New book Mikhail Talalay

Mikhail Talalay. Russian participants of the Italian War 1943-1945: Partizans, Cossacks, Legionnaires.
- M.: Old Basmannaya, 2015. - 418 p.

With the author of the book, Ivan Tolstoy is talking in the framework of the program "over barriers" on the radio "Freedom" from 12. 04. 2016.
http://www.svoboda.org/content/transcript/27673276.html

Ivan Tolstoy: Our program today is devoted to the forgotten page of the history of the Second World War. Far events restored the historian Mikhail Talalay in his study. His book released by the Moscow Publishing House "Old Basmannaya" is called "Russian participants of the Italian War 1943-1945: Parisians of the Cossacks Legionnaires. We talk with the author. What do you mean by the words Italian war?

Mikhail Talalay: Yes, indeed, this is my own expression that I came up with, introduced for this book. It seemed comfortable to me. The name must be aphoristic and expressive. Therefore, "Russian People and Italian War." But there is chronology - the war of 1943-1945. What happened during these years? For almost two years - from June 1943 to May 1945 - Italy served the theater of hostilities. It is clear that this war was a fragment of the Second World War, but so far she has no one's own name, there were such sections so different - both chronological and territorial. You can even talk about several wars.

The formal opening of the military theater in Italy can be considered June 11, 1943, when the Anglo-American allies captured the islands of Lampedusa and Pantilery south of Sicily. These islands, and, closer to Africa, than to Sicily, that we are clearly visible today, during the influx of migrants. On July 10, a turn and Sicily itself came, where 150 thousand soldiers of the allied armies landed overnight. Therefore, the date June 11, 1943 can be considered the initial starting point for the Italian war. What did the allies called? Very simple, technically - the Italian campaign. And at that moment, military struggle was very clear, distinct. The United Kingdom, the United States and other allies caused a straight blow to the enemy - fascist Italy. But then different events began to occur, which complicated the military picture on the Apennine Peninsula. After falling or taken, the occupation of Sicily, on the night of July 24-25, 1943, at a meeting of the Benito Council, the then head of Italy Benito Mussolini after the vote was unexpectedly lowered and even arrested. The King of Italy Victor Emmanuel Third appointed the main new government Marshal - Pietro Badolo, a well-known participant of the First World War. Further, the events began to develop dramatically.

Mother, for example, one episode. On the night of August 23-24, near Rome was killed by arrest, one of the pillars of the fascist regime pilot Ettore Muti. Why do I emphasize this fact? This date, many historians consider the initial point of the civil war in Italy. This term is also not established. Some deny it, others are eagerly and very fruitfully use. But, nevertheless, military conflicts began to take the outlines of the Civil War that lasted until April 1945. On September 8, 1943 - this date in Italy is very famous, here they say "until September 8" or "after September 8," realizing what is meant - the new chapter of the Government of Pietro Badolo suddenly announced the radio about the truce and the termination of Italy hostilities. However, no peace will stop. On the contrary, the war increasingly flared up in the country. Germany moved to decisive countermeasures and its vendetta (we will use the Italian word) did not make yourself wait - and the North, and the central part of the country, including Rome, were quickly occupied by the Germans. With relevant repression and mass deportation. They disarmed about 600 thousand Italian soldiers, most of which fell into the German concentration camps. So, in the territory of Italy, they are fighting Germans. They were called from the Mussolini reference. This is the famous kidnapping Szard. And, despite the apathy and browning of the former Duchess (although, say, for Northern Italy, he began to maintain his title leader and the leader), they arranged a new one, in fact, the puppet republic, which was called the Italian Social Republic. She began to call the Republic of Salo, in the capital in the north of Italy, where the residence of Mussolini was. Well, the capital, let's say, administrative, nominal. At the same time, there was another kingdom of Italy, which was called the Kingdom of the South. After September 8, the King and Pietro Badolo, the head of government, fled from Rome (rather shameful, in the future, served as the foundation of the fall in Italy of the monarchy) in Apuliya, south, to the city of Bari, where, under the auspices of the Allied Arrivals, established their own Structures, too, in essence, nominal, since they commanded everything, of course, the British and Americans. And this Kingdom of the South has declared war in Germany on October 13. That is, Italy, a few months after the allied landing on Sicily, declared war to his former ally. And, of course, it caused the greatest anger and irritation in Berlin. This date italian historiography considers it officially the beginning of the war of liberation - there is such an official term GUERRA DI LIBERAZZIONE. However, in this term there is some doubtful moment, because Mussolini, the Head of the Italian Social Republic, also believed that he was fighting for the liberation of the Apennine Peninsula from the Anglo-American occupiers and their minions - traitors-monarchists. At that moment, by the way, Mussolini began to express himself to the Yarym Republican. So, in the fall of 1943, the country finally broke up into two speakers among themselves, and at this point in the northern half of the country, where the Germans were commanded in fact (and nominally, the Board of Mussolini and his Social Republic) began to flare up the movement of resistance. Very dissimilar, but united by the desire to end with Mussolini and with Hitler. It was distinguished from the same movements in other countries, say, in France, in Belgium, where the enemy was exclusively alien occupant. In Italy, the fascists of the Republic of Salo were also the enemy.

Thus, we see a whole series on the Apennine Peninsula, a whole series of wars. And it began to flare up, as it was determined, mainly the historians of the left direction, the Anti-Fascist People's War or the partisan war. And so I connected various military conflicts of different states, nations and within the Italian nation itself into one concept of the Italian war of 1943-45.

Must admit that of all my books about Russian-Italian connections, this was the saddest and dramatic. Necessary, of course, because it was necessary to illuminate this fragment of relations, relations, stories between our two countries. In general, in general, Russian-Italian historical ties are a graceful topic. Both nations consider themselves close to each other in nature, have mutual interest and attraction. The flow of resort workers and tourists who want to see the famous beauty of the Apennine, enjoy their climate, is not dried here. However, military conflicts happened. Italians themselves, as far as I counted, came three times with weapons in our hands on our lands. First, as participants in the Napoleonic invasion, then in the Crimean War, and then - together with Nazi Germany. Russian contingents were twice here. Under the command of Suvorov within the framework of the Russian-Austrian Antifrangesz Coalition and during World War II. If the hiking of Suvorov and the Ushakov navigation, which acted in the Naples area, paid a lot of attention, written books, films went out, then the presence and participation of Russian people in Italy during World War II is paid much less. And this episode, very dramatic and bloody, I put it in the center of my new book. Moreover, I decided to give a common panorama - not only a story about partisans, but also about those who found themselves on the other side of the front.

Judge yourself. Statistical data. Soviet partisans (here they were called simply Russian, therefore the name of my book - "Russian people and the Italian war") were about 5 thousand people. Everything agrees with this number. Maybe more - probably, some more names will be found, even unnamed, most likely, already, in our case, there are no missing, but still 5 thousand. On another front line there were more than 30 thousand. These were the Krasnovtsy, Cossacks, and Eastern Legionaires. And here the figure, I think, is probably much more, because only about the Cossacks they say that there were about 30-40 thousand them, plus they add more than 10 thousand oriental legionnaires to them. Thus, we can talk about 30-40 and more than a thousand Russian people who, along with Hitler and Mussolini. Many of the collaborators who came here, in some cases, fled to the partisans, moved on their side or sabotized their duties. Therefore, the situation was chaotic. More or less understandable story with partisans. Although in Soviet times they fastened, the prehistory was embarrassed, they remained aspilant and simply forgotten and silent plots related to their appearance. How are these thousands and thousands of Russians, the Soviet people found themselves in Italy? This is due to the already well-studied and described point of captivity and the corresponding Karas of the Soviet state. Therefore, the captivity and about forced works on Italian fascists or on the German Nazis did not mention. Most of the stories relating to the Russian partisans began with the fact that he was hijacked, was taken away and began to fight the partisans. Therefore, it was necessary to reconstruct this part, the initial part, as these people got, what they were doing here, under what conditions, the mechanisms of their movement from the German or fascist mill to the partisans. In my book, I began to use another term, which in our historiography is little known, but it is very accurate. This is Nazifashism. In 1943, essentially, it was the fire of Italian fascism and German Nazism. It began on the 20s since the 20s, the rapprochement of these two, in fact, different ideologies, but, since 1943, it was finally military-political and, partly, already an ideological union. I will not immediately delve into the difference between fascism and Nazism, it is a very interesting topic, but immediately turns to the very term "Nazifashism". The struggle was with this two-headed hydra.

I note that in the Italian resistance were among foreigners not only the Russians were the British, New Zealanders, Americans, but Russian participation had their own specific characteristics. First, it was the most massive participation - more than 5 thousand people. Secondly, it was very bright. Russian partisans were the most reckless brave part of Italian mixed detachments. The Italians themselves, the former partisans, with whom I met, said that these people, like fighters, as wars were headed above us. They fought desperately. It is possible that here and some east neglect of death, the separation of the Motherland, and, of course, also affected the fact that Russian partisans were among those who have already passed the horn of war. These were former soldiers and officers of the Red Army, who had already quenched, who knew the behavior of a German rival and, thus, they put forward in many cases on the fore, became even commanders of mixed partisan detachments. The second point is their ideological conviction. If among Italian partisans were often different kind of tents (I repeat that at that time the war was acquired by the nature of civil and it was necessary to some kind of definition), and the Catholics and Socialists, not only the Communists, left partisans, who were called Garibaldians were called.

Thus, there was no general idea, besides the fact that Germans and Mussolini should be expelled from Italy. While the former Red Army people had a clear installation, ideological, political - the struggle against Nazism and fascism. Another interesting point. Russian partisans belonged to the number of those who were not going to leave the fighting agents, while for the allies there were very well-established trails, they were tested through the mountains, through the Alps to neutral Switzerland, where the allies captured and the partisans liberated by underfielders waited End of war. Most Russians refused to this path. I know only the rarest episodes when they agreed to sit in neutral Switzerland. On the contrary, the case of the Daniel Avdeev commander who went to Switzerland, but asked him to be returned back to the partisan camp, where he continued to fight, where he became the commander of the squad with the characteristic name "Stalin", and died in a shootout with the Germans. Got a number of awards. A rather famous personality, which is devoted to many studies and, even, the whole Italian book.

Ivan Tolstoy: Please tell us about these, such different categories of Russians who took part in this war.

Mikhail Talalay: Cossacks and the Cossack mill, the Cossack army I had to practice earlier than the partisans. Because this page was at all untidewy. If the partisans managed to learn a lot of new things, then the Cossack story in the north of Italy before the time before the time remained a white spot. And therefore, the enthusiasm of the historian and my flair suggested me to turn personal attention to this story, a dramatic story, but associated with bright names, such as Peter Krasnov and other Cossack leaders. Shkuro, for example, in the fall of 1944 in Italy. And finally, the third category is Eastern legionnaires. This is a very special part of the Italian war of those years, which I had to deal with thanks to my cooperation with the current Azerbaijani embassy in Rome. It so happened that, engaged in various kinds of stories of those years, I revealed a number of plots related to Azerbaijanis, with the so-called legionnaires, although there were not only they. The history of the formation of these Eastern legions is now sufficiently described. From such plots that initially seized my attention, it was the death of a large squad of Azerbaijani soldiers who had already tried to get away from the Germans at the last moment, but they were overtaking the punishers and destroyed. There was a mass execution, the bloody russeau, more than 100 people were killed at a time, which went to Switzerland, was a massive execution. The fraternal grave I discovered about which I told. And plus some more interesting stories, it is Azerbaijani, because there were many of them here, including the Azerbaijani hero of Mehty Huseyn-Zade on Nickname Mikhailo, who fought in the northeast of Italy, in the Trieste zone, and the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, too Former legionnaire. These and other Caucasian stories later went to the whole book, which I went out in Italian - "From the Caucasus to Apennins." She came out three years ago and, working on this book, I managed to learn in detail about the formation of Azerbaijani legions and, understandable, neighboring Caucasian, Georgian, Turkestan and others. It was such a chaotic, amorphous mass, incomprehensible Italians. The Italians called them all, Skop - "Russian Mongols". It was difficult for them to distinguish a huge number of these peoples and nationalities, so, of course, it is very wrong, so archaic - Mongols, Genghis Khan - the whole mass that jumped in German form, emphasized, to the north of the Apennine, as a shield by the treasured partisan movement, was painted by Italians As "Russian Mongols".

As for the partisans, one of the central heads of my book ... As you understand, it is a big mosaic, so there are several centers, but, after all, one of the rods of my story is the history of the Roman underground. The story is unique. There was a whole group of white-emigrants, sufficiently young then, which "after September 8" (we will use this Italian image), being in Rome already under the Fifth Nemva, they decided to somehow help the struggle of the Soviet Union. Among them is the brightest and famous name is Alexey Fleisher. He returned to the Soviet Union, had a very difficult fate, and in the 50s when the repression against repatriates began to be held, he tried to publish his permeability, he was written off Sergey Smirnov, a famous writer and explorer of white spots of the Great Patriotic War, so The fragments of his memoirs to one degree or another were published. Nevertheless, it was possible to find and publish new his memoir notes, which give a lot of new, interesting about the work of the Roman underground. People like Vasily Skybatov - Poet, Belogwardians, the enemy of Soviet power, who, nevertheless, decided to also put his fate at that moment, and they also decided to put his fate (because they all clearly risked their lives) to fight against Nazifashism . Other names and very curious fate are also known. For example, Kuzma Zaitsev, who was from the peasants, from merchants, is also not unfortunate to Soviet power, but at that moment he decided to be with his comrades in the Roman underground. By the way, he refused to return to the Soviet Union and then went to Latin America. Lyudmila Benvenutto, a very interesting person, for the Father - Italian, the Mother - Russian, raised in the Soviet Union. But at the end of the 30s, when the campaign on the stripping of citizens began, possibly enemy countries, including Italy, she was sent overnight, along with other Italians who did not even know Italian, from the USSR in Italy, and also became a member underground. This underground was wondering that it operated on and collaborated with the Vatican, with students of the famous Jesuit college "Russikum". And, despite the intricate relationship of the Vatican with Nazifashism, there were also several people who participated in the underground in its middle. The most famous name is Dorofeofa dustless. This person has a very sad fate. After his return to his homeland, through the camps and the rejection, he began to lead a very spring anti-chiller campaign. It, of course, was used, substituted, let's say so, in a jargon. But in the 60s, he, unexpectedly for his comrades in the underground, began to expose the Vatican, and they themselves began to fight him, but in the Soviet conditions it was impossible - the Vatican was one of the main enemies of the Soviet government, so the help of the Vatican, which really It was and existed quite active - both food, and clothes, and, as they say now, logistics, she in every way devoted to the Dorofem dustless. And the same Fleischer reproaches his former comrade for arms in him, in fact, lies. What was the Roman underground? It is necessary to take into account the features of Rome. He was declared an open city. This meant that the warring parties were called upon to fight in Rome to preserve his historical and cultural heritage. There were few or at all the terrorist acts, acts of retaliation against the occupiers. The most famous of them ended with a new tragedy, when the Germans shot more than 300 hostages. Therefore, on the territory of the "eternal city" of such an armed struggle did not exist.

And, returning to Dorofoya, he simply composed his military actions that he destroyed the Germans in dark corners, they were shot - they were all fictions, say that man confused. What did the participants in the Roman underground-Beloeamigrants? They wanted near the Rome of the focus of the former Red Army teams who were prisoners of war, then, through the Italians-anti-fascist, they settled the flight of former prisoners of war. And this flight took place through Rome. They were given in Rome with different secret paths, it was a real underground, they cared for them, put in order and dispersed in other places, already places of battles, open partisan actions. As a result of such activities, more than a hundred people were subsided and sent to partisans. Such a bright and very interesting page. After the Anglo-American allies entered Rome, the majority of these people were collected, Russian and Soviet partisans, and a very interesting episode was held - reception in the Vatican at the Roman Pope, 12 Russian soldiers who were Russian, with a Russian squad, with the banner of the Soviet Union, were marching through All Rome and were favorably accepted by the then Roman Pope 12. As for new names, I would call, first of all, the name of Leo Ginzburg. The fact is that he was forgotten by Soviet historiography for various reasons. Lion Ginzburg was born in Russia, in Odessa, and the boy was taken out by his parents to Europe after the civil war and revolution. First to Berlin, then in Turin, where he formed, as, first of all, the writer and translator. A talented person, he put his pen on transfers to Russian classics and called himself a "workshop of literature". Translated Tolstoy, Gogol. He was an anti-fascist and paid for it - he was covered first in a reference to the deaf mountain central district, in Abruzzo, where he continued his anti-fascist activity. Lion Ginzburg destroyed his passion, because, without waiting for the final fall of fascism in Rome, he secretly sneaks from the link to the "Eternal City", again begins to produce leaflets, he was arrested in the printing house and he died in the ducts, during Torture by the Nazis. He said wonderful models before his death, "after the end of the war, we must learn not to hate the Germans." That is, he warned in advance - not to refer to revenge against the German people.

Lev Ginzburg, of course, one of the heroic names, quite well known in Italy, and it was important for me to tell about him and the Russian reader. We now know His Son, a beautiful, brilliant historian Carlo Ginzburg. But if this name is such a brilliant, great, then in a number of searches, I managed to find people less well-known, but, nevertheless, which their destinies have created a common panorama of Russian participation in Italian resistance. In particular, I would like to call the name Alexander Ulitina. This is a unique case, because it is still alive. Of course, he is aged, already in a good condition, I communicate with his children. But this Russian guerrilla is still alive, he lives in the north of Italy, he also fought in the partisan Garibaldian detachments, got to the West as a coolest, during the stripping of the civilian population he was sent to Poland, then in France, hid under different fake, fake names, Then he was sent as a subyarded worker to the north of Italy, fled to the partisans, participated in hostilities and (this is a fairly frequent partisan history) loved the local girl-connected. That is why he did not return to the Soviet Union, although he wanted as the vast majority of Soviet partisans. But the wife did not allow him, because there was already a child, and he remained. With difficulties, because the Italians themselves no longer wanted him and tried to send it to the USSR. But he remained and safely lived in the north of Italy.

A few more interesting figures that I managed to illuminate. Including this partisan Nuri Aliyev. One of the Azerbaijani stories. I have been engaged in detail for a long time, I approached this story from different sides. Nuri Aliyev first met in the metric books of the Milane Orthodox Church, he accepted baptism and was walked on the same day - but not like Nuri, but as a slave of God Alexander - with an Italian Catholic, also a partisan connected. And after that, the weddings are young, the margins, tried to return to the Soviet Union together. But this couple was separated, only Nuri returned back. And his traces disappeared. His wife, remaining in Italy, Gina, has taken great efforts to find her husband. I met this woman on the eve of her death, she had already died, which literally pleaded to find his husband - she suffered because he thought that her husband was shot due to the fact that he had an Italian wife, because of that that he tried to return to Italy. Such a rumor reached it. And in the end, I managed to find traces of Nuri Aliyev and inform his wife in front of the overweight itself. The fact is that before it was impossible to find it, because in Azerbaijan he no longer remained. After a ten-year-old, he left for Russia and, I will not delve into this story, he had a new family there, he took a receptional daughter there, and already this reception daughter came to me, sent me a missing fragment of the fate of the Soviet partisan Nuri Aliyev, who was married to Italian and who wanted to even stay in Italy. But, thanks to her insistence, in the end, in the Soviet Union.

Interestingly, Nuri Aliyev, who, I think, was originally a legionnaire, although I don't have accurate information, he was first called the Italians called "Mongol". These "Mongols", Eastern legionnaires, who switched to partisans, they became Russian. Russian is the one that in resistance, "Mongols" are those that with the Germans. I happened to find documents on the activities of the former Eastern legionnaments in the Italian archives and how the Italians perceived them. The document of one Bakuz began very characteristic. He wrote on Loman Italian, but quite understandable, like this: "I am Russian, but I am Azerbaijan." This was the situation with nationalities at that time.

Here I want to remember another episode about partisans. Naturally, the participation of the Soviet partisans was well studied and here in Italy, mainly, of course, left historians, communists, and in the Soviet Union itself. Perhaps the most striking name - Fedor Poletayev, the hero of the Soviet Union, the hero of Italy, he was buried in Genoa who died in the mountains of Liguria. And, thanks to his heroic death, a whole partisan detachment escaped. And, it would seem, it is already difficult to add something here, because Books, films are published about Fedor Poletayev, this is perhaps the central image of Russian participation in Italian resistance. But here are interesting nuances, which were not mentioned before, for obvious reasons. And it turns out that Fedor Poletaev seems to be likely to be killed by the Germans, as it is written in most publications about him, and in their own compatriots, the same "Mongols", which I have previously said about. This was written by his arms colleagues. I got a document, a small publication for another 1946, where a former partisan-Italian told that in the detachment, Fedor Fedor Poletayev was brazily rushed with the Germans and Russian Mongols. In domestic publications, it was always written so - there were Germans. And, in principle, as a historian, I can understand - once in German form, it means that German. But still changing a lot, if there was Caucasian in this German form. And now it is now the oral opinion that Fyodor Poletayev, being a hot man, heard in the ranks of the German squad, Russian speech, because "Mongols" - Caucasians, Turkestans, people from Soviet Asia - spoke in Russian (therefore - " Russian Mongols "), and, having heard this Russian speech, he is furious, in indignation rushed against this squad, probably calling them to fold their weapons. Already was the end of the war and in other cases it operated - the partisans convinced the "Russian Mongols" to leave Germans. But this time someone fired and Fedor Poletaev fell by the death of brave.

If you return to the Cossack stories, the most interesting testimonies of the writer Boris Shiryaeva, whose creativity I do a lot of recent years. Boris Shiryaev - the writer is first-class, so the texts that he left us, and which I again offered the Russian public, they first existed in a very hard-to-reach emigrant periodical periodic, this is really evidence of first-hand, which gives a very bright and picturesque panorama of the Cossack life. Boris Shiryaev intended to write a novel-epic about the Cossack camp, but it did not succeed, and he composed the so-called "diary of Esuula Petrova" - a fictional character, but helped Shiryaev from the face of this Esuul retell the events of the fall and winter of the turn of 1944-45. Including an interesting circumstance - this Essaul Petrov tells about both Shiryaev. There it is encrypted by one initial "Sh.", But it is clear that we are talking about the writer itself, the stay of which in the Cossack mill is another grotesque item of all this story. Shiryaev taught literature Cossacks. Imagine during the war years, when the Germans sent Cossacks as a lively armed shield against red partisans ... There were Circus with them, and they brought some camels with them, and dramatic performances, and Cossack dances they arranged before the stunned local population. And, along with such a phantasmagoria and the bloody episodes of skirmishes with Italian partisans, there were courses on Russian literature who read Boris Nikolayevich Shiryaev. By that time, he had formed his definite look at the Russian and Soviet literature, in which he highlighted a healthy national beginning - Tolstoy, Pushkin, Leskov, who he adored, and the fact that, in his opinion, hesitated, wondered by the Russian spirit - Belinsky, Chernyshevsky. And then he brought to the Silver Age, which he considered harmful to the Russian spirit. But, from among the positive, he chose the Soviet writers, the same Sholokhov, about which he taught the Cossacks dressed in German form. So, the "diary of Esoula Petrov" with comments (the first time historical comments are given, which are described by different heroes of the Cossack Father) entered my new book.

Ivan Tolstoy: And who wrote to you on the same topic? What are the research and memoirs?

Mikhail Talalay: Already in the 70s, a book appeared, which is considered to be classic, this is a study of the Italian former guerrilla of Mauro Galleeni. The book first came out in Italian and translated into Russian. Mauro Gallena, a member of the Italian Communist Party, was a scrupulous historian, but it is clear that his ideological burning attached to Russian, Soviet participation in resistance is very, let's say, the characteristic features - many episodes and fate were taken beyond this book. The same thing happened in our domestic historiography. As a publicist, Sergey Smirnov published a lot.

From historians, first of all, I would call my teacher who led my dissertation at the Academy of Sciences, Nelli Pavlovna Kamolov, who had already died, and gathered, who produced such collections as "the resistance movement and political struggle in Italy", "Resistance movement in Western Europe ", such a book as" European anti-fascist resistance "in the collection" Totalitarianism in Europe of the twentieth century ". These books must be said, the books are honest and responsible, nevertheless, reflected only one, "left" part of the story, "left" ideologically, the participation of communist partisan detachments, and naturally, no one tried to recreate the full panorama of the presence Russian people on warming apennines. I think, for obvious reasons, only a part was given, one line of the front. It is important how you understand that it is impossible to give the whole of this complex picture, showing and Russian people who came to the Apennine Earth, and then I will remember the words of one Italian historian who studies the partisan movement. He said: "Yes, they came to our land with our enemy, but many of them began to fight against him." And this is one of the reasons why it should be described here and the Cossacks, legionnaires, and another type of collaborators. At the same time, it should not be exaggerated, of course, many of this category for various reasons remained to the end together with the occupiers, and then with all the forces, by all truths and untrue, they tried to avoid violent repatriation. And she is dedicated to the last chapters of my book - about how, who and when he returned to the Soviet Union. It is also a big and quite painful, dramatic story.

Ivan Tolstoy: Have you met someone from the heroes of your book?

Mikhail Talalay: Working on this book I had to enter into communication with hundreds of people. This and my colleagues who have already been involved were on the approaches to a particular topic, and I had to bring together certain research, to make this complex mosaic, and I am grateful to these colleagues. But I happened, of course, take information and first-hand. One of the heroines of my book is Magdalena Girsch. I met this interesting woman, already deceased, she herself comes from Tallinn, from Estonia, but calmly called himself Russian - so called it in Italy. She married in the mid-1930s for the young Italian officer, moved to Italy, and her spouse was one of those who went to the partisans, refused to fight after September 8 with Mussolini, and with the Germans he moved to an illegal position. And with him his wife. She wrote her memories in Italian, we were transferred to Russian, where Magdalena Girsch describes their participation in resistance in the central part of Italy, in the Florence area, in the Livorno area, where they were hiding from the Germans and the Blacks and participated in Italian resistance. I happened to communicate with the children of Alexander Ulitina, now the Healthy Partisan. And his children, already they are the Italians, they do not speak Russian, provided me with the materials and diaries of their father, the participant of Italian resistance. The adoptive daughter of the Azerbaijani partisan Tatyana Aliyev, she took the last name of his adopted father, also provided me with many materials, photographs, stories about the fate of her father. And, perhaps, first of all, I should name the name of Alexei Kolyaskin from Tula, the grandson of the partisan Alexei Kolyaskin, one of those who led from the German captivity to Rome Alexey Fleisher, and which then went to the Italian partisans. Alexey Kolyaskin handed me unpublished memories of his grandfather. Only partially they went out. The first pages are especially sad when it is told about the initial defeat of the Red Army, about the captivity of Alexei Kolyaskin, about bullying in captivity, sending to Italy - these parts have never been published. And, of course, a story about Rome is in very detailed, about Alexei Fleischer. Therefore, it is intertwined with my own reconstruction of the Russian underground. And then his return through filtration camps is already back, to the Soviet Union. And the diary of Alexei Kolyaskin completes my book. They went out into the Soviet times the memories of the two other partisans fighting in Italy. This is Tarasov and Perejov. Both of their memoir came out, oddly enough, under the same title - "Notes of the Russian Garibaldian", they are quite widely quoted. Notes Alexey Kolyaskin reached the first time. Perhaps they would have been published before, but their author died prematurely. He was 58 years old when he arrived in Leningrad, to his homeland, in 1970, at the time of the 25th anniversary of the celebration of the victory. During the speech, the veteran promoted and died on May 9, 1970 right during his speech. He was only 58 years old. I think therefore, these "notes" did not see the light earlier. Now they left a very significant final application to my book "Russian participants of the Italian War 1943-1945: Partizans, Cossacks, Legionnaires."

During the Great Patriotic War, Soviet soldiers defended from Nazis not only their homeland. Even in those days when the fascists only began to drive out of the Soviet Union, the Russian fighters fought against the Nazis in the heart of Europe. About 5 thousand runaway prisoners of war from the USSR fought side by side with partisans in Italy. Among them was the native of the Novosibirsk Region Vladimir Yakovlevich Peredelov, the commander of the legendary Russian shock battalion, called the Italian comrades "Captain Rousseau".

Having learned about the attack of the Nazis to the Soviet Union, Vladimir, then just gradually graduated from the 4th year of the Moscow Planning Institute named after Krzhizhanovsky, immediately signed up in the militia. He and his classmates were in the 19th shelf of the Bauman Division, which was absorbed mainly from the intelligentsia and students. The 19th regiment defended 242 kilometers of Minsk highway (Smolensk region): built fortifications and "washed hands to bloody corns."

For Vladimir Pereladova, the soldier life was not in a novelty: early losing his parents, he was brought up in the music team of the Novosibirsk rifle regiment. The conditions in which they grew up in those times of the sons of the regiment were the most Spartan, they did not make adolescents. It is possible that the harsh youth helped develop such qualities as endurance, courage and severe will. In the future, they more than once saved a young man from death.

In the fall of 1941, a real hell began for the Bauman division: hurricane artillery fire of fascists, fighting with the tanks of the enemy. As soon as Soviet soldiers managed to beat off the tank attack, as German bombers started to "iron". During one such tax, Vladimir managed to knock off the carbine bomber "Yu-87", hitting the pilot to the cockpit.

And yet, the defenders of the Minsk Highway fought the defenders of the Minsk Highway, the bubbling of defense at 242 kilometers was destroyed, and the Bauman division ceased to exist as a combat unit. Scattered groups of surviving fighters made their way to their through forest thickel. In November, the small detachment of Vladimir Pereladov faced the forest with a more numerous squad of the fascists. The fierce battle has fallen. Hitlerians had to call aviation for help. Then, it's a passage and got a strong contusion from an explosion of airbab, was captured and got into the award-boron camp of prisoners of war.

In his memoirs about these terrible days, Peredanov writes: "Once a week, the Germans started two old horses to the camp, giving them to the rejection of the prisoners of war. Two thin klyachi a few thousand people. No medical care for wounded soldiers and officers did not. They died from hunger and wounds in the day dozens. " Opened prisoners in the open sky, and the guards were entertained by the fact that they shot them with the tap.

In May 1942, prisoners of war were forced to work on the construction of dugouts for the officers of the German troops. When the camp water is sick, the authorities appointed Vladimir to this position, who knew German. Behind him fastened the old klyach and a britter with a wooden barrel. Once, when the horse has moved enough away from the camp, the passage managed to go beyond the barbed wire, allegedly in order to bring the animal back. He got to the edge of the forest and fled. Alas, in the forest, Vladimir stumbled upon a detachment of SSS. He tried in vain to pushing them that he went to look for a foolish horse (which really was ever found). But he was not believed and beat to death.

Vladimir's dying returned to the camp and threw into a pit - in the edification of the rest to stop among the prisoners any thoughts about escape. But comrades, among whom were prisoners of war doctors, pulled him out of the world.

In the summer of 1943, Vladimir Pereladov, among other Russian prisoners, were taken to Northern Italy, to build defensive fortifications on the Range of the Apnepsian Mountains ("Gothic Line"). The local population, hated by the Germans, with great participation relate to the Russians, who turned out in Hitler's slavery, brought them food and clothing. More importantly, it was in this region (Piedmont provinces, Liguria, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Veneto) focused on the main forces of Italian partisans. They organized a sabotage against the Germans and Black Mussolini's blacks, organized ambushes for small garrisons and an enemy's autocolone and resulted in prisoners who were hijacked for the construction of fortifications. Among those who helped, it turned out to be a robust, who worked in the camp near the town of Sassuolo. In September 1943, Vladimir finally found himself free; Guirino Dini, an elderly working cycle factory organized his escape.

The exhausted, broken labor, Vladimir was in the house of his Savior and his wife Rosa. Their Son Claudio, designed to the Army of Mussolini and sent to the eastern front, died under Stalingrad, and since then Giirino Dinie became a partisansky connected to Sassuolo, and Rosa is his loyal assistant. Having lost his native son, the elderly spouses surrounded the touching concern of the Russian fugitive, generously sharing with him with their meager food reserves until he gained enough strength to keep the weapon in his hands again. "My Italian Parents," so Vladimir called Chet Dini.

Italy is an officially ally of Germany - the fascists tribute to the Blood: men and young men sent to the Eastern Front - to kill the interests for themselves, and to work in Germany, where their position was not very different from slave. Attempts to resist the treacherous regime of Mussolini cruelly punishable. The resistance movement was truly popular by the summer of 1943, when Nazis severely suppressed the uprising in Rome and the central regions of Italy.

Peredanov decided that he would be able to beat the enemy in Italy, not worse than in Smolensk region, and in November 1943 he went to the mountains to the partisans, having a note-call from Guirino Dini with him. In the detachment, he was accepted by the commander of the partisan forces of the province of Modeno - Armando (real name - Mario Ricci).

The first task that has completed the passage as the commander of the partisan group was the explosion of the bridge. But soon there was much larger success: at the beginning of the winter, partisans, among whom the brave Russian officer was now fought, captured a whole battalion of black-workers in the village of Farasinoro, mined the valuable reserves of food and weapons. As for the fate of the captured fascists, those of them who were not seen in the sprauls over the civilian population, disarming, were released or exchanged on partisans and their supporters who languished in conclusion.

Successful operation could not inspire Vladimir and his comrades: in the following months they freed several dozen Soviet prisoners of war, of which the detachment was collected, soon called the name of the Russian shock battalion. "Not passed and the day," writes peredelov - so that our partisan detachments, and not only ours, the zones were not replenished with new and new fighters and officers who fled from German captivity. They came not only accompanied by Italian connected and conductors, but also independently. "

With the onset of the spring of 1944, more and more Italian patriots and runaway Soviet prisoners of war began to arrive at the detachment. The partisans moved to large combat operations. In the north of Italy, a large liberated zone - "Partizan Republics" appeared in the nazis and fascists. To the emergence of one of them - the "republic of Montefiorino" is involved in the Russian partisan battalion. In May 1944, a native of the city of Udomlya Anatoly Makarovich Tarasov also joined the Russian battalion, also managed to find the glory of a brave fighter among the Italians.

With the defeat of the fascist garrison in Monteofiorino under the control of the partisans, most of the roads are vital for the Nazis, and those who realized the danger, transferred to the offensive. At dawn on July 5, 1944, the fascist punitive detachment from the Siberian Division "Herman Gering", armed with mountain cannons, mortars and large-caliber machine guns, invaded the partisan zone in the area of \u200b\u200bPioneliagotti village.

The Russian battalion was supposed to get around the Germans from the rear, cut them off from cars and guns, and after - on the conventional signal at the same time with Italian comrades hit the enemy. But the Germans, leaning the boom of Italian partisans, invaded the village, where they learned the real massacre, and the Soviet detachment had to knock out of the burning village of Nazi bandits. This is how the fight itself describes the battle: "This fight could be the last for me. In the hurry of the fees, I forgot to remove a red jacket, which I wore, like many commanders of partisan detachments, and, therefore, was a well-noticeable target. I saw the fan of bullets, driven into the ground almost at the very legs (we fell from the mountain), the next instant I went down from the mountain already on the "fifth point". Another queue of the sowing in the nearby shrub of the Esvestment was headed above. "

Having taught the village, the Soviet fighters saw a terrible picture: the streets were littered with corpses ... all the trouble was a bad good, which the Nazis did not have time to drag with them. The SSEs taken captured at the walls of the Catholic Church. Only then frightened residents began to leave their homes to look at their saviors. Amazing and delighted them there was no limit when they saw that these were Russian. The German command subsequently spread the rumor that the detachment was destroyed not by the partisans, but the air landing of the Soviet army. In a week, the Nazis declared a reward for the head of Pereladov - 300 thousand lire.

From that moment on, the Russian battalion began to quickly replenish, and not only at the expense of the former Soviet prisoners. The side of Czechoslovakov, the branch of Yugoslavov, a few English, Austrian Karl and one black American soldier named John fought.

At the end of July 1944, heavy times came for resistance fighters: Nazis moved into a massive offensive. Forces were unequal: the fascists threw three full-blooded divisions against the 15-thousand partisan army Armando, while the allies broke the Word and without going to the offensive to Northern Italy. So the Russian battalion remained almost without food and ammunition.

The partisans occupied the defense on the approaches to the village of Toano to delay the German column, moving towards Monteofiorino. The enemy was put into the course of artillery and mortars, and the first killed in the partisan detachments. A group of Hitlerists broke through the line of defense and partisans, jumping through the parser of the trenches, rushed into a counterattack.

"Alexey Isakov was killed, native from the North Caucasus. Almost at stopped, he destroyed the three fascists, and when he ended the cartridges, the fourth head opened the gun, and at that moment the enemy bullet hit his face. So died wonderful combat comrade, our "Usach", as we called him for his beautiful Guards mustache ... In the same counterattack, Karl was seriously injured, our Austriako. He died in three days. This man was previously in the fascist army. In May 1944, he voluntarily moved to the side of the partisan and participated in many combat operations, while showing a sample of self-discipline and a big courage, "he writes peredanov in his book" Notes of the Russian Garibaldian ".

By beating the offensive of the Germans, Russian and Italian partisans planned a breakthrough of the blockades, but they managed to avoid this fight due to the work of the intelligence officers. At night, the last peaceful residents of Montfiorino went along with them. At leaving the environment, one person died - Pavel Vasilyev, Countryman Pereladov, originally from the Novosibirsk region. The Pereladova's battalion moved to the province of Bologna, to the sixth Garibaldian Brigade. There already knew about the successes of the Russian squad and met them very welcoming.

In October, commander of all partisan compounds of the province of Modena Mario Ricci (Armando) Province with a small detachment passed the front line to establish contact with American troops. Behind him, due to the next onset of the Germans, the Russian shock battalion was forced to follow. At night, from December 13-14, the fighters passed the Tuscan pass in the region of hostilities of the 5th American Army, destroying the fascist dot. Palfa rose both from German and from the American side. Crazy bullet wounded Andrei Pruñenko. But there were no more victims. In the morning, the Russian battalion met Italian partisans, expelled by American troops to clarify the situation after a night shootout.

"When the detachment went to the restricted place, the partisan suddenly awakened a long-forgotten feeling of building. Lieutenant I.M. Suslov was singing "according to valleys and on the swelling." The entire column picked up the chorus ... Local residents and American soldiers seemed to have looked at us with envy. "Russian soldiers are going," it was possible to read on their faces. Some smiled apart, Mahali hand, others frowned, seeing how Bravo and tightened along the streets of the Italian town of Russian percussion partisan battalion, "writes the companion of Pereladov Anatoly Tarasov in the book" Italy in the heart. "

Brigadier General John Collie arranged Garibaldians a lush reception. But subsequently, the Americans did not want to let go of the Russian partisans to connect with the Italians under the command of Armando, because they wanted to recruit them into the American army. But, no matter how they were seduced by Pereladov a generous remuneration, nothing but no indignation in response.

The school building, where the squad is located, the Americans soon took under protection, and Perejov had to persistently insist that he was sent to the Soviet Military Mission. At first he was lucky in Livorno, but it was not possible to contact the mission from there. The American command decided to drive him to Florence, promising to smuggle there all the detachment. Upon arrival in Florence, the Russian partisans were forcibly disarmed, promising to return weapons the next day. But words were not kept: Armed Communists caused the Americans too big concerns.

Driving through Rome Russians sent on buses to Naples. Former partisans immersed a military ship, but they were not lucky in the USSR, but in Egypt. Until the end of March 1945, they lived in a military tent camp and only in the morning of April 1, 1945, after a long journey they saw rare lights of the dilapidated Odessa.

Vladimir Pereladov did not see the scarlet flag over Reichstag. At the time of clarifying the circumstances of his stay in captivity, he, like many former prisoners of war, was sent to prison, but fortunately, he stayed there for long. After liberation, the authorities allowed him to finish the institute in the capital, after which the former partisan went to the city of Into - to work on the distribution at the coal plant.

Italians did not forget their Russian comrade. In 1956, Moscow visited the delegation of former fighters of Italian resistance led by Armando. The purpose of their trip was primarily a meeting with Captain Rousseau. A telegram with a challenge was sent to Into, and peredanov returned to the capital (now forever) to hug his friends.

For military merit, Vladimir Peredelov received the Order of the Martial Red Banner and twice presented to the highest award of the Italian partisan - "Garibaldian Star for Valor". He described his amazing adventures in the Italian Earth in the book "Notes of the Russian Garibaldian."

M. Ekley

Soviet prisoners of war in the Italian anti-fascist partisan movement: autumn 1943 - Spring 1945.

The article has a problem of historical justice in the fate of Soviet prisoners of war. New data on identifying the remains of Soviet citizens participating in World War II and buried in the memorial cemeteries of Italy. The study is based on the materials of the archives of TsAMO and Garf, Folksbund (German "Memorial"), archives of historical Torinese institutes and resistance, on documents provided by various municipalities, in eyewitness testimony.

Keywords: Soviet prisoners of war, Second World War, Great Patriotic War, Concentration Camps, Volksbund, Piedmont Institute of Resistance History, Ligurian Institute of Resistance History, Anti-Fascist Movement in Italy, Partizan Movement in Italy.

In the consciousness of the older generation, Russians are the opinion that Europe has already forgotten about the feat of the Soviet people during the Second World War, that the USSR rushes the lion's share of human losses and destruction in the most terrible century war. This is not true. Recently, this aspect of ideologue is angued: the relationship of events in the world around the "Ukrainian question" and an attempt to revise the role of the USSR in World War II.

The political intensity reached such an extent that the results and results of the Second World War are overestimated (even Nuremberg), millions of victims are forgotten, they are crushed out of the memory of the peoples of the surname of the heroes, their feats and fate. The participation of Soviet prisoners of war, which fled from Hitler's dashed and concentration camps to participate in the anti-fascist partisan movement in Europe, in particular, in Italy, is one of these problems.

Under Verona between 1956 and 1967. A German cemetery was created, where after the war they were reburied in the neighboring graves of the heroes of the war (people who stayed to the end of devotees, despite the condemnation of the Soviet soldiers and officers on political

thy 58 tbsp. The USSR Code of 1922), as well as the Cossacks and all those who hate socialism, fought on the side of Germany.

Many Soviet people, found in Italy, are listed in the Russian military archives as missing, those who have lost or captured. In other words, their children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren still do not know that they were not just in concentration camps, but killed in battle against the fascists with arms in their hands on the territory of another state. Residents of a foreign state lay flowers on their graves, but families do not know anything about it.

In Soviet times, "missing", deserters and prisoners of Soviet citizens, experts preferred not to do. The consequences of Order No. 270 of the Supreme Command Command of the Red Army dated August 16, 1941 were still affected by this order for many years of the Great Patriotic War and the post-war time, under what conditions the Soviet soldiers, commanders and political workers should be considered and considered to be deserters. Therefore, "behind the scenes" the feats of Soviet prisoners of war remained in the Italian partisan detachments or as part of the English union battalion in Italy.

Many historical works are written about the concentration camps that existed during the Second World War in Germany, Italy and Satellites. In concentration camps and death camps, Jews, Poles, Russians, Gypsies and prisoners of other nationalities were held. The number of victims of such camps amounted to dozens of millions of people. Many pages of scientific and journalistic texts are devoted to the policies of mass destruction of prisoners, gas cameras and inhuman experiments conducted in camps.

Speaking about the fate of the prisoners, it is necessary to explain the purpose of concentration camps, where they were. It was the so-called "practical decision" of the Nazis, which proceeded from their theory of race and living space. It is represented by Adolf Hitler in his book "Main Campf". The artist was the Richsführer of the SS Henrich Gimmler, who revealed the details of this antichelovic idea in his letters to his wife.

Historians celebrate that Himmler rarely described the spouse of his details of his work, often his letters cause lunizing, but sometimes their end was shocking: "All the best, enjoy the company by our adorable little daughter. Tell her my warmest greetings and kiss. I, unfortunately, have to work a lot. First, I will go to Lublin, then in the hostess, Auschwitz and Lviv. " The letter was written in July 1942, when he inspected ^ "

concentration camps in Poland. one §

In various Nazi concentration camps were carried out inhuman Experiments on people. Gas destruction cameras were used, 3 T4 program, gas "Cyclone B" was used. This is written a lot of historical works. But nowhere has not been said that the founders 2 and the creators of these tools of death lie in Italy in the German cemetery of Kostermano (Verona).

We are talking about the Shtorbeanfürerer of the SS and Major of the Police of Christian Wirth, the author of Eutanasia, Commandant Chelvda and San Sabba camps (buried in block 15, grave number 716); Unter-Sturmfürerer SS Gottfried Schwartz, commander of the camps Sobibor and Beltsiek, the creator of the T4 program (block 15, grave No. 666); And finally, Franz Reichletnere, Hauptsturm-Führerer SS, an officer of the criminal police participating in the T4 program and the former commander of the Camp Sobbor.

The elite parts of the SS, who guarded the concentration camps, were under direct command of the Himmler, their goal was the violent movement and physical destruction of huge groups of the population. The movement of thousands of masses should have been considered as part of the program for the liberation of the living space for the Aryan race and, as a result, the elimination of other ethnic groups. One of the most striking examples is the burial of executed people in Babi Yar near Kiev. The burial is the main material proof of the fulfillment of the Declaration of Hitler, who was pushing the Himmler and its executioners for the commitment of genocide.

With the conquest of the territory of the Soviet Union, the fascists prepared it to "Germanization", i.e. To reduce the indigenous population to the sizes that the fascists were needed as service and slaves. In the course of the war and the promotion of Germans to the east of the camp have already worked across Europe, ethnic cleansing was initiated: those who were considered unsuitable for work were destroyed in place, and those who were recognized as suitable for work were transmitted to concentration camps. The list of these camps is known, the most terrible of them became: Aush-VIC / Auschwitz / Birkenau (Poland), Bergen-Belsen (Germany), Buckhen Wald (Germany), Dachau (Germany), Mauthausen (Austria).

But these are just some of the German concentration camps, where they massively destroy people. The camps were organized in such a way as not to leave places for the long content of prisoners, and, although some of them were only concentration camps, they are considered by historians as a camp of destruction.

German concentration camps were only the central part of the thick network of concentration camps and were intended solely to destroy the prisoners. Italian camps (with the exception of some) had the function of collecting and focused, trains went to Germany from there. Only one camp in Italy was used to destroy - the death camp of San Sabba. Each region has existed its own camp of the conclusion. The presence of these "zones of exile" in Italy spread across the country, because Each region had at least one of his camp.

In the north of Italy, the situation was slightly different from the rest of the peninsula, since the Italian Social Republic (ISR) was formed here - a puppet state created by Hitler for Mussolini on Oz. Garda. Trieste and Bolzano were under the authority of the Third Reich, but Bolzano did not become a camp of death, because there were other camps near Dakhau, which were used to organize forced labor for the "organization Todta" - a conservative organization operating in Germany during the third Reich. Bolzano only supplied slaves for Germany. And yet, in the territory of Italy, there were concentration camps of death during the Second World War: Razieier Camp Di San Sabba (active from September 1943 to April 1945); Fossoli camp in the field of Modena (active from May 1942 to August 1945); Bolzano camp (active since 1944, existed until the end of the war); Camp Ferramonti in the area of \u200b\u200bCosents (active from June 1940 to spring 1944); Camp Borgo San Dalmazzo in the Cuneo region (active since September 1943 to the end of the war), from here through the Fossoli sent trains to Auschwitz.

This list does not contain all the camps of the interchange, but only the most important and those that can be found at least some documents. Another example of how all the proofs of foreign prisoners were destroyed - this Verona Prison, well described by A.M. Tarasov in his book in "In the mountains of Italy." Partisan J.B. Trentini, a former prisoner Mauthausen, freed by the Soviet Army, told about what procedures in Verona prison were.

Although the content of prisoners in the camps was very strict, in it prisoners tried to unite into active groups and organize shoots. The underground work of illegal committees within various camps was to establish communication with the outside world. An example of such an organization in the camp we find in the memoirs of N.G. Tsyrifova.

As for the Italian concentration camps, here the most favorable situation for flight appeared only in September

1943, from the beginning of the so-called "Cassibil". In July 1943 ^ "Hitler and Mussolini met in the city of Feltre (Belluno) on the north-etho-I § Ke Italy, where Hitler asked Mussolini to intensify his efforts of Shi J in the war, but the latter refused, and a week after the Italian order I King Victor-Emmanuel III was arrested, and his place was taken by Marshal | Pietro Badolo. S.

Germany, foreseeing the development of such a situation, placed its army along the Italian border and won Italy within 48 hours. After that, the Germans were looking for Mussolini for a long time, freed him from the arrest on September 12, 1943 on Mount Gran Sasso, and created it for him, or the Republic of Salo.

The truce between Italy and the Allied Forces occupied by the moment the south of the country was signed on September 3, 1943 and announced publicly on September 8 of the same year. It said that Italy recognized that the burdensome policy of aggression was burdensome. According to his conditions, Italy pledged to stop all hostilities, immediately capitulate and subsequently declare war in Germany. September 23, 1943 on about. Malta on the British ship "Nelson" gathered for the proclamation of the Union General D.D. Eisenhower, Admiral E. Cunningham, General F.N. Mason MacFarlene and Feldmarshal J. Mount. From the side of Italy, Marshal Badolo, General V. Dumbrosio, General M. Roatht, General R. Sandalildow and Admiral R. de Courten.

It was at this time that the Italian army split into two camps, many remained correct Mussolini, others took the side of the new government. Anarchy reigned in the country. Many camps were left without security for several days, the active prisoners for escape took advantage of this circumstance.

At that moment, partisan detachments were created by different political forces, which were formed in order to fight against Reich and the dictatorial regime of Mussolini. The basis of these resistance detachments were opposition forces, which before the war went to the underground position. They were engaged in the transition of former prisoners in partisan detachments. Many Soviet prisoners of war included in their composition not only took active actions in the struggle against the general enemy, but also sincerely wanted to redeem their guilt in front of the homeland and at least not to be considered traitors. V.Ya. Peredanov, one of these "Soviet Italian" partisans, recalled later about how the leaflets spread among prisoners, calling for anti-fascist resistance: "Comrades of prisoners of war! Not far from you in the mountains there are big partisan forces that successfully beat the German fascist occasion

pantians and Italian blackcaders. I, too, was in captivity, but fled from the camp and now with a weapon in my hands included in the fight on the destruction of the German-fascist gang. "

To get into the partisan detachments of Italian resistance was not easy, and escape options were a bit: the first is the attempt of a single escape, but, unfortunately, it often ended in death immediately for barbed wire camp, the fugitive was killed at the gate or during the chase. Of successful cases of such a flight is extremely small. The second option is an organized escape, where the chances were much higher, because everything was thought out to the smallest detail, and the partisans could meet the chase with automatic fire. Organized shoots were always under the control of partisans in collaboration with local patriotic groups (Gruppi di Azione Riyushza) and patriotic teams (Squadre di Azione Riyushsa).

Sometimes in the Soviet prisoners of citizens were forcibly put on the form of the Wehrmacht and sent to the front. Often they, not having time to leave far, fled and fought with the Germans in Italian Earth. Such a mistake was expensive by the Wehrmacht, because newly recruited soldiers ran with weapons in the hands of the 17th Garibaldian Brigade "Felic Chim".

It must be said about the array of general P.N. Krasnova. 30 thousand Cossacks, being in 1944 in the north of Italy, served as part of the Wehrmacht, because Hitler promised them to earth, thus exercising the program of "living space" and the movement of tremendous masses of people. Soldiers Krasnov performed executions and violence in Italy, the history of these crimes is described in detail in the book F. Verardo "Cossacks Krasnova in Cark" and in the book L. Di Sopra "Two Days of Ovaro". Hitler did not restrain his promise, some Cossacks still remained true to him, while others went to the partisans. They saw in this the only way to rod their guilt for the perfect mistakes. Because of this, the partisan detachments were significantly strengthened. Those the Cossacks who remained Verne Hitler went to Austria, where the English troops were already. They were interned and transferred to the Soviet Union, where they were judged as war criminals.

More than 15 thousand Soviet or former Russian citizens died on the battlefields in Italy. All were buried on local cemeteries, and those who were identified, and those who were at first unknown, like, for example, Emilian Clusch, Parisan Brigade Atao Harema. It is buried as an unknown partisan on the San Centignas Cemetery (Verona). His

the features are described by Giuseppe Pippa - the Royal ^ "Army soldier of Italy and, subsequently, the partisan. x §

All buried Soviet partisans, both identified and sh | Unnamed, Italian authorities and the local population of Kostermano 3 are necessary honors. Their graves are worthy of adequately as * tribute to respect and thanks for fought against the total 2 enemy, for human freedom. Some are buried in resistance shrines: in Genoa, Turin, on the monumental cemetery of Milan and Di Bologna Di.

Immediately after World War II, an agreement was signed on the graves of the war. By order of the Federal Government of Germany, Volksbund (People's Union of Germany for military burials) built 13 military cemeteries on the territory of Italy. The most famous of them are: Kostermano, Futa Pass, Cairo and the compound, where they found the last peace not only German soldiers, but also representatives of other nationalities, most of them are coming from the Soviet Union. These prisoners were delivered to Italy for the "Organization of Todta" or forcibly disguise into the form of the Wehrmacht and sent to fight together with the Germans. In most cases, they did not want to fight against their people, and in the partisan detachments they found the opportunity to fight against the Germans, established themselves with good warriors and proved their loyalty to the Soviet Union. But their feat and remained unknown to descendants to the present day.

Some Soviet citizens are buried in German cemeteries in Italy, even if, according to eyewitnesses, they took the side of the Italian partisans. But the biggest historical injustice accompanies the memory of those who turned out to be buried in Kostermano. Cynic Situation, because In the neighboring graves, the remains of Nazi criminals are underway, which Germany still does not want to return to their homeland, and the remains of Soviet partisans are not even always identified.

The recently established names of several Soviet characters are published below. The study was based on the materials of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense (TsAMO) of the Russian Federation, the State Archive of the Russian Federation (Garf), Volksbunda (German Memorial), archives of historical Torinese institutes and resistance, on documents provided by various municipalities and in the testimony of people who were present on Place of events.

Distributed Alexander Klimtyevich, was born in 1918 in Kiev, he was captured, ran from the camp, fought in the partisan detachments, died on December 19, 1944. He was buried on a memorial cemetery in Gon-

tsaga. Partisan received a gold medal for a military valor. This medal has not been transferred to his relatives. The data obtained from the Italian Red Cross on April 12, 1984, provided by Tsamo and registered on May 24, 1984.

Bivelov Vasily Zakharovich, born in Grozny in 1912. Lieutenant of the Red Army since November 1939, was missing in November 1941. In November 1944, he entered the 62nd Garibaldian Brigade, which operated in the province of Piacenza. At the same time, in battle near Fiorentzole was again taken captive by the Nazis. The blacklores delivered it to Fiorenzolau, where with the help of the San Protazo priest began negotiations for the exchange of prisoners. The consent was achieved, but at night on November 21, brewers (according to Gallena) was killed by the fascists with Albino Villa. His body was transported to the Morg Fiorenzole. According to the descriptions, the face of the partisan was so worn by knives that in the photo made for the grave in the Castelnovo folshes, it is depicted with a cloth headband. Posthumously, decree of the President of the Italian Republic of December 10, 1971, the brewers was awarded the silver medal of the Ministry of Defense. The letter received on December 6, 2013 from the Fiorenzuolen City Hall informs that it is not in the cemetery lists. In fact, his grave is located on a memorial cemetery in Turin, cubic number 2, cell number 22.

Naum Rubtsov, born in the village of Nikulino of the Oryol region, died in battle with the Germans March 15, 1944, was originally buried in Busolyenine (Turin), exhumed and reburied in the German cemetery of Kostermano (Verona), block number 6, grave 1462. Registered in The Book of Memory of the Warriors-Jews, which fell in battles with Nazism.

Rudenko (Rudnenko, Rudienko) Stephen, was born in Stalino (now -g. Donetsk), died on November 17, 1944 in Val Brand Corteno as a result of frostbite. This is documented in a letter dated January 24, 2014 by the Mrs. Angela Pedrazzi, the mayor of Corten Golgi. He was buried in Corteno (Brescia), exhumed in 1958 and was reburied on the German cemetery in Kostermano (Verona), block 10, grave No. 953. In a letter that came from the Italian Association of Partizan Brescia (ANI) on February 4, 2014, It is confirmed that Rudenko fought in the partisan detachment "Fiamma Verdi" along with General R. Rowoli.

Selivanov Nikolai, born on April 20, 1919 in Irkutsk, died on August 12, 1944 in the city of Arco (trentier), buried in the German military cemetery Corteno (Brescia), grave No. 140, exhumed and reburied in Kostermano (Verona) In the German cemetery, block number 12, grave No. 177. Fought in the partisan gobby detachment.

Italian burials of Soviet partisans, former prisonership - ^ "

who died with a weapon in hand in the fight against fascism - one of the last §

of the remaining "white pages" of the history of this terrible war. Their u j.

descendants in today's Russia should learn about the fate of the unknown í

heroes - their grandfathers and great-grandfather. Should learn where they are buried, |

should be able to come to Italy and put flowers on s their graves. And then the terrible graph "disappeared" in official documents of that time will cease to exist, at least opposite several surnames.

Bibliographic list

1. Bessonov B.N. The period of the Nazi terror. URL: http://gypsy-life.net/ history18.htm (date of appeal: 10/20/2014).

2. Bulls V. Tale. Dnepropetrovsk, 1987.

3. Count Yu. Great lies of the twentieth century. St. Petersburg., 1997.

4. Memorial. Generalized data bank. URL: http://www.obd-memorial.ru.

5. Tarasov A.M. In the mountains of Italy. L., 1960.

6. Romaulnikov N.G. Against the general enemy. Soviet people in the French resistance movement. M., 1972.

7. Autori Vari. Resistenza Reggiana Documenti Fotografici Comitato Per Le Celebra-Zioni Della Resistenza // Instituto Per La Storia Della Resistenza E Della Guerra di Liberazione. REGGIO Emilia, 1972.

8. Di Sopra L. Le Due Giornate Di Ovaro. UDINE, 2010.

9. Galleni M. Ciao, RUSSI. Venezia, 2001.

10. Himmler K., Wildt M. Heinrich Himmler. Il Diario Segreto. Roma, 2014.

11. Istituto Piemontese Per La Storia Della Resistenza E Della Societá Contemporanea. URL: http://www.istoreto.it. (Date of handling: 10/20/2014).

12. Partito Communista Italiano. Gruppo di Lavoro Centrale Per Le Questioni Dell "Anti-Fascismo Della Direzione del Pci. Partigiani Sovietici Nella Resistenza Italiana. Roma, 1966.

13. Pereladov V. Il Battaglione Partigiano Russo D "Assalto. Bologna, 1975.

14. Pippa G. La Mantelina Engiassá. Verona, 2011.

15. Pollano M. La 17-a Brigata Garibaldi "Felice Cima" Storia Di Una Formazione Partigiana. Torino, 2007.

16. Roberti A. Dal Reperuo Dei Corpi Al Repero Della Memoria. Torino, 2014.

At the beginning of the war, under Minsk, ordinary Tarasov came to the environment. Together with the troops, it was sent to the east and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Luga, he was captured. Captive was used for compulsory works in the territories of fascist Germany and Italy.
The batch of prisoners, in which Anatoly Tarasov was located, was sent by the Germans to set the telephone line posts in the foothills of the Apennel. Taking advantage of suddenly arising from the shooting and panic among the protection, under the cover of the darkness of Anatoly and his friend Victor, also Russian, made an escape from the camp.
It was a dangerous and risky step. Both were found in unfamiliar area, without knowing the language, without weapons. But fortunately, they were met by the Italian peasants who had helped them and shelter. So Anatoly Tarasov found himself in the house of the peasant Alchido Chervi.
The head of the house and his seven sons were convinced anti-fascists, fighters with Mussolini regime. After the events of July - September 1943 and coming to power of the Government of Marshal Badolo, the Cherry family began to actively participate in the liberation war, one of the elements of which was the help of the fascismal captivity and the organization of a group of local partisans, including with the participation of former prisoners of war.

With the arrival of German fascists in Northern Italy, the opposition of the partisans acting in the mountains of Italy and the German troops was significantly aggravated. And the detachment of the worms brothers one of the first partisan connections felt it.
Anatoly Tarasov recalls that after a successful operation on disarmament of the Carabinier barracks, the next partisan raid ended unsuccessfully. The night meeting of the guerrilla with "Militis" - fascist soldiers ended with a shootout, and the operation was torn, the group of partisan scattered.
Each of them, including Anatoly Tarasov, was forced to get to the base (worm's houses) independently, secretly, bypassing the fascist outpost.
Anticipating that the ring of blockades around the house of the worms is compressed, Anatoly Tarasov and other partisans decided to look for other asylum, but did not have time. On November 25, 1943, the Cherry House was surrounded by Nazis.
The superiority of them was overwhelming: 150 fascists against seven brothers worms and five partisans. The rest of the residents of the house - family members of Cerves, women and children. In addition, the attack found everyone by surprise.
A. Tarasov recalled: "The first thing that occurred to, - should be defended! But we have some guns. After yesterday night we spoiled and machine guns, and grenades - hoped in the morning to go to another place. It was, of course, the laughter .. . ".

Russian Garibaldians.

Brothers Worms, Anatoly Tarasov and all who could keep guns, shot himself, trying to break into the basement at home, where the weapons of the partisan detachment were hidden. Fascists set fire to the house. Fire and bullets began to threaten women and children. To take trouble, the defenders were forced to stop the fire and surrender.
Arrested taken into the barracks of local gendarmerie. There A. Tarasov for the last time saw the worms brothers. He was transferred to the prison of the city of Parma, and brothers in prison of Reggio-Emilia.
For almost a month, the worms brothers were in prison, were subjected to interrogation and torture. On December 28, 1943, at the Military Polygon of the city of Reggio-Emilia, seven brothers worms were shot.
What was caused by such cruelty? Here is the version of A. Tarasova: "On December 27, the partisans led to the death sentence over the secretary of the fascist party. Having gathered the coffin of the murdered, the fascists swore to pay" ten per one! "- they shouted. They began to read the lists of prisoners, and someone from the fascists suggested : "Shot by the worms brothers." In the morning brothers did not become.

In the first interrogation, Anatoly Tarasov and his comrade were identified by Carabiners, as the attackers for the garrison barracks a month ago. Further, the interrogation of Tarasova was reduced to the requirement to specify the seats of the partisan jaws, to name the names of the peasants who covered the partisans.
In opposition to these interrogations, there was a legend, prepared by A. Tarasov and his friends: do not recognize each other, in the house of worms were only a few days.

For escape was used unexpectedly introduced the opportunity. "One local resident by me suggested a German hourly 50 packs of cigarettes in exchange for soap. Because Water for washing in prison was not given, then the prisoners have accumulated a small supply of soap. This commerce included the whole" trash team ", which consisted of three people. "
It was at the same time that A. Tarasov was simply ran away from the guard and mixed with the crowd of the inhabitants of Verona. The guard, he is an unsuccessful merchant, did not raise the alarm and did not declare the escape, hiding his oversight.
The disappearance of the prisoner in prison was found only when checking. While Tarasov was located in the city, gendarmes were sent to his search. A. Tarasov woven around the city's surroundings. In February 1944, he was already in the partisan detachment of Verona Province.

By the beginning of 1944, the Italian fascism resistance had a solid base. A command was created, coordinating all the activities of partisans Italy - "Garibaldians". In 45 provinces of Italy, 724 partisan brigades operated. They participated 462 thousand partisans and patriots, including 4981 Soviet citizens.
After the escape from captivity, A. Tarasov was not easy to find his partisan friends, with whom he fought in the Cherlfi brothers detachment. It was necessary to drive from Verona to Reggio Emilia through the cordons of the Nazis, finding Emilian partisans and conquer their confidence.
Already in June 1944, A. Tarasov joined the Russian battalion of Garibaldians, who were commanded by the former captain of the Soviet Army, Vladimir Perelaov. Bezhav from captivity, V. Peredanov not only partisan in the mountains, but also turned through the proxies of the Soviet prisoners of war in camps, with a call to make escape, join the partisans in the ranks, thereby redeeming the maternity hospital.

The appeal was picked up, and in May 1944, during the heavy fighting of partisan brigades, a Russian shock battalion was created for the village of Montefyorino. "In fact, - recalls the robberies, it was an international battalion, but everyone has agreed to call him" Russian battalion ", since the Soviet soldiers were most."
Garrison Service for the Protection of Monteforino, sewn of this village from the superior forces of the Germans, organized waste of partisans to the mountains - all these stages of the struggle strengthened the authority of A. Tarasov. In September 1944, he was appointed Commissioner of the Russian battalion.
The Italian Oswaldo CLO who fought in the ranks of the battalion, later wrote: "We, the fighters of the Soviet battalion, were in Monteforino as a reserve ...". Having learned that the Germans again spread with the population of Pianlagotti village, "we jumped into trucks and moved onto the road ... Soviet fighters rushed forward with their military tide, terrible and at the same time inspiring. The battalion, like avalanche, hit the Germans, reversing They are escape. "

The combat successes of the Russian battalion were repeatedly marked in command orders. For this battalion and got the name "shock". In the fall of 1944, the battalion successfully performed the tasks of the explosion of bridges on the way of movement of German autocolon.
Submitting to the unified command of resistance detachments, on the night of November 13-14, the Russian battalion assault, overcoming the heads of the Germans, switched through the Apennine ridge and broke through to the allies that were coming from the south.
The battalion was located in the 5th American Army. The neglected negotiations that the commander and the Commissioner were held to offer Americans about the service of their battalion as part of the American grouping. Then, when the offer was rejected, the Americans offered to pass weapons.
As it happened is known from the words A.Tarasova: "We said: weapons will only give us to the officers of our Soviet mission. The requirement was completed. Early in the morning we were sent to Rome2.

In the town of Salrno, not far from Naples, the tents of the former allied prisoners of war were spread: the British, Americans, French and several thousand Russians who arrived from France. For the Russian opportunities to leave home yet.
A.Tarasov was summoned to a mission to repatriate Soviet citizens, where he received a task to get into the rear of the enemy and help with Soviet citizens to return home. And again the transition with conductors through the front line with the conquest of the Snow Pass Apennine, and again the partisan zone and a meeting with combat comrades.
Groups from Russian volunteers who moved to the allies zone were formed. There were assistants from the number of Italians who were wanted by Russians who fled from captivity, then they began to arrange shoots from the camps.
However, not always and not everyone was like the proposal of the repatriation mission. Here are the words of Victor - a companion of Tarasova on the run and partisan struggle: "Previously, this question somehow less worried people. Yes, honestly, there was no time to think about it. Concentration camp, shoots, struggle ... All this outstanding other thoughts.
And now there are a question about repatriation. How to meet, how will we treat us? Did we do right? Whether everyone did in order to boldly look into the eyes of people, those people, that until the end of the war were with their army, with their people? ".

The war went to an end. National uprising was gone around the north of Italy. In Genoa, the Germans signed an act of surrender. Repatriation's mission proposed by A. Tarasov immediately go on a trip over Northern Italy. It was necessary to notify the Soviet citizens about the conditions of returning to their homeland. This work forced Tarasov to linger in Italy after the victory for another six months.
Tarasov returned to the Motherland on the Willis trophy, passing throughout Europe: Vienna, Warsaw, Minsk and the long-awaited Moscow. After the return, the arrest followed and three long year of conclusion.
In the period from 1955-65. He was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of 1 degree, the Garibaldian star, the jubilee medal of the Republic of Montefyorino, a medal "Foreign Resistance".

Confirmation from the Italian side that the deceased Soviet partisan "Alessandro" is Alexander Klimmetyevich more.

"I, the following Giovanni Baricke of the Mer of Gonzaga, as a result of numerous personal testimonies, as well as on the basis of photographs presented by close, in accordance with the clear principles of the international branch of the Red Cross, his Italian and Soviet units, declare that in a position to recognize that the fighter - The partisans of Soviet citizenship, who fought under the battle name "Alessandro" and fell in the partisan battle in the city of Gonzaga (Mantua Province), held on the night from 19 to December 20, 1944, is instructed with the identity of Alexander Clemetyevich, who was born in the USSR, G. Kiev, in 1918

Mayor (Giovanni Barikka) "

A.S. Ajunchable "Alessandro".

Here, where German soldiers beat Italian peasants for heavy work in Germany on the night of December 20, 1944 during the partisan attack on the liberation of prisoners MD. The guaranium Alchide "Scarpone" and the Russian partisan Alexander Klimmetyevich is more fighting died to resurrect the giants in the thoughts of free people.

Aliyev Lachin Alievich 1910. yarl. from. Ziyan Derbentsky district, is intended to Derbent RVC in January 1942. was at the front of February 1943 in the composition of 397 diabetes.

Aliyev is indicated by the arrow.

"In October 1943, as part of the Azerbaijan Division, I got to the front in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Dnipropetrovsk region. On January 27/44, an order was received from the company commander to get to II height, capture it and keep the defense before the arrival of the main strength of the company. 5 soldiers and commander The platoon was ordered.
Two fascist tanks came up, started a shelling of height. So the three days continued, the fourth shelling stopped. On that day, the company's company managed to approach height and throw our grenade trenches. Three soldiers dies, two wounded, only one of us was unharmed.
The wounded and healthy capture. Place in the camp in p. Vassevka. On June 10, 1944, send to Poland, where they are placed in the camp for prisoners of war. Then from there to Italy. In Italy, the 13th manages to run.
Among these 13 was I - Aliyev Lachin, Major Yuna Galim, Anon Konov Aler, the Former. A resident of Makhachkala, nine Ossetian, one Gorsky Jew, and another Azerbaijani.
It was in the district of Kuno, from the city of Kuneo we fell into the partisan detachment of Jostin Lebrat ("Justia and Lieberta"), which was based in the district of p. Challenge. We commanded the Italian Olympberg, I was sent to the village of three Ossetians. Montorosov (Monteroso), the rest in different units.

In October 1944, the Germans moved to the offensive against the partisan detachments. Olipberg's detachment had to go to the mountains due to lack of ammunition, the road was covered with ice. One day, Olympberg slipped up, fell into the gorge and died.
The Germans did not dare to continue their harassment and returned to their base, instead of Olympbering a detachment began to command Zhinov (Italian).
12/25/1944 The partisan intelligence reported that in the nearest village. The queen is based on the fascists in the amount of about 30 thousand. It was impossible to leave the mountains due to strong snow. And therefore, by order of Zhinov, our squad goes to the area of \u200b\u200bNiroson.
In the village Costelle was at that time a detachment of the Carabaldin Communist. Both detachments are connected and participate in continuous battles. 1.02.45, by order of Limin, the squad "Justion Liebert" returned to his base. Upon return, 20 German soldiers and officers were accomplished on the railway canvas.

Returning to the challenge 07.02.45. The Germans launched a new offensive. Three days continue the fight, the area of \u200b\u200bbattles between the villages of Montoros and challenge. Several fascist soldiers die in these battles, many fascists were injured.
The Germans are forced to retreat, but they begin the acting of our positions. From one of the shells, the commander of the Department of Ginov and our Russian Major Galim Yunov die. The Germans are receded again. The corpses of Zhinov and Galima Junova are placed in the coffin and their bodies are transferred to the challenge, placed there in the church.
The commander of the detachment becomes wikov. In March 1945, the American aircraft delivers ammunition detachment. Three times more fascists make attempts to break the partisan detachment, but on the village of Velgir, they cannot pass.

On April 25, all three partisan detachments operating in the area are united and begin to liberation of settlements of Italy. So they were liberated by Cuneo, Miroson, Castelt. On May 2, 1945, American soldiers appeared in Cuneo.
On May 10, the bodies of the dead Zhinavi and Yunov are transferred in Kun. All the population sat down, Montoros, Velgran came out to hold them on the last path. A rally was arranged, there were many speakers. The grave where Zhinavi and Yunov were buried today and Yunov called "blood with blood mixed both Frato-brother." Buried them together. "

Results of World War II. Conclusions of defeated specialists German military

Guerrilla War in Italy

Guerrilla War in Italy

Even before Italy's exit from the Union with Germany in circles close to Marshal Badolo, some serious events were held to organize a partisan struggle. Shortly after Italy, on September 8, 1943, out of the Countries of the Axis and the new head of government Badolo called on the people to the partisan struggle, in certain areas of the country, the partisan movement unfolded.

The basis of the partisan detachments were Italian soldiers who deserted into the mountains or fled from captivity. Subsequently, they joined a large number of men and women from the civilian population. Initially, the leadership of the partisan had a tendency to unite local detachments in very fragile by its structure "Brigade". A clearer organization has developed only in recent years of war. The main command of the partisan was at the allied rack in Italy. Allied communication officers were seconded to larger compounds.

Partisans provided themselves with food and clothing, confiscated them in the population. Late supplies were delivered to them by the allies by air, as well as on submarines, approached by unguarded sections of the coast. In contrast to partisans in the Balkans with food, they were provided sufficiently. They did not experience lack and in weapons, ammunition and explosives.

Initially, the activities of the Italian partisan were not effective, but in the spring of 1944 she gained great importance, and especially in Tuscany. Following the new call Badolo, made by him together with the English Field Marshal Alexander, the partisans brought the total number of their detachments in the summer of 1944 an example but to 100 thousand people. A sharp increase in the number could not affect the effectiveness of the fighting partisans. However, for some reason, the number of partisan raids decreased dramatically. But in the spring of 1945, the partisans had about a quarter of a million people in their ranks. Now they switched to solving the tasks that had very large practical significance. It was possible to prevent their actions only through the decisive events of a military and political nature.

Italian guerrillas fought particularly insidiously and used the most unscrupulous methods. None of the other theater of hostilities was not, for example, cases of water poisoning in wells. Meanwhile, among the people of the country, the partisans were found everywhere significant support.

As elsewhere, the German command was forced to resort to the usual countermeasures in such cases; This is explained by the essence of the partisan struggle and the struggle of troops for their existence in particularly difficult conditions. The fight against the partisans in close proximity to the front, as well as in the last sections of the coast of the coast, were field army, and in other cases, this task was assigned to the senior police officer and the head of the SS service. According to the provisions of the Hague Convention, the Italian partisans were also delivered outside the law.

To say, something completely formulated about the essence of the modern partisan war is still impossible. This question is in historical development and has its own regularity, regardless of whether we regret it or not. Undoubted is that partisans will never adhere to the norms of international law, because it contradicts the essence of the modern partisan struggle. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to provide a soldier broader powers and not limit them, as provided for by the 4th Geneva Convention from 1949. However, in this way, it is impossible to find a satisfactory solution to this issue.

Even if we succeed in achieving some specific results, exploring this issue, still have to do a lot, in order to finally make a complete clarity in the legal norms of the partisan war on an international scale. An ambiguity here can only increase confusion. It should be remembered first of all one thing: ambiguity in the legal attitude of this, although worthy regret, but a completely inevitable new type of people's struggle particularly increases the suffering of civilians. The population in the event of war will be siled by two warring groups: partisans, on the one hand, and regular troops on the other. We will all be in the position of ostrich, seeking salvation under the wing, if we do not take the most serious measures to limit the forms of the partisan war, and not on the basis of some distracted theory, but on the specific experience of the war.

LITERATURE

Walhuis J. J., Onderdruking en Verzet. Nederland in Oorlogstjd, BD. 1-3, Amsterdam. Meulenhoff, 1948-1952.

FJORD F., Norwegens Totaler Kriegseinsatz. Europa Verlag, Zurich, 1944.

Mishel H., Histoire de La Resistance 1940-1944. PRESSES UNIVERSITAIRES DE FRANCE, 1950.

RENDU1IS L., Gekampf, Gesiegt, Geschlagen, Welsermuhe, Vowinckel, Heidelberg, 1952.

Strobel G.W., Die Polnische Widerstandsbewegung Seit 1939, Zeitrschrift "Osteuropa", 1952. H. 3.

ABETZ O., Das Offene Problem, Greven Verlag, Koln.

From the book the results of the Second World War. Conclusions defeated Author Specialists German military

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