The most popular mandrvniki and their vidkrittya. Britain is a seafaring nation Britain is a seafaring nation photos

The roads have always attracted people, but if the stench was no less compelling, it would have been foldable. The territories were conquered, and, turning into the road, the skin became the successor. What kind of mantras are the most popular and what exactly does the skin get out of them?

James Cook

Vidomy English was one of the greatest cartographers of the seventeenth century. He was born in England and began to work with his father until he was thirteen. Before the trade, the boy turned up unpaid and decided to take up sailing. At that hour, all the visible mandrikas of the world were flying to distant lands on ships. James sank into his naval right and leaned so quickly through the quarry gatherings that he was named a captain. He was convinced and flew to the Royal Fleet. Already in 1757, Talanovity Kuk became a ship himself. His first achievement was the creation of the fairway of the Vin River, revealing his talent as a navigator and cartographer. In the 1760s, he won Newfoundland, which gained the respect of the Royal Partnership and the Admiralty. You were entrusted with the journey of the Pacific Ocean, having reached the shores of New Zealand. In 1770, having produced those that other mandrivniks had not previously attempted, a new continent was discovered. In England in 1771, Cook became the famous pioneer of Australia. The expedition in search of the passage that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans has become increasingly more expensive. Today, schoolchildren are aware of the sum of Cook’s share, who was killed by the tuber-cannibals.

Christopher Columbus

Apparently, the mandrvniki and theirs have become a great influx in the course of history, but few have become as famous as people are. Columbus became the national hero of Spain, greatly expanding the map of the country. Christopher was born in 1451. The boy quickly achieved success by being diligent and learning well. Already 14 rocks have had their wines collapsed at the sea. In 1479, the Sustras established their own farm and began living in Portugal, and after the tragic death of their friends, they left for Spain. Having repulsed the support of the Spanish king, he ruined the expedition, which laid waste to the route of Asia. Three ships sailed off the coast of Spain as they set. In the summer of 1492, the stench reached the Bahamas. This is how America was discovered. Christopher Milkovo decided to call the local residents Indians, respecting the fact that they belonged to India. This is how history changed: two new continents and anonymous islands, discovered by Columbus, became the mainstay of the colonialists at the turn of the century.

Vasco da Gama

The most famous mandravnik of Portugal was born at the place of Sines on the 29th of June 1460. From his youth he worked in the navy and became famous as a fearless captain. At 1495 rub. In Portugal, King Manuel came to rule, who wanted to develop trade with India. For this necessary sea route, Vasco da Gama needed to be destroyed. At the edge there were sailors and sailors, and the king seemed to have chosen him himself. In 1497, several ships crashed on the day, went around and reached Mozambique. There was a month of trouble there - half of the team at that time was suffering from scurvy. After the break, Vasco da Gama left Calcutta. In India, he developed trade connections for three months, and then turned to Portugal, where he became a national hero. Having seen the sea route, allowing him to get to Calcutta after saving Africa, it became his greatest achievements.

Mykola Miklouho-Maclay

Russian mandrvniki have also produced many important criticisms. For example, the same Mikola Mikhlukho-Maclay, who was born in 1864 in the Novgorod province. He was unable to graduate from St. Petersburg University, and he was revoked for his participation in student demonstrations. For the continuation of his studies, Mikola went to Nimechchina, de Zustrov of Haeckel - the descendant of nature, who asked Miklouho-Maclay to join his scientific expedition. So the light of mandrivoks was revealed. All of his life was dedicated to the advancement of science. Mikola is alive in Sicily, Australia, having visited New Guinea, the project of the Russian Geographical Partnership, having visited Indonesia, the Philippines, the island of Malacca and the Ocean. In 1886, the Russian naturalist turned to Russia and urged the emperor to establish a Russian colony overseas. The project from New Guinea did not lose the royal support, and Miklouho-Maclay became seriously ill and died without finishing his work on the book about travel.

Ferdinand Magellan

A lot of famous sailors and sailors lived in the era of the Great Magellan, no fault of it. In 1480 they were born in Portugal, in the town of Sabrosa. Having served at court (at that time he was only 12 years old), he learned about the conflict between the region and Spain, about the road to the East Indies and trade routes. So he stubbornly became obsessed with the sea. 1505 Fernand was sent to the ship. Since then, the furious sea expanses have taken part in expeditions to India and Africa. In 1513, Magellan went to Morocco after being wounded in battle. Ale didn’t give up on the cravings for the price - he planned an expedition for spices. The king threw out his curse, and Magellan destroyed Spain, and removed all necessary support. Thus began the rise in price. Fernand thought that at the end of the road the route to India might turn out to be short. Having crossed the Atlantic Ocean, it reached America and opened the channel, which would later be called its name. becoming the first European to explore the Pacific Ocean. Finally, he reached the Philippines and even reached the Moluccas Islands, dying in a battle with local tribes and being wounded by an arrow. It’s no less important that a new ocean opened up in Europe and the understanding that the planet is much larger was not thought until recently.

Roald Amundsen

The Norwegians were born at the end of an era in which many famous mandrivniks became famous. Amundsen became the last of the seafarers who wanted to discover unknown lands. From childhood, he grew zealous and confident in his strength, which allowed him to support the New Geographical Pole. The beginning of the path of knitting with fate in 1893, when the boy left the university and became a sailor. In 1896, he became a navigator, and the next fate ruined his first expedition to Antarctica. The ship was lost in the ice, the crew was ill with scurvy, but Amundsen did not give up. He took command of himself, recruited people, received his medical education and brought the ship back to Europe. Having become a captain, in 1903 he went straight to the search for the Pivnichno-Zahidny passage of the Canadian River. Vidomi mandrivniki had never done anything like this before - in two days the team had traveled all the way to the American continent until their last call. Amundsen became known to the whole world. The offensive expedition became a two-month march to the Pivdennoe Plus, and the remaining enterprise was the search for Nobili, during which time there was a sign of anonymity.

David Livingston

Many of the famous mandrivniks are associated with seafaring. becoming the descendant of the land, the African continent itself. The famous Scot was born near Birch in 1813. At 20 years old, he became a missionary, met Robert Moffett and decided to reach the African forces. In 1841, he arrived to Kuruman, where he began to administer the rural dominion to the village residents, served as a doctor and began to read and write. There he learned the Bechuan language, which helped him along the roads in Africa. Livingston studied in detail the lives of local residents, writing several books about them and going on an expedition to search for the flows of the Nile, who fell ill and died of fever.

Amerigo Vespucci

The most famous mandrikas in the world most often came from Spain and Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci was born in Italy and became one of the famous Florentines. Having gained a good background, he trained as a financier. For 1490 vin we sold in Seville, at the Medici sales office. His life was connected with maritime travel, for example, sponsoring another Columbus expedition. Christopher instilled in him the idea of ​​​​trying himself as a mandarin, and already in 1499 Vespucci flew to Suriname. The method of navigation was to explore the coastline. There is a settlement there, called Venezuela - little Venice. At 1500 wins, I turned home, bringing 200 slaves. 1501 and 1503 rubles. Amerigo repeated his routes, acting as both a navigator and a cartographer. He discovered the bay of Rio de Janeiro, giving it his own name. Since 1505 he served the King of Castile and did not take part in campaigns, nor did he fight other people’s expeditions.

Francis Drake

Many of the well-known mandravniks and in their secrecy brought mercies to humanity. Among them, there are those who have lost their bad memories, so that their names were associated with cruel consequences. The English Protestant, who sailed on ships for twelve centuries, is not to blame. They captured local people in the Caribbean, sold them into slavery to the Spanish, attacked ships and fought against Catholics. Perhaps no one could compare with Drake for the number of buried foreign ships. This campaign was sponsored by the Queen of England. In 1577, the Russian Empire descended on New America to destroy the Spanish settlements. Under the hour, the value of the wines has become known to the Land of Fire and the channel that was named in his honor. Having reached Argentina, Drake plundered the port of Valparaiso and two Spanish ships. Having lost California to the Aboriginal nations, they gave the English gifts of titanium and birds' feathers. Drake crossed the Indian Ocean and turned back to Plymouth, becoming the first person from Great Britain to reach the end of the world. Yogo was accepted to the community's chamber and awarded ranks with sulfur. In 1595, his family died during the last campaign in the Caribbean.

Opanas Nikitin

All the leading mandrivniki of Russia have reached the very heights that come from the Tver lands. Nikitin became the first European to visit India. Having made the journey to the Portuguese colonialists and writing “The Voyage of the Three Seas” - the most valuable literary and historical monument. The success of the expedition was ensured by the merchant's career: The danger of knowing how many we have and how to deal with people. On his way, he visited Baku, lived with Persia for almost two years and went to India by ship. Having reached a number of places of exotic land, having reached Parvata, they started to repeat the fate. After leaving the province of Raichur, he headed straight to Russia, following a route through the Arabian and Somali provinces. However, Opanas Nikitin never made it home, he fell ill and died near Smolensk, but his notes were preserved and ensured merchant world popularity.

The island development and the fact that the British Isles at sunset and at night looked straight into the Atlantic Ocean, made the English aware that the very development of the land would inevitably turn them into a maritime nation. Their ancestors arrived on these islands on ships, and then became the root of the nation of sea robbers. Let us remember that England is not Norway, where the young men of the native land disturb the people and joke around the sea. England, during the Plantagenet era, was the captain of the seas, and thus it could hardly be called a maritime power. It is true that in England in the Middle Ages, during the hour of war, a fleet appeared, but then again gradually vanished, settling the world peacefully. The constant swindles in the battles in the English Channel show how weak the authority England has been in the high waters. It was rightly noted that the Middle East did not know standing armies; they did not know the stench of the fleet; The actions of the Italian local powers will no longer be blamed. At this time, fleets are created and fall: if the war ends, the order allows all merchant ships to act as privateers, and merchant ships become not only privateers, but pirates. Although under the Plantagenets the English nation was more war-loving, but its ambition was directed more towards the conduct of a land war than a sea one. Then the glory of the English army completely obscured the glory of the English fleet; We remember the victories at Cres and Poitiers, but we have forgotten the victory at Sluys. On the right, the maritime greatness of England is richer than the recent adventure, but most of us are aware of it. Take your pick from the hours of civil wars of the seventeenth century and the exploits of Robert Black. This pursuit of Prince Rupert through the Channel of Gibraltar on the opposite coast of Spain is considered the first appearance of the English fleet in the Mediterranean after the Crusades. Naturally, in England there were heroic sailors before Black - Francis Dreck, Richard Grenville and John Hawkins, although Elizabeth's fleet is no longer a fleet, and the heroes themselves fought a little in the face of filibusters. Before the Tudor period we had only the beginnings of a fleet.

In the 15th century, English history, behind the short reign of King Henry V, reveals the weakness of England at sea, and to this day the uselessness of the fleet is clearly evident, and its successes are inevitable: this will last until the reign of Food. Arda IV (1461-1483), who The idea of ​​a stationary fleet first appeared.

In the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe ships and other waters on the sea, the glory of England was created in the New Age. True, she took the part of the grandiose justice of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but we can’t lay claim to any other place, although she crushed the same promising beginning: the first ship, about landed on the shores of the continent of America, there was a ship with Bristol; The English sailors told America almost as much as Columbus himself did. It seemed that England would get along with Spain. True, the commander of Cabo was not English, and Columbus was not Spanish. Then England rises again. Henry VII was stingy to the extreme; Henry VIII was destroyed by the Reformation. The first generation of great seafarers did not have English names. Frobicher, Chancellor and Francis Drake appear in the ocean when Columbus is already asleep at his grave. Until the hours of the Spanish Armada, England could not lay claim to a high place among the nations famous for their naval wars and for the settlement of new lands. Spain got this place not so much because of its merits, but because of the lucky fortune that Columbus sent her; In all fairness, the glory belongs to Portugal, as it has little right to reap the glory of Columbus’s gift. She could have thrown her to the doctor, because the fragments of the meth were lying around in Great Britain, she was on the true path and developed a wound, but she had mercy and did not reach the meth.

After these two nations, but much lower for them, we can put England and France, of which first, it seems, was the rest. This situation is very popular in English histories because of the natural desire of the authors to display national feats in perhaps the brightest light. Only later, when England began to become increasingly important to the sea, no nation could cope with it, since it bravely dared to capture in Spain the dust with which it had lived for most of the centuries. I. However, as a result of the sixteenth century, when a significant part of the American continent was already divided into Spanish kingdoms, and Portugal sent its governors to the Indian Ocean, when the Spanish missionaries have already visited Japan, since the famous Portuguese singer has already lived and written for sixteen years in the country, as Previously it seemed unheard of, - back then the English were still new to maritime affairs and had a large settlement.

Great Britain could become a maritime hegemon. However, the short-sighted policy of the first Stuarts did not allow this to work out: kings James I and Charles I respected the fleet beyond its luxuries, and not in order to strengthen the power of their state.

Small 1- English king Charles I Stuart (1625-1649)

Small 2 - Yakov I, first Stuart to the English throne

The revival of the British fleet is connected with them Roberta Bliyka (1599-1657). This excellent cavalryman's energetic and effective work has earned him the respect of sailors and officers.

He drove out swag and scroungers from the fleet, focusing on the combat readiness of ships, giving great importance to the moral and combat strength of soldiers and officers.

With the new protection of Great Britain, it was cleared of pirates, and it was possible to defeat the Spanish and French squadrons.

The British once again became aware of their naval power and were ready to fight for maritime hegemony.

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In 1805, Napoleon sought to find a powerful competitor for an additional landing on the British Isles.

A strong army was collected from Boulogne, expecting the approach of the united Spanish-French fleet.

However, Admiral Nelson did not allow this squadron to arrive for confessions: in the West and in the sky at Trafalgar.

The largest naval battle in history took place there ( battle of Trafalgar , 21 zhovt 1805 r.)

The centuries-old struggle of the two powers (England and France) for maritime hegemony ended during the revolutionary wars of 1792-1815.

In 1798, the British fleet under the command of Admiral Horatio Nelson defeated the French in the Mediterranean Sea, and Malta, the Ionian Islands, and Egypt came under the control of the English king. Great Britain regained its reputation as a prolific maritime power.