Functional approach to management author. Functional approach Process approach to management

scientific approach to management

The essence of the functional approach to management is that demand is perceived as a set of functions that are necessary to achieve customer satisfaction. After installing a function, a number of alternative objects are created before these functions are selected and the one that generates a minimum of total costs for the life cycle of the object per unit of its cost effect is selected. Lanzyuzhok development of the object: consumption > functions > indicators of the future object > change of system structure.

Before management, it is important to establish a substantive approach in which the main object is completed. For example, the technical system is improved by further interrogating the original system with the results of marketing surveys, analyzing scientific and technological progress in this country, and respecting the position of co-workers. Therefore, in practice, designers are faced with the task of achieving the most important indicators of the quality of the light level object. What are the shortcomings of this approach? First of all, the designers themselves are not concerned with conducting a broad and in-depth analysis of the light market and setting important goals for themselves. The current rush of demand at the time the object is put into production can be objectively predicted not by designers, but by marketers. In another way, let’s say the designers tried hard and found the most beautiful light pattern. However, this image was designed yesterday and carries with it the technical ideas of yesterday. Technological progress does not cost at home. It will still take an hour to develop, master and spawn a new child, during which time the light's reach in this galaxy will go far ahead. With a stagnant objective approach, investors and managers will no longer have to worry about yesterday and will never reach the world level.

With a substantive approach to the development of socio-economic systems, managers follow the path of improving existing systems. And practical managers are often faced with the problem of finding work for existing teams and workers. When the functional approach is established, go from the gateway, from the needs, from the possible “output” of the system, from the possibilities and “inputs”.

When the functional approach is established, one abstracts from the primary objects to construct such functions. Creators of new objects, which satisfy the needs of their neighbors, are looking for new technical solutions until current and future (potential) needs are identified. This approach is subject to conflict with other, rather than systematic, creative, marketing approaches.

Functional approach - understand and see. Classification and features of the category "Functional approach" 2017, 2018.

- functional approach

The significance of the functional approach lies in the investigation of the processes of self-organization of advanced biological systems, the identification of the laws by which such processes are ordered. The theory of self-development of elementary catalytic systems has the most basic appearance... .

Pluralistic approach The main representatives of the pluralistic approach are the American scholar Robert Dahl and the Austrian scholar Joseph Schumpeter. In my opinion, the resources of political power, and the money itself, prestige, access to third-party information, divisions... .

- Instrumental-functional approach

Recognizing the significant contributions that have been made by both elitism and plurality in the established structure of marriage and mechanisms of social interaction, the low number of them indicates the weaknesses of these models. The most extreme emphasis on pluralism lies in the obvious.

- A functional approach to organization and a rational school of management.

The first is the rationalist school. The American engineer Frederick Taylor (1856–1915) was behind these turns. He started his career as a simple roboticist, and then, having found the light in absentia, in 8 years he rose to become the head engineer of a steel company.

- Functional approach to memory research

Regardless of the successful development of memory models that rely on computer metaphors, it has become clear that the analogy between the processing of information in humans and computers is not satisfactory. Our predecessors were immediately aware of the fact that there was an influx of such...

- functional approach.

This method of registration 1960 r. American sociologist Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) between his theory of structural-functional analysis of our marriage and social phenomena. Which approach of the organization looks at the functions that are implemented in the marriage - for their reasons: -...

The functional approach advocates looking at any object or phenomenon in terms of its functions. It helps to “get to the root”, not getting carried away with non-network details and rationally squeezing obvious resources.

What is the function

The meaning of the concept “function” is clear. Let's take a look at some of them:

The power of any system is primordial and appears before the argument. (For example, a tree bends because there is wind, but not a wind because the tree bends).
The role played by various structures and processes supporting the integrity of the system, some of which.
The external manifestation of the powers of objects.
Activity of equipment, robot (for example, organs of the body).
The totality of operations that involve activity. (Reason is a function (after Kant), so it works through the operations of knowledge and action).
Arrangement of elements of the singing class, the relationship of two quantities ( Xі at in mathematics).
“Isnuvannya, myslime u dii” (Goethe).

The skin's important functions need to be identified using one approach to the same method. Therefore, different sciences interpret the significance of the functional approach in their own way.

Functional method in science

The functional approach strives for complexity, apparent simplicity and clarity, which is why it stagnates in different disciplines:

In biology. This is what prompted the theory of the organism. Another butt may be the theory of high nervous activity I. P. Pavlova and other theories that describe the body.
In sociology. This approach is one of the fundamental and, at the same time, another aspect present in the skin concept. Seeing the elements of social interaction that lend themselves to learning, sociologists view the meanings (functions) through the prism of different approaches.
In cybernetics. The theoretical basis of cybernetics is the theory of automata - impulses on the basis of a functional approach. Whether any device is viewed as something unknown, it is revealed in the process of learning the function that is at play.
In language learning. The functional-semantic approach in learned words conveys the learning of new words through concepts (functions).
In the economy. The functional essence of sustainable and economical processes was pointed out by K. Marx and F. Engels, who looked at commodity data through a set of functions.

The main feature of the functional approach in various sciences is the orientation towards external manifestations. Do not take into account the essence of the process or reality.

Approach to management

The functional approach is even broader for management. Therefore, it’s important to understand the report itself on this option of your choice. Even though it is very simple, the fragments of the region’s many enterprises form a clear management structure.

Little things about approaching management

Management methodology conveys the clarity of goals, laws, principles, methods and functions, as well as technologies and management practices. There seem to be over a dozen approaches to managing production:

Administrative. It lies in the regulation of obligations and rights, standards, taxes, etc.
Creative. Orientations to satisfy the customers' needs in the form of a steady update of the production of goods and services at minimal costs.
Dynamic. Looks at the management object through the prism of retrospective and prospective analysis
Integration. There may be a strengthening of interactions between the elements of the control system.
Kilkisny. Transfers the transition from clear to complex estimates with the help of engineering and mathematical developments, expert estimates, etc.
Complex. Respects the necessary consideration of technical, environmental, economic, social, economic, political and other aspects to management.
marketing Conveys an orientation towards asking a companion at the hour of the worst of any task.
Regulatory. Establishes control standards for all subsystems.
Povedinkovy. Referrals to provide assistance to workers aware of their capabilities, which promotes the effectiveness of the organization's efforts to ensure that each employee is aware of their value.
Procession. Views management functions as a management process in which all elements are interconnected.
Systemic. It assumes that any control system is a collection of interdependent elements.
Situational. Talk about the fact that management methods can change depending on the situation.
Functional. The essence of the functional method lies in the approach to the control object as to the totality of the work that results.

Establishment of functional and process approaches

Such approaches to management, both functional and process, often lend themselves to equalization, and even go to either side. The first looks at them in a static way, through the given organization, and the other - in the progressive dynamics, through the processes in which they learn.

Although the process approach is much more important, assessing the activity of the organization with its help is even more complex, as is the assessment of any dynamic process.

There is no need to evaluate through a set of functions, here everything is much simpler and more intelligent, everything can literally be “sorted out” and you will know those that are extremely necessary, and those that can be obtained. Head, so that their analysis is carried out on the basis of the goals and objectives of the company.

Zastosuvannya from management

We have already noted that a functional approach to management means identifying the activity of an organization in terms of a set of tasks.

These functions are assigned to the main divisions of the enterprise. For these and other control tasks, it is necessary to create a processing mechanism for the implementation of robots assigned to the skin unit.

It turns out that a functional approach to the management system and delegations are more important through tasks that require the completion of the entire organization (for example, the system covers departments, institutes, faculties, and without non-companies involved production, logistics, personnel, etc.). ). On the side of the skin section there is a functional kernel, which is responsible for the work of the whole section.

Functions can be divided into sub-functions, so the division has a number of sub-sections that are involved in their implementation. In this way, the organization will be organized by a system of subdivisions that will achieve its clearly defined tasks (obviously, management is implemented using a system-functional approach).

Advantages

This approach is often praised in management for its numerous, but not insignificant, advantages.

The advantages of the functional approach are:

respecting the principle of unity of authority;
robots have enlightened their minds;
stability and insight.

Nedoliky

The functional approach is often subject to criticism, and there are many shortcomings, including:

the focus of the subdivisions is to achieve internal goals, and not the ulterior motives of the enterprise;
ill competition between species;
trivale makes decisions through a foldable and large structure;
conscientiousness to change is rotten;
There is little flexibility and consistency to change the situation.

A functional approach to design is conveyed by the use of handcrafted, rather than just beautiful, furniture or other interior items. The main motto of current interior designers is: “Beauty and handiness in one bottle.”
The functional approach to training, however, has a negative assessment, and even transfers it to a formal job with training: an unsystematic pursuit of a number of directions that are annoying, incessant exchanges and verbal outbursts, a passive attitude and the formal adoption of moral standards and ethics, the presence in their heads of 'language between behavior and awareness.
The use of this method in cooking means the elimination of these products, which are good for health and at the same time can be consumed in different forms. (Milk ranks first in terms of functionality, and it can be used both in the “raw” form and in the form of dairy products (cheese, cheese, sour cream, kefir, etc.), and can be used to make soup, whipped cream, etc. a lot more strain ).
The functional approach is actively advocated by fitness trainers. You will learn the training for these groups of people who will become useful to their clients in everyday life: hauling important bags, carrying children in your arms, holding a line, re-sorting through corners, getting up at gatherings, etc. o. A trained body is more likely to adapt to perfection.

A functional approach is not at all “long forgotten”. He successfully competes in modern science and is invisibly present in our everyday life.

Functional approach to management- This traditional delegation is again important and the singing responsibility through functions, then. such “subsystems” of the organization that can be seen by the similarity of the work that is carried out. In fact, the most important management, departments and branches (institutes, faculties and departments, to look at the system of information) - production, logistics, sales, finance and personnel, marketing, etc., which can (for needs) be divided into subfunctions ii etc. , having placed a functional kernel on the side of the skin, from which I will follow all the tasks given directly.

For regular operation, this approach can be used almost everywhere, because This is typical for all spivs (from top management to cross-cutting Viconavians) and raises some difficulties in the hierarchy of the organization. Naturally, the functional skin care system is at maximum efficiency in its own way, however, if everything is affected (with a functional approach), then it is far from possible for the skin company to function normally However, the overall business process may be far from optimal for maximum efficiency. skin of the participants. The starting method of production, which is best suited for establishing a functional approach, is the production of felt-tip pens. Wait, it’s easier and faster to select one color from one color to another, which is optimal for growers, but sellers need the widest possible range of colors. Apparently, both of them have to “find the house” and find the “golden mean” between many and many colors. And such butts can be cleaned. This is enough to say that the functional approach will not work forever.

Let's take a look at the next option - Project approach to management. As the name suggests, this option is suitable for certain individual tasks, which require the hiring of facilitators of different profiles (cross-functional team), one of which is designated as a project manager, then bto. special, in recognition of his time as a victor. Also (as required) the head engineer of the project is assigned. It is logical to assume that the project team members spend time under “subordinate” management: from the side of the assigned core to the project and their traditional functional core, which they do not involve. It turns out that this is a matrix organizational structure that results from the one-hour stagnation of two approaches to management. The culprit may be project organizations, for which individual tasks are the first one on the right, however, here, regardless of the “stable” functionality of the head engineers and project core workers, the underground spirit d until the control system is not changed.

The third option is the one we would like to focus on today. process approach to management, then. Delegation is of greater importance and reliability through business processes. Every business process involves a highly repeated activity from the “transformation” of resources (and inputs) into results (outputs). Apparently, there appears to be a problematic business process (a little more pointed out the butt of the production of felt-tip pens) and its participants, one of them is considered the Master of the process, is delegated to it the new importance and responsibility associated with the management of this business process. Naturally, the matrix org is to blame for this. structure, because A participant in a business process is immediately subordinated to the functional core of the Vlasnik process, and as part of a project activity - another core of the project. Why do you have a “rodzinka”? And the point is to adjust the non-optimality of subprocesses (the “horror dream” of the adherents of the functional management method), which will lead to the achievement of maximum optimality of the entire business process (and not just any part of it).

p align="justify"> The process approach to management is characterized by the presence of five subsystems, each of which is emphasized with respect.

Vision of business process- the object itself is managed from the connections between the systems, then. "problem" that the virtuous will require. This includes not only the accumulated resources and results that need to be removed, but also the subsystems (subsystems), without the direct participation of which the related tasks cannot be achieved, and also with greater precision. As an example, you can create confectionery production for a restaurant (especially if the products are sold to separate purchasers, and not just to clients), or provide support for “1C” for a wide-profile IT outsourcing company. Obviously, if the “cordons” are set very “highly”, then most of the problems will be impossible within the framework of the seen Business process, and if they are too “broad”, then we will have to deal with a lot of related tasks, which our Business process cannot deal with marriage . .

KPI (key performance indicators)— tools for managing business processes that can be intelligently divided into two types: indicators of productivity (effectiveness) and efficiency. The first ones survive and create a clear result by constantly living with the necessary amount, then. "learn correct speech." And the other is to achieve results using optimal resources, that is. "speak correctly." It is entirely natural that the effectiveness and efficiency of one another is superior to one another, it is necessary to strive for the “golden mean”, removing sufficient power in exchange for a reasonable amount of wasted resources. In this case, for any business process, it is possible to determine criteria without going into detail about the process itself, it is enough to fix the boundaries between the process and eliminate hidden statements about it, so that the “what” and “how” are visible. And for all purposes, the meaning of the bitter “golden mean” is much more complex, because It is necessary to thoroughly study the business process, including the level of automation, the qualifications of workers, technology and the sequence of operations, in order to understand which values will be optimal for the system.

Vlasnik to the business process- a participant in this very process, responsible for its effectiveness and efficiency and which is of great importance for their achievement.

It is logical that it may be closer to the result, then. The output of the business process, because Whose type of wine has much better than the reasonable needs of a companion. This is the first criterion for choosing Vlasnik for the business process.
Another criterion for choosing Vlasnik is the optimality of the resources available, which is important not only how many resources are available under the care of a given participant, but also how effectively the resources are eliminated.
The third criterion can include a formal level of hierarchy of a functional management system, because losing, inevitably, especially in the traditional authoritarian style of management. And the development of business processes between the functionality of functional subdivisions and, obviously, the recognition of functional cores by Vlasniky does not pose cross-functional problems, for Why, then, is there a need for a different process approach in management?
The fourth criterion is the outright managerial qualification of a potential Vlasnik, as well as the management of a “mixed-haired” richly functional team. Without knowledge and training in the field of management, Vlasnik simply cannot “motivate” the team to produce the required results.

Business process regulations- This is the fourth subsystem, a document that indicates the following:

what is the meta activity of the business process?
What is the difference between the process: the beginning and the end, the participants, as well as the development of the process itself in the diagram of all processes of the system that are being analyzed?
What are the boundaries of this Regulation?
who is Vlasnik in the business process?
What KPIs are planned to be analyzed for planning and control?
How many detailed descriptions of the business process (required reporting document)?
What is the procedure for making changes to this Regulation?

Motivation system— this is the last subsystem, the main task of which is clear from the name: to motivate participants in the process of achieving KPI goal values, and indicators of motivation can be determined not only from KPIs. Business process for which failure there is a process approach, and for the wider business process. The simplest example is “Selection of personnel”. A vacancy appeared, candidates were looked at, candidates were selected for the job. It would seem that the result would have been rejected, so the effectiveness of Vikonan. However, if we expand the boundaries to “Selection and adaptation of personnel”, then the effectiveness can be assessed by the fact of the completion of adaptation in the team and its success (quality), and not simply by the fact of the “closure” of a vacancy. Therefore, it will be necessary not only to have a clear monitoring system, but also to carry out an analysis of the causes of the disease in order to make a fair correction.

Pay attention to the fact that the development and implementation of the process approach to management is not an easy task and a great deal of work, so we recommend that you use it only for the most problematic business processes, without forgetting to achieve results through collaboration in the promotion of this approach. In addition, in the process of describing and analyzing a “problematic” business process, you organize the exchange of information between participants, practically a “brainstorming”, which will bring the overall business process together. But, in your opinion, allow most of the problems to be of a systemic and behavioral nature, because you will not introduce all subsystems of the business process, the effectiveness and efficiency of the management system will seriously increase. And for what purpose is it necessary to promote it, why not?

The essence of the functional approach is that the need is perceived as a set of functions, which is necessary to achieve satisfaction. After installing a function, a number of alternative objects are created before these functions are selected and the one that generates a minimum of total costs for the life cycle of the object per unit of its cost effect is selected. Lanzyuzhok development of the object: use functions, indicators of the upcoming object, change or form the structure of the system.
Before management, it is important to establish a substantive approach in which the main object is fully developed. For example, the technical system is thoroughly updated by further interrogating the original system for the results of marketing surveys, analyzing scientific and technological progress in a given area, and respecting the propositions of co-workers. Therefore, in practice, designers are faced with the task of achieving the most important indicators of the quality of the light level object. What are the shortcomings of this approach? First of all, the designers themselves are not concerned with conducting a broad and in-depth analysis of the light market and setting important goals for themselves. The current rush of demand at the time the object is put into production can be objectively predicted not by designers, but by marketers. In another way, let’s say, constructively

We tried really hard and found the most beautiful light. However, this image was designed yesterday and carries with it the technical ideas of yesterday. Technological progress does not cost at home. It will still take an hour to develop, master and spawn a new child, during which time the light's reach in this galaxy will go far ahead. With a stagnant objective approach, investors and managers will no longer have to worry about yesterday and will never reach the world level.
With a substantive approach to the development of socio-economic systems, managers follow the path of improving existing systems. And practically, managers are often faced with the problem of ensuring front-line work for existing teams and employees. When the functional approach is established, go from the gateway to the needs, possible outputs of the system, capabilities and inputs (Fig. 4.10). In this case, one abstracts from the main objects that constitute such functions. The creators of new objects to satisfy their companions are looking for new technical solutions to satisfy current or future (potential) needs. This approach is guilty of being in combination with others, first of all from the systemic, creative-evolutionary, marketing ones. The importance of functional and substantive approaches to the development of the structure and products of the company is presented in Table. 4.4 and 4.5.

The importance of functional and subject approaches to the development of the company structure

Sign	Subject approach	Functional approach
Idea of approach Form of organizational structure of the company The level of novelty (advancement) of the organizational and production structures of the company Mill of main material assets Forming principle staff list A supply of highly qualified managers and specialists Average salary pay of managers and facists Middle age of managers and facists Efficiency and sustainability of the company's functioning Competitiveness of the company	Advanced model active structures Linear-functional or matrix Low Outdated Adaptation of structures of pedophiles to practitioners Low Nevisoka 50 - 55 rocks Low Nevisoka	Creation of new objects and structures in line with the market Problem-tsiliova chi matrix High New For the parameters of the output (target subsystem) of the company, the assigned functions and functions of the subsections High More than once for two 35 - 40 days Visoka Visoka

Modern companies in the world, based on a stagnant and functional approach, create new original products that satisfy new needs as much as possible. The tool for establishing the functional approach is functional-vart analysis, which is described in specialized literature, for example, in the author’s assistant “Management Solutions”.

Table 4.5
The importance of functional and substantive approaches to the development of a company’s products

Subject approach
Sign
Functional
approach

The depth and intensity of marketing research
Step of satisfaction
market demand for this product. Technical approach to advanced products. Base of equalization for planned product upgrades.
Stage of novelty (patentability) of products
Difficulty in developing and mastering new products
Stage of new technology
Advance of the organization of production and production
Rhubarb market development
Product competitiveness
Insignificant
Nepovna
Based on the modernization of the model that is being produced
The best glimpse of competitors
Low, sophisticated model Low
Low
Improved organization
Mastered completely
Low
Significant
Povna
Based on the creation of completely new products
The front-line base has been updated, ensuring the competitiveness of products at the time the product enters the market is oriented.
Creation of new sweet products
Visoka
Visoka
Design of a new organization
Market mozhe buti starim or novim Visoka