it regular rice, divided into hundreds and tens, along with hundreds and tens.

In 1667-1669, S. T. began the Persian campaign, defeating the fleet of the Iranian Shah and bringing to light the “Cossack war” (ambushes, raids, flanking maneuvers). The Cossacks took and plundered Baku, Reshet, Farabad and Astrabad.

On the day of 1669, Z. T. Razin’s flotilla reached the Cossacks “bringing their crimes to the great sovereign,” who gave the governorship to Prince I. Z. Prozorovsky received a portion of trophy goods, ammunition and goods, after which they turned to the Don with rich wealth, having completed their youth. and your happiness. The name of S. T. Razin has become legendary. The attempt of the Moscow government to punish the stubborn Cossacks, having diverted the supply of grain to the Don, only added to the otaman’s henchmen.

At the sickle spring of 1669, S. T. Razin created a fortress on one of the Don islands - Kagalnitsky town. Her Razin “band” and he himself distributed the trophies of the Cossack army, obtaining new recruits from the Cossack army.

In the year 1670, on the “great stake”, S. T. Razin voiced that his intention was “to go from the Don to the Volga, and from the Volga to Rus'... in order... from the Moscow state to bring the noble boyars and thoughtful people into In some places the voivod ta punished people”, “stand for the great sovereign” and give freedom to “black people”. The otaman’s “enchanting leaves” gathered a lot of flocks, and the campaign turned into a possible village war. A rumor about Tsarevich Oleksiy Oleksiyovich (who actually died in 1670), who went with S.T. Razin, and the patriarch remade the campaign at the bottom, which was denied by the blessed church and the rulers. S. T. Razin, unclearly identifying the result of a successful uprising, is aimed at the foundation of the great “Cossack Republic”.

In the spring of 1670, the Cossacks of S. T. Razin were beaten. In the dark of 1670, the Astrakhan archers crossed over to the side of the rebels. The rebels destroyed the place, took the place by storm, and killed the governor of Prince I. S. Prozorovsky, the Streltsy chiefs, Metropolitan Josip and the rich clergy of the Astrakhan diocese.

The Lipnya on the Cossack Koli decided to go with the main forces until . They surrendered to the 10,000-strong corral of Z. T. Razin without a fight. In the spring, the otaman unsuccessfully surrounded the Simbirsk Kremlin.

In the early 1670s, the army of S. T. Razin was defeated. Otaman Pishov on the Don was seriously injured. Having stopped at the Kagalnitsky town, he began to gather strength for a new campaign. However, in the year 1671, the military foreman bought him in full from his brother Frol and saw the owner. S. T. Razin was transported before, and then until. In the capital he was fed, drawn and quartered on the scaffold at the Execution Ground on the 6th (16th) of 1671.

Stepan Timofiyovich Razin (1630 - 1671) - famous Don Cossack and leader of the largest insurrection on the territory of Russia.

Ditinstvo

There are very few data about the childhood of Stepan Timofiyovich. From the works of the Dutch mandrvnika Streis, it is clear that Razin was born around the year 1630, after an hour of contact with the sailor, according to Streis, there were about forty rocks.

The place of the people of the future rebel is still unknown. The dominant version is about those that were born near the Zimoveyskaya station (formerly called Pugachovskaya and spread out on the territory of the Volgograd region).

And in history, that version is about those who are Fatherlanders in Cherkassk. About this, the historian Rigelman stated first, firmly, that Zimoveysk was ahead of the fortune-telling of the chronicles only through the river after the death of Stepan. As for Cherkassk, the version about him was confirmed not only by Rigelman, but by another Don historian Bikadorov.

As they talk about folk tales and beliefs, then Stenka Razin’s father’s shtina at various times called the village of Rozdori, as well as villages under the name Esaulivska and Kagalnitska. However, no confirmed information about those who were born there has yet been found. Before the speech, information about who his father was and what they did was also not revealed.

Yunist

How Razin’s share developed is known from manuscripts dating back to 1652. At that time, Stepan and his older brother Ivan were already in command of several corrals of Don Cossacks and had great authority in the territories they belonged to (the smell, to be sure, was great). In 1661, having secured the support of another prominent otaman - Fyodor Budan - Stepan, together with his older brother, launched a campaign against the Crimean Tatars and Nogais. A double battle ensues between the warring clans, after which Ivan makes peace and leads the herds back to the native territory.

At this hour, Prince Dolgorukov sends his ambassador to Razinim to inform them about the obligatory military service on the Don River. The fortune-telling of the tsarist administration further inflames the Cossacks’ persecution to independence, which the ambassador informs about having turned to the prince. In testimony, Dolgorukov orders his envoy to arrest and exterminate one of the leading Cossacks.

According to the current version, Stepan Razin himself will appear, during the negotiations during the discussion he clearly demonstrated Ivan’s initiative, as a result of which the messages were squandered in the wrong direction. The loss of his brother became a serious reason for Razin to no longer submit to the tsar’s rule, and, more importantly, to attempt to make the Cossacks independent from any tsar’s decrees and punishments.

Rebel of Stepan Razin

In 1649, the so-called Cathedral system was adopted, in which the villagers became even more dependent on their landowners. As a result, dissatisfaction began to grow, which resulted in part of the drive of the day-to-day forces into Cossack territory. However, because the villagers-influxes had not lived for a long time, nor had lived on the territory of the Don Cossacks, the stench lay not to the “old-timers”, but to the hunger, which was now being smelled by dozens of newly arrived dissatisfied villagers. And, naturally, in response to the search for food, the hunger more and more often led to robber attacks on villages and places, choosing these landowners themselves.

The situation with dissatisfaction on the side of the day was even more beneficial for Razin and other Don Cossacks. The stinks increasingly attacked the hungry and angry villagers, searching for the best possible place to attack and waiting until the “military forces” posed a serious threat to the tsarist administration. Until 1667, the Cossacks themselves numbered about two hundred people, not fearing the army of thousands of people from hunger, as Stenka Razin was roaming around and was ready to tear the kings and princes to pieces in order to settle down on a good basis. th freedom.

On May 15, 1667, the famous uprising of Stepan Razin began. The army under the command of the Cossacks reached the Volga and plundered a small number of merchant ships, taking in all the villagers who were on board during the day. In the opinion of bibliographers, even before the winter of the same fate, the uprising had little more than a robber character and did not differ from the numerous Cossack raids of the past. Just before the winter, Stenka Razin successfully defeated the raid of Beklemishev’s riflemen, and then captured the Yaitsko town from the battle, which could mean only one thing - the uprising was of an anti-regular nature and would threaten the collapse of the current state.

In 1669, the Cossacks, not caring about the many battles that took place throughout the day, won a few battles. While on the island of Pig, the stinks gather with the troops of Mamed Khan of Astara, with whom they join the battle, later called the “Battle of Pig Island.” The Safavids, who showed themselves to be superior strategists, surrounded their ships with lances in order to take control of the entire Cossack fleet as quickly as possible and without expense.

However, Stenka Razin, having realized that the enemy’s mercy was in question, ordered the sinking of Mamed Khan’s flagship ship, after which other ships went to the bottom. Like a trophy, Razin is taken in hand by the son of the Shah, who is publicly thrown from the ship after the sinking of the Safavid Armada.

Village war

In 1670, Stepan Timofiyovich decided to embark on another military campaign. In the end, which until the last moment was kept under the greatest secret, this, however, is immediately becoming public. Walking through villages and villages, Razin openly appeals to the people before the uprising and liberation from the fortress, while declaring that this is not the end of the downfall of the current ruler Oleksiy Mikhailovich (who is the opponent of everything I’m still in control of myself and I’m going dumb). The calls lead to the point where unrest begins in rich villages and villages, followers of Razin (Zokrema, Olena Arzamaska) appear, wanting to achieve freedom and freedom as quickly as possible.

After successful campaigning, Stenka stormed Samara, Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan and Saratov, hoping to reach them and the city of Simbirsk. However, the rest becomes an inescapable feat for him, and the fall taxation will fail. At the same time, the tsar sent 60,000 troops to the new order, and after a serious battle, he caused serious harm to the Cossacks and seriously wounded Razin himself. He is taken to the Kagalnitsky place, where the military leader plans to prepare himself and rush at the enemy again. But his share is determined by another Cossack - Kornila Yakovlev, who, fearing anger on the side of the tsar against all his fellow tribesmen, plans to kidnap Razin and hand him over to the tsar's court.

The remaining days of life

2 ducats in 1671 to deliver to Stepan Razin’s fate to Moscow, so that he can pay the death penalty in a year in a quartering way. At the same time, sue his younger brother Frol.

6 worms of the same fate on Bolotnaya Square, with the majestic onslaught of Stepan Razin, hit the head on the tortura, and then raise the head. Everything is carried out in front of Frol, who, without having seen the victim, repents to the priest and asks for mercy. This will continue his life for exactly five years: in 1676 he will spend his life there, on Bolotnaya Square.

There is no documentary evidence of the birth of Stepan Razin. However, the date can be displayed from other rows of dzherel. For example, the Dutchman Jan Jansen Struys, who appreciated Russia, became a famous rebel several times. In his notes, he recorded that in 1670 Razin had 40 births, let’s talk about those that were born around 1630.

Biography details

It is well known that the famous otaman was born on the Don. The biography of Stepan Razin began in the Volgograd region, where there were numerous Cossack farms and villages in the 17th century. This life was overgrown with numerous guesses and retellings, which was traditional for that time. The biography of Stepan Razin became the subject of Cossack speculation. With his reputation, at the hour of his rebellion, he often thought about his predecessor.

In 1652, the biography of Stepan Razin became important for the rest. Vin becomes an otaman. Ten years later, Stenka took part in the campaign against the Crimean Khan. There were Cossacks, Kalmiki and Cossacks among the Viysk. Then Russia was captured by the great prowl of the strong soldiers who were quartered in the present lands.

Razin's elder brother Ivan. He was the father of Viysk Donsky. The Cossacks were free and boisterous, which resulted in conflicts with the royal envoys. Moscow voivode Yuri Dolgorukov, under the same circumstances, ordered Ivan to be punished for disobedience. Stepan was warned against the Tsar's rule.

The situation among the Cossacks

The 17th century began to reject the call of “rebellion” through parts of the rural uprising. The villagers began to lose their lives to the landowners, after the birth of the villagers in 1649. The villagers flowed into slavery to the Don, no signs of inflows were seen. Until the 70s, a large number of newly converted Cossacks accumulated in the modern lands. This probing was directed most irreconcilably to the tsarist administration, which many felt was unfairly placed in front of the rural population.

The villagers who became Cossacks were called “blakitniki”. The stinks made a living by plundering ships on the Volz. The old-timers marveled at the situation through their fingers.

Hiking to Persia

In 1667, Stepan Razin became a gang of such a corral. A short biography of Otaman in the handbook of history includes riddles about the campaign against Persia. This was the first serious military testimony of the brave otaman. At the bottom of the Volga, the Cossacks robbed merchants and ships that belonged to the patriarch Joasaph. Before the drive, the black robs and barge haulers, the other people involved in the river fleet, came en masse.

The robbery of merchants did not praise Moscow, as it was far away. If the Cossacks defeated the Streltsy and finally buried the main boundaries of what was permissible, there was destruction.

In the new year 1668, after wintering on Yaik, Razin's army crashed in the Caspian Sea. This is where the strength came first. Before Razin, Circassians and other inhabitants of the Northern Caucasus joined. With such forces at Lipna, the Russians fought the Persians on Pig Island. This was the greatest victory at sea in the 17th century. The incensed order from Baku. Percy was sick, and the Cossacks received a video. Once the fragments became cunning, the rest advanced to Astrakhan, where they were received by the tsar’s commanders.

Narodne Povstannya

At the onset of fate, the biography of Stepan Razin was marked by open uprisings against the tsar. Today we have strengthened the edges of literacy, from all those who want to take away the will to join the good. In addition, there was a tradition of impostors, such as Stepan Razin. The otaman’s short biography continued like this: he let out a little about those who have a successor to the throne, who actually died recently. Then the tsar had a conflict with Patriarch Tikhon, whom he sent to exile. Corrupting him, Razin also said that the high priest was encouraging him. The villagers did not need proof; they willingly went under his ensign.

People's support helped Razin to conquer Astrakhan, Saratov, Tsaritsin and Samara. Crumbling uphill following the stream, the Cossacks stumbled out of Simbirsk. This obloga began in 1670. The otaman’s biography himself gave the order to say that the life of the brave Cossack was hanging by a thread. They are so far away that the shock would not deprive you of the ability to live.

Porazka ta strata

An army of 60 thousand soldiers had already collapsed from Moscow. The roses were broken and thrown out of Simbirsk. Stepan ducked, but he did not manage to secure the support of the Cossacks, as he did not want to fall into disgrace. As a result, Razin gathered together with his comrades, who handed him over to the king in the year 1671. 6 cherven of the people's rebels recognized the quartering.

It was held in Moscow on Bolotnaya Square for the sake of science for everyone. Everyone still remembers who Stepan Timofiyovich Razin is. The short biography of the otaman became the basis for numerous folklore songs that are popular today.